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Figure 7 in Recycling resources: silica of diatom frustules as a source for spicule building in Antarctic siliceous demosponges

Figure 7. Silicon isotope data of sponge spicules, free-swimming diatoms and seawater. A. Silicon isotope (δ30Si) composition for sponges, diatoms and seawater of Deception Island. B. Comparison of our data for δ30Si/ δ29Si in sponges, diatoms and seawater from Deception Island, with values reported in previous datasets of sponges, diatoms and seawater (Hendry et al., 2010; Wille et al., 2010).

Figure 5. Vesicles with silica-like granules within sponge cells. A in Recycling resources: silica of diatom frustules as a source for spicule building in Antarctic siliceous demosponges

Figure 5. Vesicles with silica-like granules within sponge cells. A, an amoeboid sponge cell (spc) in P. areolatus showing a cytoplasm packed with vesicles and an ingested diatom (di) within a large digestive vesicle. Note that three different granule types were identified by microanalysis in the section of this species: silica granules (si), and lead granules (Pb). B–C, highly vesiculated, amoeboid sponge cell in He. pilosus. Note the silica-like granules (si) first present within vesicles and later incorporated within the cytoplasm. D, amoeboid sponge cell in P. areolatus showing an ingested diatom (di) and silica-like granules (si).

Figure 6 in Recycling resources: silica of diatom frustules as a source for spicule building in Antarctic siliceous demosponges

Figure 6. Microanalysis of the content of silica-like vesicles, sponge spicules and diatoms within the sponge tissues. A, sponge cell, probably an amoebocyte (c), of P. areolatus showing accumulation of silica-like granules in the cytoplasm (SiV). B, sclerocyte-like cell (c) of M. tridens showing accumulation of silica-granules in vesicles (SiV). C, diatom (di) engulfed by a sponge cell in M. tridens. D, sclerocyte (sc) of P. areolatus making spicules (sp). E, elemental profile of Figure 6A. F, elemental profile of Figure 6B. G, elemental profile of Figure 6C. H, elemental profile of Figure 6D. Note that the EDX probe measurements were taken on the white circles marked in the images.

Figure 4 in Recycling resources: silica of diatom frustules as a source for spicule building in Antarctic siliceous demosponges

Figure 4. Diatoms (di) ingested by amoeboid sponge cells (spc). A–D, sponge cells (spc) digesting diatoms (di) in P. areolatus. Note the large lipid (li) droplets present within diatoms (di) and later accumulated in the cytoplasm of sponge cells (spc). E–F, sponge cells (spc) digesting diatoms (di) in K. variolosa. Note the silica-like (si) granules being dissolved from the diatom frustule and the well-developed Golgi apparatus (g).

Figure 15 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 15. Evolution of sceptrules, with two alternative scenarios for the origin of aspidoscopules. The trees are based on the phylogeny shown in Figure 2, reduced to genus level, and nodes with <70% bootstrap support collapsed. The two farreid genera not sampled here, Claviscopulia and Asceptrulum, are shown with dotted lines in their predicted position (polytomies indicate uncertainty of exact placement within Farreidae). Sceptrule types of terminal taxa, inferred sceptrule types at internal nodes, and inferred character state transitions along branches are shown. Left scenario: the stem species of Farreidae possessed regular scopules, which evolved into aspidoscopules in the stem species of Aspidoscopulia (i.e. aspidoscopules are an autapomorphy of Aspidoscopulia). Right scenario: alternatively, aspidoscopules might already have evolved from regular scopules in the stem lineage of Farreidae and were subsequently lost or transformed in all farreid genera except Aspidoscopulia (i.e. aspidoscopules are a plesiomorphy of Aspidoscopulia). Crosses indicate spicule loss (all sceptrules in the case of Asceptrulum); asterisks indicate spicule loss within genera (aspidoscopules in Aspidoscopulia ospreya sp. nov. and clavules in Lonchiphora antarctica). See text for further discussion.

Figure 13. Psilocalyx wilsoni, skeleton. A in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 13. Psilocalyx wilsoni, skeleton. A, lophodiscohexaster (scale bar = 10 Mm). B, scopule head (scale bar = 15 Mm). C, hexasters and scopule within the dictyonal skeleton. D, dictyonal framework, transition to the thickened dermal layer (scale bar = 300 Mm). E, dermal dictyonal (hypersilicified) cortex layer (scale bar = 100 Mm).

Figure 12 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 12. Psilocalyx wilsoni, live photograph taken by the remotely operated vehicle 'Cherokee' (http://www.marum. de). Approximate size of specimen in the middle: 100 mm.

Figure 11 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 11. Aspidoscopulia ospreya sp. nov., spicules. A, anchorate clavule. B, surface pentactin. C, discohexaster.

Figure 8 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 8. Aspidoscopulia australia sp. nov., spicules. A, aspidoscopule. Left, head and neck of specimen with lateral spine; right, detail of specimen without spines. B, pileate clavule. C, anchorate clavule. D, discohexaster. E, oxyhexaster.

Figure 6 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 6. Aspidoscopulia australia sp. nov., live photograph taken by the remotely operated vehicle 'Cherokee' (http://www.marum.de). Only the specimen on the right was collected (see supporting movie M1). Approximate size of specimen: 0.50 m.

Figure 9 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 9. Aspidoscopulia ospreya sp. nov., live photograph taken by the remotely operated vehicle 'Cherokee' (http://www.marum.de). Approximate size of specimen: 0.70 m.

Figure 2 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Sceptrulophora inferred from combined 18S, 28S, 16S, and COI sequences. Previously unsampled species are highlighted in bold. Bootstrap percentages (based on 1000 pseudoreplicates) are given at nodes. Scale bar indicates number of expected substitutions per site. See Material and methods for further details.

Figure 7 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 7. Aspidoscopulia australia sp. nov., skeleton. A, head of aspidoscopule (scale bar = 10 Mm). B–C, anchorate clavules (B, scale bar = 50 Mm; C, scale bar = 10 Mm). D, pileate clavule (scale bar = 30 Mm) and clavule head (inset; scale bar = 5 Mm). E, disco- and oxyhexaster (scale bar = 30 Mm). F, discohexaster (scale bar = 10 Mm). G, dictyonal framework (scale bar = 300 Mm). H–I, aspidoscopule with lateral spines (H, scale bar = 30 Mm; I, scale bar = 10 Mm). J, surface pentactin (scale bar = 100 Mm).

Figure 1. Sceptrules. A in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 1. Sceptrules. A, regular scopule (from Heterochone sp.). B, regular (pileate) clavule from Farrea sp. (courtesy H. M. Reiswig). C–D, unusual sceptrule types. C, from left to right: sarule (left: Sarostegia, right: Claviscopulia), lonchiole (Lonchiphora; interpreted from text-description), aspidoscopule (Aspidoscopulia). Redrawn from Reiswig (2002b); D, two types of lonchioles from Lonchiphora antarctica (Göcke & Janussen, 2011).

Figure 4. Sarostegia oculata, skeleton. A-B in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 4. Sarostegia oculata, skeleton. A-B, sarules (A, scale bar = 30 Mm; B, scale bar = 50 Mm). C, dictyonal framework (scale bar = 150 Mm). D–E, discohexasters (scale bars = 10 Mm). F, oxyhexaster (scale bar = 10 Mm).

Figure 3 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 3. Sarostegia oculata. Piece of the original specimen described herein seen from both sides. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 10 in Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species

Figure 10. Aspidoscopulia ospreya sp. nov., skeleton. A-B, anchorate clavules (scale bars = 25 Mm). C, discohexasters (scale bar = 30 Mm). D, surface pentactin (scale bar = 100 Mm). E, oxyhexaster (scale bar = 30 Mm). F, dictyonal framework (scale bar = 300 Mm).

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FIGURE 34 in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 34. Spicules of sponges of Hexactinellida; A–D—Different types of dermal pinnular hexactines, family Rossellidae (order Lyssacinosida); E—Dermal pinnular hexactine (fragment), probably of family Rossellidae (order Lyssacinosida); F–I—Dermal pentactines of unknown hexactinellid sponges; J—Anchorate basalium of unknown hexactinellid sponge; K, L—Dermal or atrial hexactines of Hexactinosa; M—Fragment of dictyonal skeleton of Hexactinosa; N—Fragment of umbrella-shaped spicule of Rossella, family Rossellidae (order Lyssacinosida).

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FIGURE 29 in Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record

FIGURE 29. Other demosponge spicules and their hypothetical assignment; A, B—Bold triods of unidentified sponge; C, D—Triods of unidentified sponge; E—Acanthotriod of Stelletta splendens-type, family Ancorinidae (order Astrophorida); F, G—Acanthocalthrops of unidentified sponge; H—Spicule of unidentified sponge; I—Crambe-like spicule, family Crambeidae (order Poecilosclerida); J—Spicule of unidentified sponge; K—Spicule of unidentified sponge; L—Spherical spicules of unidentified sponge/s; M—Spicule of unidentified sponge; N–Q—Different types of spined spicules of unidentified sponge/s.