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88 results for “thermal limit”
Data from: Beyond thermal limits: comprehensive metrics of performance identify key axes of thermal adaptation in ants
How species respond to temperature change depends in large part on their physiology. Physiological traits, such as critical thermal limits (CTmax and CTmin), provide estimates of thermal performance but may not capture the full impacts of temperature on fitness. Rather, thermal performance likely depends on a combination of traits—including thermal limits—that vary among species. Here we examine how thermal limits correlate with the main components that influence fitness in ants. First, we compare how temperature affected colony survival and growth in two ant species that differ in their responses to warming in the field—Aphaenogaster rudis (heat-intolerant) and Temnothorax curvispinosus (heat-tolerant). We then extended our study to compare CTmax, thermal requirements of brood, and yearly activity season among a broader set of ant species. While thermal limits were higher for workers of T. curvispinosus than A. rudis, T. curvispinosus colonies also required higher temperatures for survival and colony growth. This pattern generalized across 17 ant species, such that species whose foragers had a high CTmax also required higher temperatures for brood development. Finally, species whose foragers had a high CTmax had relatively short activity seasons compared with less heat-tolerant species. The relationships between CTmax, thermal requirements of brood, and seasonal activity suggest two main strategies for growth and development in changing thermal environments: one where ants forage at higher temperatures over a short activity season, and another where ants forage at lower temperatures for an extended activity season. Where species fall on this spectrum may influence a broad range of life-history characteristics and aid in explaining the current distributions of ants as well as their responses to future climate change.
Positive genetic covariance and limited thermal tolerance constrain tropical insect responses to global warming
<p>Tropical ectotherms are particularly vulnerable to global warming because their physiologies are assumed to be adapted to narrow temperature ranges. This study explores three mechanisms potentially constraining thermal adaptation to global warming in tropical insects: 1. tradeoffs in genotypic performance at different temperatures (the jack-of-all-trades hypothesis) 2. positive genetic covariance in performance, with some genotypes performing better than others at viable temperatures (the 'winner and 'loser genotypes hypothesis) or 3. limited genetic variation as the potential result of relaxed selection and the loss of genes associated with responses to extreme temperatures (the gene decay hypothesis). We estimated changes in growth and survival rates at multiple temperatures for three tropical rain forest insect herbivores (<i>Cephaloleia</i> rolled-leaf beetles, Chrysomelidae). We reared 2746 individuals in a full-sibling experimental design, at temperatures known to be experienced by this genus of beetles in nature (<i>i.e.</i>, 10-35°C). Significant genetic covariance was positive for 16 traits, supporting the 'winner and 'loser genotypes hypothesis. Only two traits displayed negative cross-temperature performance correlations. We detected a substantial contribution of genetic variance in traits associated with size and mass (0-44%), but low heritability in plastic traits such as development time (0-6%) or survival (0-4%). Lowland insect populations will most likely decline if current temperatures increase beyond 2°C. It is concerning that local adaption is already lagging behind current temperatures. The consequences of maintaining the current global warming trajectory would be devastating for tropical insects. However, if humans can limit or slow warming, many tropical ectotherms might persist in their current locations, and potentially adapt to warmer temperatures.</p>
Data from: Microclimate limits thermal behaviour favourable to disease control in a nocturnal amphibian
While epizootics increasingly affect wildlife, it remains poorly understood how the environment shapes most host-pathogen systems. Here, we employ a three-step framework to study microclimate influence on ectotherm host thermal behaviour, focusing on amphibian chytridiomycosis in fire salamanders (<i>Salamandra salamandra</i>) infected with the fungal pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans</i> (<i>Bsal</i>). Laboratory trials reveal that innate variation in thermal preference, rather than behavioural fever, can inhibit infection and facilitate salamander recovery under humidity-saturated conditions. Yet, a three-year field study and a mesocosm experiment close to the invasive <i>Bsal</i> range show that microclimate constraints suppress host thermal behaviour favourable to disease control. A final mechanistic model, that estimates range-wide, year-round host body temperature relative to local microclimate, suggests that these constraints are rule rather than exception. Our results demonstrate how amphibian innate host defences against epizootics may remain constrained in the wild, which predisposes to range-wide disease outbreaks and population declines.
Data: Upper thermal limits and risk of mortality of coastal Antarctic ectotherms
<p><span>Antarctic marine animals face one of the most extreme thermal environments, characterized by a stable and narrow range of low seawater temperatures. At the same time, the Antarctic marine ecosystems are threatened by accelerated global warming. Determining the upper thermal limits (CTmax) is crucial to project the persistence and distribution areas of the Antarctic marine species. Using thermal death time curves (TDT), we estimated CTmax at different temporal scales from 1 minute to daily and seasonal, the predict vulnerability to the current thermal variation and two potential heatwave scenarios. Our results revealed that CTmax at 1 min are far from the temperature present in the marine intertidal area where our study species, showing Echinoderm species higher CTmax than the Chordata and Arthropods species. Simulations indicated that seasonal thermal variation from the intertidal zone contributed to basal mortality, which increased after considering moderate scenarios of heatwaves (+2 °C) in the Shetland Archipelago intertidal zone. Our finding highlighted the relevance of including exposure time explicitly on the CTmax estimates, which deliver closer and more realistic parameters according to the species that may be experiencing in the field.</span></p>
Upper thermal limits predict herpetofauna responses to forest edge and cover
<p>Amphibians and reptiles are sensitive to changes in the thermal environment, which varies considerably in human-modified landscapes. Although it is known that thermal traits of species influence their distribution in modified landscapes, how herpetofauna respond specifically to shifts in ambient temperature along forest edges remains unclear. This may be because most studies focus on local-scale metrics of edge exposure, which only account for a single edge or habitat patch. We predicted that accounting for the combined effect of multiple habitat edges in a landscape would best explain herpetofaunal response to thermally-mediated edge effects. We (1) surveyed herpetofauna at two lowland, fragmented forest sites in central Colombia, (2) measured the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of the species sampled, (3) measured their edge exposure at both local and landscape scales, and (4) created a thermal profile of the landscape itself. We found that species with low CTmax occurred both further from forest edges and in areas of denser vegetation, but were unaffected by the landscape-scale configuration of habitat edges. Variation in the thermal landscape was driven primarily by changes in vegetation density. Our results suggest that amphibians and reptiles with low CTmax are limited by both canopy gaps and proximity to edge, making them especially vulnerable to human modification of tropical forest.</p>
Data for: Multi-scale relationships in thermal limits within and between two cold-water frog species uncover different trends in physiological vulnerability
<ol> <li>Critical thermal limits represent an important component of an organism's capacity to cope with future temperature changes. Understanding the drivers of variation in these traits may uncover patterns in physiological vulnerability to climate change. Local temperature extremes have emerged as a major driver of thermal limits, although their effects can be mediated by the exploitation of fine-scale spatial variation in temperature through behavioral thermoregulation.</li> <li>Here, we investigated thermal limits along elevation gradients within and between two cold-water frog species (<em>Ascaphus</em> spp.), one with a coastal distribution (<em>A. truei</em>) and the other with a continental range (<em>A. montanus</em>). We quantified thermal limits for over 700 tadpoles, representing multiple populations from each species. We combined local temporal and fine-scale spatial temperature data to quantify local thermal landscapes (i.e., thermalscapes), including the opportunity for behavioral thermoregulation.</li> <li>Lower thermal limits for either species could not be reached experimentally reached without the water freezing, suggesting that cold tolerance is <0.3℃. In contrast, upper thermal limits varied among populations, but this variation only reflected local temperature extremes in <em>A. montanus</em>, perhaps due to greater variation in stream temperatures across its range. Lastly, we found minimal fine-scale spatial variability in temperature, suggesting limited opportunity for behavioral thermoregulation and thus increased vulnerability to warming for all populations.</li> <li>By quantifying local thermalscapes, we uncovered different trends in the relative vulnerability of populations across elevation for each species. In <em>A. truei</em>, physiological vulnerability decreased with elevation, whereas in <em>A. montanus</em>, all populations were equally physiologically vulnerable. These results highlight how similar environments can differentially shape physiological tolerance and patterns of vulnerability of species, and in turn, impact their vulnerability to future warming. </li> </ol>
Data from: Hindered and constrained: limited potential for thermal adaptation in post-metamorphic and adult Rana temporaria along elevational gradients
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Data from: Thermal performance curves reveal shifts in optima, limits, and breadth in early life
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Data from: Testing the thermal limits: non-linear reaction norms drive disparate thermal acclimation responses in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Thermoregulatory behavior limits local adaptation of thermal niches and confers sensitivity to climate change
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Data from: Microclimate limits thermal behaviour favourable to disease control in a nocturnal amphibian
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Positive genetic covariance and limited thermal tolerance constrain tropical insect responses to global warming
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Data from: Physiology at near-critical temperatures, but not critical limits, varies between two lizard species that partition the thermal environment
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Data from: Social cues can push amphibious fish to their thermal limits
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Upper thermal limits predict herpetofauna responses to forest edge and cover
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Data from: Tradeoffs, geography, and limits to thermal adaptation in a tidepool copepod
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Temperatures inside Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) artificial nest habitats exceed upper thermal limits in a range-edge population
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Data for: Multi-scale relationships in thermal limits within and between two cold-water frog species uncover different trends in physiological vulnerability
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Data from: Beyond thermal limits: comprehensive metrics of performance identify key axes of thermal adaptation in ants
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Data: Upper thermal limits and risk of mortality of coastal Antarctic ectotherms
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