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FIGURE 8. Virtual 3D in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 8. Virtual 3D isosurface rendering using VGStudio MAX of selected spicules within their skeletal context (A, B) and isolated from it (C, D), 3D-reconstructed from synchrotron radiation-based x-ray micro computed tomography images of the holotype. Virtual isolation (B) and comparative side-to side renderings of megasters (C) and megascleres (D). Micrasters are visualized as small dots, e.g. in the peripheral region in A.

FIGURE 7 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic consensus trees of COI sequences shown as a direct comparison between A. maximum likelihood (ML) and B. the 50% majority rule consensus phylogram of the Bayesian approach. Numbers indicate bootstrap values (A) and posterior probabilities (B). Some species are represented by different sampling locations as indicated by indices: 1, Limski canal, Croatia; 2, Elba, Italy; 3, Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland; 4, Rovinj, Croatia.

FIGURE 6 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 6. Morphometric correlations between megasters and megascleres in T. leysae sp. nov. A. Diameter of megasters vs. R/C ratio (ray length to radius of the massive spicule center), including linear fitted graphs. Choanosomal megasters (filled circles, Ch, n=85) are significantly smaller (independent t-test; p<0.001) than cortical megasters (filled triangles, Co, n=227). The same applies to R/C values, which are significantly lower for choanosomal megasters (independent t-test; p<0.001), indicating more solid megasters with shorter rays and/or relatively more solid centers. Both differences are also represented by the linear fitted graphs. B. Length of megascleres plotted vs. width. Main and auxiliary megascleres represent two significantly different size classes, in terms of both length and width (independent ttests, p<0.001).

FIGURE 5 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 5. Spicule types of T. leysae sp. nov. (A–D; SEM micrographs) in comparison to T. californiana (E–F; drawings modified from Sarà & Corriero 1993, re-evaluated by own light microscopy of spicule preparations from the specimen BMNH 29.8.22.15.). A. Main and auxiliary megascleres. B. The highly variable cortical megasters. C. Choanodermal megasters. D. Micrasters. E. Megasters. F. Micrasters.

FIGURE 1 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 1. Type locality of T. leysae sp. nov. in the Northeast Pacific, around Ohiat Islet, Barkley Sound, near Bamfield, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, North America.

FIGURE 3 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 3. Skeletal and overall anatomy of T. leysae sp. nov. (resin slice preparation of the holotype). A. Cross section through cortex (Co) and choanosome (Ch); radial megasclere bundles (rMSB) fan out slightly in the peripheral cortex region. B. – C. Details of the cortex (B) and choanosome (C). The cortex appears solid with almost no subdermal lacunae; it is densely filled with megasters, in contrast to the very low megaster density of the choanosome. Auxiliary megascleres (aMS) are present in the cortical megasclere bundle fans and separately or grouped in the choanosome. D. – G. Asters in the cortex and the choanoderm; peripheral micrasters (ma) are associated with the exopinacoderm (D); megasters (MA) dominate the cortex; the average distance between megasters is lower than one megaster diameter (D & E, see Fig. 4); A peripheral cortical layer 200 – 400 µm thick is almost completely free of megasters (D), subcortical lacunae are present near the inner cortical boundary, thus appearing partly free of megascleres (E); the choanoderm is largely free of megasters (E–F) or they show up in clouds (G), with a much lower density compared to the cortex.

FIGURE 2. A– B in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 2. A– B. True to scale comparison between the habitus of T. leysae sp. nov. (A, paratype) and T. californiana (B; figure modified from Sarà & Corriero, 1993). C. Tethya leysae sp. nov in situ in Barkley Sound. Asterisks indicate stalkless buds. The image is a scan of a diapositive; neither the used film material nor the scanner was color-calibrated; therefore, the colors might deviate from natural colors (image courtesy of S. Leys, Edmonton).

FIGURE 4. Virtual 3D in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy

FIGURE 4. Virtual 3D reconstructions of the cortical skeleton of T. leysae sp. nov. (holotype) imaged using synchrotron radiation-based x-ray micro computer tomography (SR µCT). The massive megasclere bundles reach diameters of up to 500 µm; there is no free space between asters and megasclere bundles as sometimes seen in other Tethya species; patchy aster-free regions are occupied by canals (tissue not visible in spicule-optimized SR µCT, see Nickel et al. 2006a, b). A. – B. Block diagrams of cortex preparations from the holotype (A) and the paratype (B). C. Detail cropped from the paratype (coordinate system in mm). Additional 3D-renderings of the holotype as well as the paratype are available upon request.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomy of the Caribbean sponge Dragmacidon reticulatum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (Porifera, Demospongiae, Axinellida), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 3. Light micrographs of the skeleton; cross sections at the surface and the choanosome. A) Dragmacidon reticulatum (voucher 216, Bahamas). (B) Dragmacidon alvarezae n. sp. (voucher 286, Bahamas). Large scale bar 1000 µm; smaller scale bar 300 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy of the Caribbean sponge Dragmacidon reticulatum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (Porifera, Demospongiae, Axinellida), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 2. Scanning Electronic micrographs of spicules. A) Dragmacidon reticulatum (voucher 285, Bahamas). B) Dragmacidon alvarezae n. sp. (voucher 286, Bahamas) Spicules are styles and oxeas. Scale bars 100 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomy of the Caribbean sponge Dragmacidon reticulatum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (Porifera, Demospongiae, Axinellida), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 1. Light micrographs of spicules. A) Dragmacidon reticulatum (voucher PBH-04, Bahamas). B) Dragmacidon alvarezae n. sp. (voucher 286, Bahamas). Upper panels show styles, lower panels oxeas. Scale bars for full spicules 100 µm, for endings 20 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomy of the Caribbean sponge Dragmacidon reticulatum (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) (Porifera, Demospongiae, Axinellida), with the description of a new species

FIGURE 4. Boxplot of spicule length (styles, oxeas) for the localities where measurements of the two species were available (Bahamas, Florida Keys, Gulf of Mexico, Santa Marta). Data were combined for all specimens within localities. Notice overlap for spicule sizes in both species, but only one spicule (outlier marked as asterisk) surpassing 400 µm in D. alvarezae.

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FIGURE 1 in Endemic Lake Baikal sponges from deep water. 2: Taxonomy and Bathymetric Distribution

FIGURE 1. Baikalospongia abyssalis sp. nov. A: Holotype: BS99. Scale bar 1 cm. B: Paratype: BS 100. Scale bar 1 cm. C: fragment of holotype BS99 fixed in ethanol. Scale bar 1 mm. D: fragment of holotype BS99 fixed in formalin. Scale bar 1 mm. E,F: the skeleton of holotype BS99. Scale bars 1 mm and 100 µm. G–J: SEM photos of megascleres. Scale bars 100 µm and 10 µm.

opennotspecifiedAug 2017View details →

FIGURE 20 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands

FIGURE 20. Maximum likelihood tree based on nuclear ITS sequences of Ernstia. Bootstrap values are given on the branches. Names in bold are of the described species. Sequences obtained in the present study are marked with an asterisk and numbers between brackets refer to table 2.

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FIGURE 19 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands

FIGURE 19. Maximum likelihood tree based on nuclear ITS sequences of Clathrina. Bootstrap values are given on the branches. Names in bold are of the described species. Sequences obtained in the present study are marked with an asterisk and numbers between brackets refer to table 2.

opennotspecifiedAug 2017View details →

FIGURE 17. Maximum likelihood tree built with the GTR correction with 1190 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands

FIGURE 17. Maximum likelihood tree built with the GTR correction with 1190 bp of the nuclear ITS marker. Bootstrap values are given on the branches. Names in bold are of the described species. Sequences obtained in the present study are marked with an asterisk.

Figure 28 in Integrative taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Réunion Island, Indian Ocean

Figure 28. Ute insulagemmae (UFRJPOR 8928). A, diactines. B, cortical triactines. C, tubar triactines. D, subatrial triactine. E, subatrial tetractine. F, atrial tetractine.

Figure 27 in Integrative taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Réunion Island, Indian Ocean

Figure 27. Ute insulagemmae (UFRJPOR 8928). A, oscular margin. B, cross-section. C, tangential section of the cortex. D, detail of the cortex. E, detail of the tubar, subatrial and atrial skeletons. F, tangential section of the atrial surface. cx = cortex.

Figure 26. Ute insulagemmae. A in Integrative taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Réunion Island, Indian Ocean

Figure 26. Ute insulagemmae. A, pink chromotype (UFRJPOR 8925). B, yellow chromotype (UFRJPOR 8938). C, white chromotype (UFRJPOR 8948). D, fixed specimen.

Figure 24 in Integrative taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) from Réunion Island, Indian Ocean

Figure 24. Leucandra ornata (holotype; UFRJPOR 8928). SEM: A, entire specimen. B, tangential section of the cortex. C, detail of the cortex showing a microdiactine (arrow) and a cortical triactine with elevated centre (asterisk). D, tangential section of the atrium. E, detail of an exhalant canal with microdiactines. F, detail of the microdiactines with spines. osc = osculum.