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663 results for “trade-off”

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dryad40/100

Evolutionary signatures of a trade-off in direct and indirect defenses across the wild grape genus Vitis

Evolutionary correlations between chemical defense and protection by mutualist bodyguards have been long predicted, but tests of these patterns remain rare. We use a phylogenetic framework to test for evolutionary correlations indicative of trade-offs or synergisms between direct defense in the form of plant secondary metabolism, and indirect defense in the form of leaf domatia, across 33 species in the wild grape genus, Vitis. We also performed a bioassay with a generalist herbivore to associate our chemical phenotypes with herbivore palatability. Finally, we tested whether defensive traits correlate with the average abiotic characteristics of each species' contemporary range and whether these correlations were consistent with plant defense theory. We found a negative evolutionary correlation between domatia size and the diversity of secondary metabolites in Vitis leaf tissue across the genus, and also that leaves with a higher diversity and richness of secondary metabolites were less palatable to a generalist herbivore, consistent with a trade-off in chemical and mutualistic defense investment. Predictions from plant defense theory were not supported by associations between investment in defense phenotypes and abiotic variables. Our work demonstrates an evolutionary pattern indicative of a trade-off between indirect and direct defense strategies across the Vitis genus.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

zenodo40/100

Trade-offs between Sustainable Development Goals in carbon capture and utilisation

Dataset associated with the publication "Trade-offs between Sustainable Development Goals in carbon capture and utilisation" by Iasonas Ioannou, Ángel Galán-Martín, Javier Pérez-Ramírez, and Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez, available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE01153K">https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE01153K</a>. The dataset includes the numeric data required to plot all the figures embedded in the main manuscript.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

dryad40/100

Functional traits of young seedlings predict trade-offs in seedling performance in three neotropical forests

<ol> <li>Understanding the mechanisms that promote the coexistence of hundreds of species over small areas in tropical forest remains a challenge. Many tropical tree species are presumed to be functionally equivalent shade-tolerant species that differ in performance trade-offs between survival in shade and the ability to quickly grow in sunlight.</li> <li>Variation in plant functional traits related to resource acquisition is thought to predict variation in performance among species, perhaps explaining community assembly across habitats with gradients in resource availability. Many studies have found low predictive power, however, when linking trait measurements to species demographic rates.</li> <li>Seedlings face different challenges recruiting on the forest floor and may exhibit different traits and/or performance trade-offs than older individuals face in the eventual adult niche. Seed mass is the typical proxy for seedling success, but species also differ in cotyledon strategy (reserve vs photosynthetic) or other seedling traits. These can cause species with the same average seed mass to have divergent performance in the same habitat.</li> <li>We combined long-term studies of seedling dynamics with functional trait data collected at a standard developmental stage in three diverse neotropical forests to ask whether variation in coordinated suites of traits predicts variation among species in demographic performance.</li> <li>Across hundreds of species in Ecuador, Panama, and Puerto Rico, we found seedlings displayed correlated suites of leaf, stem, and root traits, which strongly correlated with seed mass and cotyledon strategy. Variation among species in seedling functional traits, seed mass, and cotyledon strategy were strong predictors of trade-offs in seedling growth and survival.</li> <li>Our findings highlight the importance of cotyledon strategy in addition to seed mass as a key component of seed and seedling biology. These results also underscore the importance of matching the ontogenetic stage of the trait measurement to the stage of demographic dynamics.</li> <li> Synthesis: With strikingly consistent patterns across three tropical forests, we find strong evidence for the promise of functional traits to provide mechanistic links between seedling form and demographic performance. </li> </ol>

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade-offs rather than a long-term increase in competitive effects of native communities

Alien plants experience novel abiotic conditions and interactions with native communities in the introduced area. Intra- and interspecific selection on functional traits in the new environment may lead to increased population growth with time since introduction (residence time). However, selection regimes might differ depending on the invaded habitat. Additionally, in high-competition habitats, a build-up of biotic resistance of native species due to accumulation of eco-evolutionary experience to aliens over time may limit invasion success. We tested if the effect of functional traits and the population dynamics of aliens depends on interspecific competition with native plant communities. We conducted a multi-species experiment with 40 annual Asteraceae that differ in residence time in Germany. We followed their population growth in monocultures and in interspecific competition with an experienced native community (varying co-existence times between focals and community). To more robustly test our findings, we used a naïve community that never co-existed with the focals. We found that high seed mass decreased population growth in monocultures but tended to increase population growth under high interspecific competition. We found no evidence for a build-up of competition-mediated biotic resistance by the experienced community over time. Instead, population growth of the focal species was similarly inhibited by the experienced and naïve community. By comparing the effect of experienced and naïve communities on population dynamics over two years across a large set of species with a high variation in functional traits and residence time, this study advances the understanding of the long-term dynamics of plant invasions. In our study system, population growth of alien species was not limited by an increase of competitive effects by native communities (one aspect of biotic resistance) over time. Instead, invasion success of alien plants may be limited because initial spread in low-competition habitats requires different traits than establishment in high-competition habitats.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Data from: Nutrigonometry I: using right-angle triangles to quantify nutritional trade-offs in performance landscapes

Animals regulate their food intake to maximise the expression of fitness traits but are forced to trade-off optimal expression of some fitness traits due to differences in nutrient requirements of each trait ('nutritional trade-offs'). Nutritional trade-offs have been experimentally uncovered using the Geometric Framework for Nutrition (GF). However, current analytical methods to measure such responses rely on either visual inspection or complex models of vector calculations applied to multidimensional performance landscapes, making these approaches subjective, or conceptually difficult, computationally expensive, and in some cases inaccurate. Here, we present a simple trigonometric model to measure nutritional trade-offs in multidimensional landscapes (Nutrigonometry), which relies on the trigonometric relationships of right-angle triangles and thus, is both conceptually and computationally easier to understand and use than previous quantitative approaches. We apply Nutrigonometry to a landmark GF dataset for the comparison of several standard statistical models to assess model performance in finding regions in the performance landscapes. This revealed that polynomial (Bayesian) regressions can be used for precise and accurate predictions of peaks and valleys in performance landscapes, irrespective of the underlying structure of the data (i.e., individual food intakes vs fixed diet ratios). We then identified the known nutritional trade-off between lifespan and reproductive rate both in terms of nutrient balance and concentration for validation of the model. This shows Nutrigonometry enables a fast, reliable, and reproducible quantification of nutritional trade-offs in multidimensional performance landscapes, thereby broadening the potential for future developments in comparative research on the evolution of animal nutrition.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

dryad40/100

R codes from: Breakdown of the growth–mortality trade-off along a soil phosphorus gradient in diverse neotropical forest

An ecological paradigm predicts that plant species adapted to low resource availability grow slower and live longer than those adapted to high resource availability when growing together. We tested this by using hierarchical Bayesian analysis to quantify variations in growth and mortality of ~ 40,000 individual trees from > 400 species in response to limiting resources in the tropical forests of Panama. In contrast to theoretical expectations of the growth–mortality paradigm, we find that tropical tree species restricted to low-phosphorus soils simultaneously achieve faster growth rates and lower mortality rates than species restricted to high-phosphorus soils. This result demonstrates that adaptation to phosphorus limitation in diverse plant communities modifies the growth–mortality trade-off, with important implications for understanding long-term ecosystem dynamics.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Assessing hybrid vigor using the thermal sensitivity of physiological trade-offs in tiger salamanders

<ol> <li>Hybridization between species affects biodiversity and population sustainability in numerous ways, many of which depend on the fitness of the hybrid relative to the parental species. Hybrids can exhibit fitter phenotypes compared to the parental lineages, and this 'hybrid vigor' can then lead to the extinction of one or both parental lines.</li> <li>In this study, we analyzed the relationship between water loss and gas exchange to compare physiological performance among three tiger salamander genotypes – the native California tiger salamander (CTS), the invasive barred tiger salamanders (BTS), and CTS x BTS hybrids across multiple temperatures (13.5°C, 20.5°C, and 23.5°C). We developed a new index of performance, the water-gas exchange ratio (WGER), which we define as the ratio of gas exchange to evaporative water loss (µL VO2/µL H2O). The ratio describes the ability of an organism to support energetically costly activities with high levels of gas exchange while simultaneously limiting water loss to lower desiccation risk. We used flow-through respirometry to measure the thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate and resistance to water loss of each salamander genotype to compare indices of physiological performance.</li> <li>We found that temperature had a significant effect on metabolic rate and resistance to water loss, with both traits increasing as temperatures warmed. Across genotypes, we found that hybrids have a higher WGER than the native CTS, owing to a higher metabolic rate despite having a lower resistance to water loss.</li> <li>These results provide greater insight into the physiological mechanisms driving hybrid vigor and offer a potential explanation for the rapid spread of salamander hybrids. More broadly, our introduction of the WGER may allow for species- or lineage-wide comparisons of physiological performance across changing environmental conditions, highlighting the insight that can be gleaned from multi-trait analysis of organism performance.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

dryad40/100