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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Figures 1–8 in Genetic analysis and ecological niche modeling delimit species boundary of the Przewalski's scorpion (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in arid Asian inland

Figures 1–8. Mesobuthus przewalskii stat. nov., from Qiemo, Xinjiang. 1. Male, dorsal view. 2. Male, ventral view. 3. Female, dorsal view. 4. Female, ventral view. 5. Male, dentition of pedipalp chela movable finger. 6. Male, dentition of pedipalp chela fixed finger. 7. Male, ventral aspect of genital operculum and pectines. 8. Female, ventral aspect of genital operculum and pectines. Scale bars: 1–4 = 5.0 mm; 5–8 = 2.0 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Figure 11 in Genetic analysis and ecological niche modeling delimit species boundary of the Przewalski's scorpion (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in arid Asian inland

Figure 11. Ecological niche models of Mesobuthus scorpions. Potential distribution areas for the Przewalski's scorpion M. przewalsii (purple) is shown together with the Chinese scorpion M. martensii (green) and other species of the M. caucasicus complex (yellow). The entire Tarim Basin and adjacent Gobi region are suitable for survival of M. przewalskii. No area to the west of the Tianshan Mountains and the Pamir Plateau is suitable for M. przewalskii, and similarly no area to the east of the Tianshan Mountains and the Pamir Plateau is suitable for other species of the M. caucasicus complex. There are overlaps in predicted suitable distribution areas between M. przewalskii and M. martensii along the northeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The suitable areas in the Junggar Basin and to the north of the Tianshan Mountains are likely due to over prediction of the model, because M. przewalskii does not occur in these regions. Ecological niche model for M. martensii was adopted from Shi et al. 2007.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Figure 10 in Genetic analysis and ecological niche modeling delimit species boundary of the Przewalski's scorpion (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in arid Asian inland

Figure 10. Phylogenetic network for the Mesobuthus caucasicus species complex. Although the interrelationships between species is poorly resolved, no reticulations have occurred in the most recent common ancestors for each species. The Przewalski's scorpion M. przewalskii is clearly diverged from other member of the species complex and warrants a species rank. The divergence of the Chinese scorpion M. martensii is comparable to the divergences among the members of the species complex.

Figure 7 in Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia

Figure 7. The phylogeny most strongly supported by our electrophoretic data. Note that C. reimanni and C. novaeguineae could not be separated electrophoretically, but we retain them as separate on the basis of morphological evidence (Philippen & Grossman, 1990; Rhodin, 1994a). The symbols + show the progressive development of robusticity in both the skull and triturating surfaces.

Figure 6 in Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia

Figure 6. The best-supported phylogeny for the Chelodina prior to the present electrophoretic study (Burbidge et al., 1974; Rhodin & Mittermeier, 1976; Georges & Adams, 1992; Rhodin, 1994a,b). The root was chosen on the basis of evidence presented by Georges & Adams (1992), Seddon et al. (1997) and Georges et al. (1998). This phylogeny serves as the working hypotheses against which to compare our data. Only those taxa we regard to be species are included.

Figure 2 in Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia

Figure 2. Principal co-ordinates analysis applied to a matrix of Roger's D genetic distances between all individuals of Chelodina expansa. The plot shows a degree of differentiation between coastal Queensland forms (Albert River in the south to Fitzroy–Dawson River in the north, including Fraser Island) (O) and those of the Murray-Darling system (•), but these differences have not moved to fixation at any locus (45 loci).

Figure 3 in Electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the genus Chelodina (Testudines: Chelidae) of Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia

Figure 3. Principal co-ordinates analysis applied to a matrix of Roger's D genetic distances between all individuals of Chelodina rugosa (Queensland form) (O), C. rugosa (Northern Territory form) (Z), C. siebenrocki (•), Chelodina burrungandjii (O) and an undescribed form from the Kimberley plateau of Western Australia (Ɨ). A hybrid between Chelodina burrungandjii and C. rugosa (Northern Territory form) is included (). Three groups are evident. Chelodina burrungandjii and the undescribed form from the Kimberley plateau are undifferentiated and probably represent a single taxon. Chelodina seibenrocki and the Queensland form of C. rugosa are undifferentiated, and also probably represent a single taxon. The Northern Territory form of C. rugosa represents the third group. These three groups differ each by only one fixed difference.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2004View details →

Figure 1 in Phylogeny and species boundaries in the gobiid genus Gnatholepis (Teleostei: Perciformes)

Figure 1. Map of localities for all Gnatholepis specimens examined for this study. Sites from which samples used in DNA analysis were taken are indicated with arrows. Gnatholepis anjerensis (•); G. scapulostigma (-); G. davaoensis (Ɨ); G. knighti (Δ); G. thompsoni (Z); G. gymnocara (O); G. sp. (¥). Many other locality records for Gnatholepis exist, but only specimens for whom identity has been confirmed by examination of morphology and/or DNA sequence are included in this figure.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2004View details →

Figure 3 in Phylogeny and species boundaries in the gobiid genus Gnatholepis (Teleostei: Perciformes)

Figure 3. Left lateral views of A, Gnatholepis anjerensis (LACM 55960–4; 30.3 mm SL), B, G. knighti (LACM 55973.001; 26.7 mm SL), C, G. scapulostigma (LACM 55960–5; 34.4 mm SL). The meristic counts for these species overlap and there is a great deal of intra- and interspecific variation in colour pattern for most characters. The morphological character that distinguishes these species and accords with clades revealed in the DNA sequence analysis is the presence of a spot dorsal to the pectoral fin, with or without a pale centre (in G. scapulostigma and G. thompsoni), absence of such a spot (in G. anjerensis), or presence of a narrow dash-shaped mark dorsal to the pectoral fin (in G. knighti).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2004View details →

Figure 2 in Phylogeny and species boundaries in the gobiid genus Gnatholepis (Teleostei: Perciformes)

Figure 2. Strict consensus of most parsimonious trees obtained in cladistic analysis of DNA data; numbers at nodes are decay indices. Two large clades (I and II) are present, each of which contains smaller clades that are accorded specific status.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Spatially and temporally varying selection influence species boundaries in two sympatric Mimulus

Spatially and temporally varying selection can maintain genetic variation within and between populations, but it is less known how these forces influence divergence between closely related species. We identify the interaction of temporal and spatial variation in selection and their role in either reinforcing or eroding divergence between two closely related Mimulus species. Using repeated reciprocal transplant experiments with advanced generation hybrids we compare the strength of selection on quantitative traits involved in adaptation and reproductive isolation in Mimulus guttatus and Mimulus laciniatus between two years with dramatically different water availability. We found strong divergent habitat-mediated selection on traits in the direction of species differences during a drought in 2013, suggesting that spatially varying selection maintains species divergence. However, a relaxation in divergent selection on most traits in an unusually wet year (2019), including flowering time which is involved in pre-zygotic isolation, suggests that temporal variation in selection may weaken species differences. Therefore, we find evidence that temporally and spatially varying selection may have opposing roles in mediating species boundaries. Given our changing climate, future growing seasons are expected to be more similar to the dry year, suggesting that in this system climate change may actually increase species divergence.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Habitat and climatic associations of climate-sensitive species along a southern range boundary

Climate change and habitat loss are recognized as important drivers of shifts in wildlife species' geographic distributions. While often considered independently, there is considerable overlap between these drivers, and understanding how they contribute to range shifts can predict future species assemblages and inform effective management. Our objective was to evaluate the impacts of habitat, climatic, and anthropogenic effects on the distributions of climate‐sensitive vertebrates along a southern range boundary in Northern Michigan, USA. We combined multiple sources of occurrence data, including harvest and citizen‐science data, then used hierarchical Bayesian spatial models to determine habitat and climatic associations for four climate‐sensitive vertebrate species (American marten [Martes americana], snowshoe hare [Lepus americanus], ruffed grouse [Bonasa umbellus], and moose [Alces alces]). We used total basal area of at‐risk forest types to represent habitat, and temperature and winter habitat indices to represent climate. Marten associated with upland spruce‐fir and lowland riparian forest types, hares with lowland conifer and aspen‐birch, grouse with lowland riparian hardwoods, and moose with upland spruce‐fir. Species differed in climatic drivers with hares positively associated with cooler annual temperatures, moose with cooler summer temperatures, and grouse with colder winter temperatures. Contrary to expectations, temperature variables outperformed winter habitat indices. Model performance varied greatly among species, as did predicted distributions along the southern edge of the Northwoods region. As multiple species were associated with lowland riparian and upland spruce‐fir habitats, these results provide potential for efficient prioritization of habitat management. Both direct and indirect effects from climate change are likely to impact the distribution of climate‐sensitive species in the future and the use of multiple data types and sources in the modelling of species distributions can result in more accurate predictions resulting in improved management at policy‐relevant scales.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Semipermeable species boundaries create opportunities for gene flow and adaptive potential

Hybridisation and gene flow can have both deleterious and adaptive consequences for natural populations and species. To better understand the extent of hybridisation in nature and the balance between its beneficial and deleterious outcomes in a changing environment, information on naturally hybridising non-model organisms is needed. This requires the characterisation of the structure and extent of natural hybrid zones. Here we study natural populations of five keystone mound-building wood ant species in the Formica rufa group across Finland. No genomic studies across the species group exist, and the extent of hybridisation and genomic differentiation in sympatry is unknown. Combining genome-wide and morphological data, we demonstrate more extensive hybridisation than was previously detected between all five species in Finland. Specifically, we reveal a mosaic hybrid zone between F. aquilonia, F. rufa and F. polyctena, comprising further generation hybrid populations. Despite this, we find that Formica rufa, F. aquilonia, F. lugubris, and F. pratensis form distinct gene pools in Finland. We also find that hybrids occupy warmer microhabitats than the non-admixed populations of cold-adapted F. aquilonia, and suggest that warm winters and springs, in particular, may benefit hybrids over F. aquilonia, the most abundant F. rufa group species in Finland. In summary, our results indicate that extensive hybridisation may create adaptive potential that could promote wood ant persistence in a changing climate. Additionally, they highlight the potentially significant ecological and evolutionary consequences of extensive mosaic hybrid zones, within which independent hybrid populations face an array of ecological and intrinsic selection pressures.