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52 results for “surface states”
Aqua AIRS Level 2 JoSFRA Retrieval Standard: Atmosphere cloud and surface geophysical state per footprint V2 at GES DISC
The Joint Single Footprint Retrieval Algorithm (JoSFRA) Level-2 geophysical parameters include estimates of atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles, cloud properties, and surface temperature. These are retrieved from infrared spectra observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on the Aqua satellite. AIRS is a grating spectrometer aboard Aqua, the second Earth Observing System (EOS) polar-orbiting platform. AIRS is co-boresited with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) also on Aqua. Horizontal resolutions are 50 km for AMSU and 13.5 km for AIRS. The JoSFRA algorithm uses an optimal-estimation scheme and retrieves geophysical quantities from AIRS thermal infrared spectra at their native horizontal resolution. Cloud observations from MODIS are used in the forward model without recourse to a cloud-cleared state. JOSFRA retrievals provide improved spatial resolution (13.5 km vs 50 km for cloud-cleared retrievals) and information content quantification, making them well-suited for process studies. JoSFRA retrievals are particularly useful in cases where high resolution (finer than 45 km) is needed or is beneficial, such as regions of strong horizontal gradients in water vapor. Use of JoSFRA retrievals is recommended under medium to low cloud cover. AIRS observations provide near-global coverage twice daily (around 1:30 am and pm local time) since August 30, 2002. An AIRS granule includes 6 minutes of data, 90 AIRS (30 AMSU) footprints across the orbit track by 135 AIRS (45 AMSU) footprints along track. Each day includes 240 granules, with an orbit repeat cycle of approximately 16 days. For the initial release of Version 2 JoSFRA, a limited test data set is provided. Future releases will expand the dataset. The initial dataset includes full global coverage data for two 5-day periods: January 13-17, 2011 and July 13-17, 2011, the Marine ARM GPCI Investigation of Clouds (MAGIC) (Lewis and Teixeira, EOS, 2015) test campaign in the Pacific Ocean with all 6-minute granules that overlap the box bounded by 20-35 degrees North latitude and 120-160 West longitude, June 1, 2012 – September 30, 2013, select granules from the years 2002-2007 where correlative data were available. The locations include Dept. of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA), Southern Great Plains (SGP), and Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), as well as scientific field campaigns.
Sounder SIPS: Suomi NPP ATMS Level 2 RAMSES II: Atmosphere, cloud and surface geophysical state V1 (SNDRSNML2RMS) at GES DISC
This SNDRSNM2RMS level 2 product is generated by the RAMSES (Retrieval Algorithm for Microwave Sounders in Earth Science) II algorithm. Different from the CLIMCAPS (Community Long-term Infrared Microwave Coupled Product System) algorithm, the RAMSES II algorithm is a microwave only retrieval algorithm. While the CLIMCAPS uses measurements from both Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) instruments, also known as CrIMSS (Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite), the RAMSES II only uses observations from ATMS. The ATMS instrument used for this product is a cross-track scanner with 22 channels in spectral bands from 23 GHz through 183 GHz on board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) platform. The RAMSES II algorithm doesn't have a cloud clearing process and produces all weather retrieval. A level 2 granule has been set as 6 minutes of data. There are 240 granules per day, with an orbit repeat cycle of approximately 16 day.For the initial release of version 1 RAMSES II, a test data set of 8 months is provided. This includes the months of January, April, July and October of the years 2013 and 2015. The dataset is designed to allow research and comparisons over a full seasonal cycle and comparisons of different phases of the ENSO cycle
Sounder SIPS: JPSS-1 ATMS Level 2 RAMSES2 Standard: Atmosphere, precipitation and surface geophysical state V3 (SNDRJ1ML2RMS) at GES DISC
This level 2 product is generated by the RAMSES (Retrieval Algorithm for Microwave Sounders in Earth Science II algorithm.The RAMSES II algorithm is a microwave only retrieval algorithm using observations from the NOAA-20 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) also know as Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS-1) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) instrument. The ATMS instrument used for this product is a cross-track scanner with 22 channels in spectral bands from 23 GHz through 183 GHz. The RAMSES II Level-2 retrieval products contain a variety of geophysical parameters retrieved from ATMS measurements, including profiles of temperature, water in all phases as well as surface properties for six minutes of instrument observation at a time. The RAMSES II algorithm doesn't have a cloud clearing process and produces all weather retrievalA level 2 granule has been set as 6 minutes of data. There are 240 granules per day, with an orbit repeat cycle of approximately 16 day.
Sounder SIPS: AQUA AIRS IR + MW Level 2 CLIMCAPS: Atmosphere, cloud and surface geophysical state V2 (SNDRAQIML2CCPRET) at GES DISC
WARNING: To users of the derived product “co_mmr_midtrop” (carbon monoxide mass mixing ratio to dry air [kg/kg] at ~500 hPa). This variable has a significant bias due to a conversion error: the molecular weight of carbon dioxide (CO2, 44.01 g/mol) was used instead of carbon monoxide (CO, 28.01 g/mol). To correct, simply multiply “co_mmr_midtrop” by 28.01/44.01. Alternatively, derive a profile of mass mixing ratio from scratch using the retrieved column density values (“mol_lay/co_mol_lay”) in the Level 2 files. For further questions or concerns please contact the Sounder SIPS at: sounder.sips@jpl.nasa.govThe CLIMCAPS (Community Long-term Infrared Microwave Coupled Product System) algorithm is used to analyze data from the AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) and AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit). The AIRS instrument is a grating spectrometer (R = 1200) aboard the second Earth Observing System (EOS) polar-orbiting platform, EOS Aqua. The AIRS in combination with the AMSU constitutes an innovative atmospheric sounding group of infrared and microwave sensors. The AIRS Standard Retrieval Product consists of retrieved estimates of cloud and surface properties, plus profiles of retrieved temperature, water vapor, ozone, carbon monoxide and methane. The temperature profile vertical resolution is 100 levels total between 1100 mb and 0.1 mb, while moisture profile is reported at atmospheric layers between 1100 mb and 300 mb. The horizontal resolution is 50 km. The CLIMCAPS algorithm uses an Optimal Estimation methodology and uses an a-priori first guess to start the process. A CLIMCAPS sounding is comprised of a set of parameters that characterizes the full atmospheric state and includes a variety of geophysical parameters derived from the CrIMSS data. These include surface temperature and infrared emissivity; full atmosphere profiles of temperature, water vapor and ozone; infrared effective cloud top characteristics; carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitric acid.An AIRS granule has been set as 6 minutes of data, 30 footprints cross track by 45 lines along track for each of the approximate 2378 channels. There are 240 granules per day, with an orbit repeat cycle of approximately 16 day.
Sounder SIPS: Suomi NPP ATMS Level 2 RAMSES2 Standard: Atmosphere, precipitation and surface geophysical state, V3 (SNDRSNML2RMS ) at GES DISC
This level 2 product is generated by the RAMSES (Retrieval Algorithm for Microwave Sounders in Earth Science) II algorithm.The RAMSES II algorithm is a microwave only retrieval algorithm using observations from the Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) instrument. The ATMS instrument used for this product is a cross-track scanner with 22 channels in spectral bands from 23 GHz through 183 GHz. The RAMSES II Level-2 retrieval products contain a variety of geophysical parameters retrieved from ATMS measurements, including profiles of temperature, water in all phases as well as surface properties for six minutes of instrument observation at a time. The RAMSES II algorithm doesn't have a cloud clearing process and produces all weather retrievalA level 2 granule has been set as 6 minutes of data. There are 240 granules per day, with an orbit repeat cycle of approximately 16 day.
Sounder SIPS: Suomi NPP CrIMSS Level 2 CHART Normal Spectral Resolution: Atmosphere, cloud and surface geophysical state V1
The objective of this limited edition data collection is to examine products generated by the Climate Heritage AIRS Retrieval Technique (CHART) algorithm to analyze Cross-track Infrared Sounder/Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (CrIS/ATMS) instruments, also known as CrIMSS (Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite). The CrIS/ATMS instruments used for this product are on board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) platform and use the Normal Spectral Resolution (NSR) data. The CrIS instrument is a Fourier transform spectrometer with a total of 1305 NSR infrared sounding channels covering the longwave (655-1095 cm-1), midwave (1210-1750 cm-1), and shortwave (2155-2550 cm-1) spectral regions. The ATMS instrument is a cross-track scanner with 22 channels in spectral bands from 23 GHz through 183 GHz. The CHART algorithm is uses the basic cloud clearing and retrieval methodologies used including the definition and derivation of Jacobians, the channel noise covariance matrix, and the use of constraints including the background term, are essentially identical to those of AIRS Version-6.6 and previous AIRS Science Team retrieval algorithms. As with the Version-6.6 AIRS system, the CHART algorithm uses a Neural Network system as an initial guess. The sounding retrieval methodology characterizes the full atmospheric state and the retrievals contains a variety of geophysical parameters derived from the CrIMSS data. These include surface temperature and infrared emissivity; full atmosphere profiles of temperature, water vapor and ozone; infrared effective cloud top characteristics; outgoing longwave radiation (OLR); and an infrared-based precipitation estimate.The CHART system was designed to serve as a seamless follow on to the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AIRS/AMSU) instrument processing system. For comparison, the AIRS/AMSU data collection AIRX2SUP contains similar meteorological information to this CHART data collection and the CLIMCAPS (Community Long-term Infrared Microwave Coupled Product System) data collection SNDRSNIML2CCPRETN contains CRIMSS data processed with an analogous algorithm. A level 2 granule has been set as 6 minutes of data, 30 footprints cross track by 45 lines along track. There are 240 granules per day, with an orbit repeat cycle of approximately 16 day.
Sounder SIPS: Suomi NPP CrIMSS Level 2 CLIMCAPS Normal Spectral Resolution: Atmosphere cloud and surface geophysical state V2 (SNDRSNIML2CCPRETN) at GES DISC
WARNING: To users of the derived product “co_mmr_midtrop” (carbon monoxide mass mixing ratio to dry air [kg/kg] at ~500 hPa). This variable has a significant bias due to a conversion error: the molecular weight of carbon dioxide (CO2, 44.01 g/mol) was used instead of carbon monoxide (CO, 28.01 g/mol). To correct, simply multiply “co_mmr_midtrop” by 28.01/44.01. Alternatively, derive a profile of mass mixing ratio from scratch using the retrieved column density values (“mol_lay/co_mol_lay”) in the Level 2 files. For further questions or concerns please contact the Sounder SIPS at: sounder.sips@jpl.nasa.govThe CLIMCAPS (Community Long-term Infrared Microwave Coupled Product System) algorithm is used to analyze data from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder/Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (CrIS/ATMS) instruments, also known as CrIMSS (Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite). The CrIS/ATMS instruments used for this product are on board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) platform and use the Normal Spectral Resolution (NSR) data. The CrIS instrument is a Fourier transform spectrometer with a total of 1305 NSR infrared sounding channels covering the longwave (655-1095 cm-1), midwave (1210-1750 cm-1), and shortwave (2155-2550 cm-1) spectral regions. The ATMS instrument is a cross-track scanner with 22 channels in spectral bands from 23 GHz through 183 GHz. The CLIMCAPS algorithm uses an Optimal Estimation methodology and uses an a-priori first guess to start the process. A CLIMCAPS sounding is comprised of a set of parameters that characterizes the full atmospheric state and includes a variety of geophysical parameters derived from the CrIMSS data. These include surface temperature and infrared emissivity; full atmosphere profiles of temperature, water vapor and ozone; infrared effective cloud top characteristics; carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitric acid. The CLIMCAPS algorithm uses data from the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) as a first-guess for the atmospheric state. Because MERRA-2 products typically have a latency from 3 to 7 weeks, so too do the CLIMCAPS products. A level 2 granule has been set as 6 minutes of data, 30 footprints cross track by 45 lines along track. There are 240 granules per day, with an orbit repeat cycle of approximately 16 day.
Ground-truth validation of T2 estimates from steady-state surface NMR
<p>co-located surface and borehole NMR results from 4 sites:</p> <ul> <li>Schillerslage, Germany</li> <li>Kompedal, Denmark</li> <li>Vejrumbro, Denmark</li> <li>Endelave, Denmark</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Single Cell Analysis of Treatment–Resistant Prostate Cancer: Implications of Cell State Changes for Cell Surface Antigen Targeted Therapies
GEO Series GSE264573. Homo sapiens. 4 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Sounder SIPS: Suomi NPP CrIMSS Level 2 CLIMCAPS Full Spectral Resolution: Atmosphere cloud and surface geophysical state V2 at GES DISC
The CLIMCAPS (Community Long-term Infrared Microwave Coupled Product System) algorithm is used to analyze data from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder/Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (CrIS/ATMS) instruments, also known as CrIMSS (Cross-track Infrared and Microwave Sounding Suite). The CrIS/ATMS instruments used for this product are on board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) platform and use the Full Spectral Resolution (FSR) data. The CrIS instrument is a Fourier transform spectrometer with a total of 2211 FSR infrared sounding channels covering the longwave (645-1095 cm-1), midwave (1210-1750 cm-1), and shortwave (2000-2550 cm-1) spectral regions. The ATMS instrument is a cross-track scanner with 22 channels in spectral bands from 23 GHz through 183 GHz. The CLIMCAPS algorithm uses an Optimal Estimation methodology and uses an a-priori first guess to start the process. A CLIMCAPS sounding is comprised of a set of parameters that characterizes the full atmospheric state and includes a variety of geophysical parameters derived from the CrIMSS data. These include surface temperature and infrared emissivity; full atmosphere profiles of temperature, water vapor and ozone; infrared effective cloud top characteristics; carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, and nitric acid. A level 2 granule has been set as 6 minutes of data, 30 footprints cross track by 45 lines along track. There are 240 granules per day, with an orbit repeat cycle of approximately 16 day. The CLIMCAPS algorithm uses data from the second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2) as a first-guess for the atmospheric state. Because MERRA-2 products typically have a latency from 3 to 7 weeks, so too do the CLIMCAPS products.
First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) Marine Stratocumulus Colorado State University (CSU) Surface Radiation Data
The First ISCCP Regional Experiments have been designed to improve data products and cloud/radiation parameterizations used in general circulation models (GCMs). Specifically, the goals of FIRE are (1) to seek the basic understanding of the interaction of physical processes in determining life cycles of cirrus and marine stratocumulus systems and the radiative properties of these clouds during their life cycles and (2) to investigate the interrelationships between ISCCP data, GCM parameterizations, and higher space and time resolution cloud data. To-date, four intensive field-observation periods were planned and executed: a cirrus IFO (October 13 - November 2, 1986); a marine stratocumulus IFO off the southwestern coast of California (June 29 - July 20, 1987); a second cirrus IFO in southeastern Kansas (November 13 - December 7, 1991); and a second marine stratocumulus IFO in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean (June 1 - June 28, 1992). Each mission combined coordinated satellite, airborne, and surface observations with modeling studies to investigate the cloud properties and physical processes of the cloud systems.The Colorado State University surface radiation data set was collected from the radiometric ground station on San Nicolas Island, California. These data were collected during the FIRE marine stratocumulus IFO. The data consists of ten minute averages of wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity and shortwave (.3 - 2.8 microns), near IR (.7 - 2.8 microns), and longwave (4 - 50 microns) radiation.
Solid-State Thermionic Nuclear Power for Megawatt Propulsion, Planetary Surface and Commercial Power Project
<p>Thermionic (TI) power conversion is a promising technology first investigated for power conversion in the 1960&rsquo;s, and of renewed interest due to modern advances in nanotechnology, MEMS, materials and manufacturing. Benefits include high conversion efficiency (20%), static operation with no moving parts and the potential for high reliability, greatly reduced plant complexity, and the potential for low Design, Development. Test and Evaluation (DDT&amp;E) costs. Thermionic emission, credited to Edison in 1880, forms the basis of vacuum tubes and much of 20th century electronics. Heat can be converted into electricity when electrons emitted from a hot surface are collected across a small gap. For example, two &ldquo;small&rdquo; (6 kWe) Thermionic Space Reactors were flown by the USSR in 1987-88 for ocean radar reconnaissance. Higher powered Nuclear-Thermionic power systems driving Electric Propulsion (Q-thruster, VASIMR, etc.) may offer the breakthrough necessary for human Mars missions of &lt; 1 yr round trip.</p><p>This project targets one of the most critical barriers to human deep space exploration &ndash; the means to efficiently power and rapidly propel human missions to Mars and beyond.&nbsp; The project will explore the implementation of a high efficiency &ldquo;Solid-State&rdquo; Thermionic-based nuclear fission power systems to serve Electric Propulsion systems such as Q-thrusters, VASIMR, Hall, or other approaches.&nbsp; A Solid-State approach centered around advanced Thermionic power converters would combine the high efficiency of traditional dynamic power conversion (Rankine, Brayton, Stirling) with the simplicity of a static converter with no moving parts.&nbsp; The resulting system could enable Human Mars missions of &lt; 1 year round trip by affording a system of megawatt power, low specific mass (&lt;10 kg/kWe), greatly reduced plant complexity, and associated savings in development cost.&nbsp;&nbsp; This project provides the initial foundation and confidence for high efficiency solid-state power converters, and early definition of enabled human exploration systems and missions (ex. Megawatt Electric Propulsion, Moon/Mars Surface Power).&nbsp; Subsequent converter development will improve readiness and lifetime, leading to &ldquo;flight ready&rdquo; articles.&nbsp; An intermediate NASA infusion step would demonstrate kilowatt-class nuclear power systems applicable to Moon or Mars surface.&nbsp; Human vehicle system development would then integrate these converters with DOE nuclear reactor technology, NASA balance of plant (ex. radiators, PMAD), and electric propulsion (ex. Q-thrusters, VASIMR, Hall thrusters) to develop an &ldquo;ultimate&rdquo; NASA application of a Human Mars Megawatt-class Nuclear Electric Propulsion vehicle and mission.&nbsp; Terrestrial applications would be informed/infused resulting in high efficiency power systems with greatly reduced complexity and cost.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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