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Fig. 5 in Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome

Fig. 5. Natural habitats of Nhambikuara cerradensis gen. et sp. nov. in the Cerrado: A – Itirapina, São Paulo; B – Brasília, Distrito Federal and Nhambikuara mima comb. nov.: C – Sirinhaém, Pernambuco; D – an individual in its natural habitat in Guiana, Surama, north Rupuruni (Photo: David Geale).

Figure 7 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 7. Male and female genitalia of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. [coll. RMBH]. (A) Male genitalia of P. nebrodensis [France; slide RMBH G0328]: (A1) lateral view, (A2) ventral view, (A3) dorsal view, (A4) aedeagus, (A5) uncus, and (A6) apical process of the valva. (B) Male genitalia of P. nebrodensis [France; slide RMBH G0330]: (B1) dorsal view, (B2) aedeagus, (B3) uncus, and (B4) apical process of the valva. (C) Male genitalia of P. mnemosyne [Moldova; slide RMBH G0279]: (C1) lateral view, (C2) ventral view, (C3) dorsal view, (C4) aedeagus, (C5) uncus, and (C6) apical process of the valva. (D) Male genitalia of P. mnemosyne [Belarus; slide RMBH G0004]: (D1) dorsal view, (D2) aedeagus, (D3) uncus, and D4) apical process of the valva. (E) Female genitalia of P. nebrodensis [France; slide RMBH G0331]. (F) Female genitalia of P. mnemosyne [Moldova; slide RMBH G0280]. (G) Female genitalia of P. mnemosyne [Belarus; slide RMBH G0005]. Black arrows indicate diagnostic features of the two species (see differential diagnosis for detail). (Photos: Artem A. Frolov).

Figure 6 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 6. Forewing scales of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. [coll. RMBH]. (A) Position of the enlarged fragment with scale patterns at the forewing. (B) Female of P. nebrodensis [France]. (C) Female of P. mnemosyne [Moldova]. (D) Female of P. mnemosyne [Northern European Russia]. (E) Male of P. nebrodensis [France]. (F) Male of P. nebrodensis [France]. (G) Male of P. mnemosyne [Moldova]. (H) Male of P. mnemosyne [Northern European Russia]. Red and blue arrows indicate diagnostic features of each species for the female and male, respectively (see differential diagnosis for detail). (Graphics and photos: Ivan N. Bolotov).

Figure 5 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 5. Forewing venation of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. (A) Male of P. nebrodensis [France: Pyrenees, foothill of Mt. Neouville]. (B) Female of P. nebrodensis [the same locality]. (C) Male of P. mnemosyne [Moldova]. (D) Female of P. mnemosyne [Linnaeus's lectotype, Finland; redrawn after Honey and Scoble 2001a]. Red arrows indicate diagnostic features of the two species (see differential diagnosis for detail). (Graphics: Ivan N. Bolotov).

Figure 4 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 4. Dorsal view of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. specimens [coll. RMBH]. (A) Male of P. nebrodensis [France: Pyrenees, foothill of Mt. Neouville]. (B) Female of P. nebrodensis [the same locality]. (С) Male of P. mnemosyne [Republic of Belarus: 5 km E from Ruda Yavorskaya village]. (D) Female of P. mnemosyne [the same locality]. (Photos: Artem A. Frolov).

Figure 1 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 1. Ranges of taxa within the Parnassius mnemosyne species complex. (1) Range of P. nebrodensis stat. rev. (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008; Michel et al. 2008; Todisco et al. 2010; Condamine et al. 2018; Litman et al. 2018; Dapporto et al. 2019; this study). (2) Approximate range of P. sp. 'Middle East' (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008). (3) Range of P. mnemosyne s. str. (data: Weiss 1999; Gratton et al. 2008; Kudrna et al. 2011; Bolotov et al. 2013): (3a) confirmed range, and (3b) uncertain distribution. (4) Approximate boundary of P. mnemosyne s. str. and P. sp. 'Middle East' ranges (data: Weiss 1999; Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008; Kudrna et al. 2011; Bolotov et al. 2013). (5) Type locality of P. nebrodensis stat. rev. in Italy [Sicily: "monti Nebrodi"] (Turati 1907). (6) Type locality of P. mnemosyne s. str. in Finland (Honey and Scoble 2001, 2001a). (Map: Mikhail Y. Gofarov).

Figure 3 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Parnassius (subgenus Driopa) taxa based on the COI haplotype sequences (Table 1). The red stars indicate the species-level clades supported by mPTP species-delimitation model. The name of each sequence contains the following information: GenBank accession number | sampling region. An asterisk indicates Parnassius nebrodensis sequence from the type locality (Nebrodi, Sicily). The black numbers near branches indicate bootstrap support values of IQ-TREE/BPP of MrBayes. Outgroup is not shown.

Figure 2 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Figure 2. Range of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and a narrow contact zone between allopatric ranges of this species and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. based on DNA sequence data. (1) Range of P. nebrodensis (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008; Michel et al. 2008; Todisco et al. 2010; Condamine et al. 2018; Litman et al. 2018; Dapporto et al. 2019; this study). (2) Occurrences of P. nebrodensis: (2a) Pyrenees (sample used for morphological and molecular analyses in this study), and (2b) other areas (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008). (3) Type locality of P. nebrodensis in Italy [Sicily: "monti Nebrodi"] (Turati 1907). (4) Type localities of nominal taxa that were described as P. mnemosyne subspecies but are being considered as synonyms of P. nebrodensis under this study (see Table 5 for detail). (5) A southern fragment of P. mnemosyne s. str. range adjoining the contact zone with P. nebrodensis (data: Weiss 1999; Gratton et al. 2008; Kudrna et al. 2011): (5a) confirmed range, and (5b) uncertain distribution. (6) A contact zone between P. nebrodensis and P. mnemosyne s. str. ranges. (Map: Mikhail Y. Gofarov).

Fig. 19 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Fig. 19. Mining concessions in southern Peru, Moquegua and Tacna regions. Yellow circles represent the record of Euathlus vanessae sp. nov.

Figs 3-5 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 3-5. Euathlus vanessae sp. nov., male holotype (MUSA-AR 234), morphology of left palpal bulb: 3, ventral view; 4, prolateral view; 5, retrolateral view. The boxes indicate the apical embolus: serrated edge with three teeth at PI (AK, accessorial keel; PI, prolateral inferior keel; PS, prolateral superior keel). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figs 16, 17 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 16, 17. Different habitats where Euathlus vanessae sp. nov. has been collected: 16, cacti and scrubs, approximately at 3500 m a.s.l.; 17, low shrubs, perennial herbaceous plants and queñua relicts (Polylepis besseri Hieron) approximately at 4100 m a.s.l. Photos by O. M. Quispe-Colca.

Figs 1, 2 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 1, 2. Euathlus vanessae sp. nov., habitus, dorsal view: 1, male holotype (MUSA-AR 234) Moquegua, Mariscal Nieto, Moquegua; 2, female paratype (MUSA-AR 228) from queñua relicts (Polylepis besseri Hieron), Asana, Torata, Mariscal Nieto, Moquegua. Photos by O. M. Quispe-Colca.

Figs 11-15 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 11-15. Euathlus vanessae sp. nov., female paratype (MUSA-AR 230): 11, carapace, dorsal view; 12, sternum, labium, maxillae and coxae, ventral view; 13, ocular tubercle, dorsal view; 14, spermathecae, ventral view; 15, abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm (Figs 13, 14), 5 mm (Figs 11, 12, 15).

Figs 6-10 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 6-10. Euathlus vanessae sp. nov., male holotype (MUSA-AR 234): 6, carapace, dorsal view; 7, sternum, labium, maxillae and coxae, ventral view; 8, ocular tubercle, dorsal view; 9, left tibial apophysis, ventral view; 10, abdomen, dorsal view (PB, prolateral branch; RB, retrolateral branch). Scale bar = 1 mm (Figs 8, 9), 5 mm (Figs 6, 7, 10).

FIGURE 2 in Population genetics of three threatened catfish species in heterogeneous environments of the Cauca River, Colombia

FIGURE 2 | Population structure suggested by STRUCTURE (A–C) and the Discriminant Analysis of the Principal Components (D–F) for Pimelodus grosskopfii (A, D), Sorubim cuspicaudus (B, E), and Ageneiosus pardalis (C, F).

FIGURE 1 in Population genetics of three threatened catfish species in heterogeneous environments of the Cauca River, Colombia

FIGURE 1 | Location of sampling sites of Pimelodus grosskopfii, Sorubim cuspicaudus, and Ageneiosus pardalis in the middle and lower sections of the Cauca River.

Linked collectors and determiners for: Distribution of threatened lycopod species within Ukraine.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Distribution of threatened lycopod species within Ukraine". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/d151bce8-d997-4d3a-87dd-6003517b7b71">https://bionomia.net/dataset/d151bce8-d997-4d3a-87dd-6003517b7b71</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/d151bce8-d997-4d3a-87dd-6003517b7b71">https://gbif.org/dataset/d151bce8-d997-4d3a-87dd-6003517b7b71</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov..

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Notes on cauliflory, sexual dimorphism and biogeography in Drypetes (Putranjivaceae, Malpighiales) and a taxonomic treatment for D. gabonensis and two new cauliflorous threatened species from Central Africa, D. aphanes sp. nov. and D. cauta sp. nov.". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/399549be-1957-4fc0-918a-4aaff6057883">https://bionomia.net/dataset/399549be-1957-4fc0-918a-4aaff6057883</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/399549be-1957-4fc0-918a-4aaff6057883">https://gbif.org/dataset/399549be-1957-4fc0-918a-4aaff6057883</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: Novelties in Erythroxylum P. Browne (Erythroxylaceae) from the Comoros Archipelago: two new, range-restricted and threatened species, and notes on the Mount Choungi biogeographical singularity.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Novelties in Erythroxylum P. Browne (Erythroxylaceae) from the Comoros Archipelago: two new, range-restricted and threatened species, and notes on the Mount Choungi biogeographical singularity". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/0855d04a-b2c7-4fd0-90d4-efcdf49b11fd">https://bionomia.net/dataset/0855d04a-b2c7-4fd0-90d4-efcdf49b11fd</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/0855d04a-b2c7-4fd0-90d4-efcdf49b11fd">https://gbif.org/dataset/0855d04a-b2c7-4fd0-90d4-efcdf49b11fd</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Linked collectors and determiners for: Occurrences of Threatened Species included in the Third Edition of the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic (Russia).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Occurrences of Threatened Species included in the Third Edition of the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic (Russia)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/cf750a05-25f2-459b-8891-1a1fd23d7bf8">https://bionomia.net/dataset/cf750a05-25f2-459b-8891-1a1fd23d7bf8</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/cf750a05-25f2-459b-8891-1a1fd23d7bf8">https://gbif.org/dataset/cf750a05-25f2-459b-8891-1a1fd23d7bf8</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.