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392 results for “trade-offs”
Assessing hybrid vigor using the thermal sensitivity of physiological trade-offs in tiger salamanders
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Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade-offs rather than a long-term increase in competitive effects of native communities
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Data from: Health trade-offs of boiling drinking water with solid fuels: A modeling study
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Data from: Different aspects of dominance are not equivalent when testing for trade-offs in ant communities
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Food deprivation exposes sex-specific trade-offs between stress tolerance and lifespan in the copepod Tigriopus californicus
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Data from: Biologging in a free-ranging mammal reveals apparent energetic trade-offs among physiological and behavioral components of the acute phase response
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Data from: Trade-offs among restored ecosystem functions are context-dependent in Mediterranean-type regions
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Changes in trait covariance along an orographic moisture gradient reveal the relative importance of light- and moisture-driven trade-offs in subtropical rainforest communities
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Data from: Pleiotropy alleviates the fitness costs associated with resource allocation trade-offs in immune signaling networks
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Phage selection drives resistance-virulence trade-offs in Ralstonia solanacearum plant pathogenic bacterium irrespective of the growth temperature
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Data for: Canopy coverage, light, and moisture affect thermoregulatory trade-offs in an amphibian breeding habitat
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Data from: Evolutionary trade-offs of insecticide resistance – the fitness costs associated with target-site mutations in the nAChR of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The evolution of resistance to drugs and pesticides poses a major threat to human health and food security. Neonicotinoids are highly effective insecticides used to control agricultural pests. They target the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and mutations of the receptor that confer resistance have been slow to develop, with only one field-evolved mutation being reported to date. This is an arginine to threonine substitution at position 81 of the nAChR_β1 subunit in neonicotinoid resistant aphids. To validate the role of R81T in neonicotinoid resistance and to test whether it may confer any significant fitness costs to insects, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to introduce an analogous mutation in the genome of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Flies carrying R81T showed an increased tolerance (resistance) to neonicotinoid insecticides, accompanied by a significant reduction in fitness. In comparison, flies carrying a deletion of the whole nAChR_α<em>6</em> subunit, the target-site of spinosyns, showed an increased tolerance to this class of insecticides but presented almost no fitness deficits.</p>
Personality driven life-history trade-offs differ in two sub-populations of free ranging predators
<p>1) Consistent individual differences in behaviour (i.e. personality) can be explained in an evolutionary context if they are favoured by life-history trade-offs as conceptualized in the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis. Theory predicts that faster growing individuals suffer higher mortality and that this trade-off is mediated through exploration/risk-taking personality, but empirical support for this remains limited and ambiguous. Equivocal support to the POLS hypothesis suggests that the link between life-history and personality may only emerge under certain circumstances. Understanding personality driven trade-offs would be facilitated by long-term studies in wild populations experiencing different ecological conditions.</p> <p>2) Here, we tested whether personality measured in semi-captivity was associated with a growth-mortality trade-off via risk-taking in the wild in two sub-populations of juvenile lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) known to differ in their predator abundance. We expected stronger personality driven trade-offs in the predator-rich environment as compared to the predator-poor environment.</p> <p>3) Sharks were captured yearly from 1995 onwards allowing us to obtain long-term data on growth and apparent survival in each sub-population. We then used a novel open-field assay to test sharks for exploration personality yearly from 2012 to 2017. A subset of the tested sharks was monitored in the field using telemetry to document risk-taking behaviours. We tested (i) if fast explorers in captivity took more risks and grew faster in the wild and (ii) if natural selection acted against more explorative, faster growing sharks.</p> <p>4) In the sub-population with fewer predators, more explorative sharks in captivity took more risks in the wild and grew faster. In turn, larger, fast-growing sharks had lower apparent survival. In the predator-rich sub-population, despite finding selection on fast growth, we found no link between exploration personality and the growth-mortality trade-off.</p> <p>5) Our study demonstrates that the association between personality and life-history is favoured in some ecological contexts but not in others. We identify predator and resource abundance as two main potential drivers of the personality mediated trade-off and emphasize that future work on the POLS hypothesis would benefit from an approach integrating behaviour and life-history across ecological conditions.</p>
Energetic limits: Defining the bounds and trade-offs of successful energy management in a capital breeder
<p>1. Judicious management of energy can be invaluable for animal survival and reproductive success. Capital breeding mammals typically transfer energy to their young at extremely high rates while undergoing prolonged fasting, making lactation a tremendously energy demanding period. Effective management of the competing demands of the mother's energy needs and those of her offspring is presumably fundamental to maximising lifetime reproductive success.</p> <p>2. How does the mother maximise her chances of successfully rearing her pup, by ensuring that both her pup and herself have sufficient energy during this 'energetic fast'? While energy management models were first discussed in the 1990s, application of this analytical technique is still very much in its infancy. Recent work suggests that a broad range of species exhibit 'energy compensation'; during periods when they expend more energy on activity, their bodies partially compensate by reducing background (basal) metabolic rate as an adaptation to limit overall energy expenditure. However, the value of energy management models in understanding animal ecology is presently unclear.</p> <p>3. We investigate whether energy management models provide insights into the breeding strategy of phocid seals. Not only do we expect lactating seals to display energy compensation because of their breeding strategy of high energy transfer while fasting, but we anticipate that mothers exhibiting a lack of energy compensation are less likely to rear offspring successfully.</p> <p>4. On the Isle of May in Scotland, we collected heart rate data as a proxy for energy expenditure in 52 known individual grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) mothers, repeatedly across three years of breeding. We provide evidence that grey seal mothers typically exhibit energy compensation during lactation by down-regulating their background metabolic rate to limit daily energy expenditure during periods when other energy costs are relatively high. However, individuals that fail to energy compensate during the lactation period are more likely to end lactation earlier than expected.</p> <p>5. Our study is the first to demonstrate the importance of energy compensation to an animal's reproductive expenditure. Moreover, our multi-seasonal data indicate that environmental stressors may reduce the capacity of some individuals to follow the energy compensation strategy. </p>
Trade-offs between seed size and biotic interactions contribute to coexistence of co-occurring species that vary in fecundity
<p>Despite theoretical advances, the ecological factors and functional traits that enable species varying in seed size and fecundity to coexist remain unclear. Given inherent fecundity advantages, why don't small-seeded species dominate communities?</p> <p>In perennial grasslands, we evaluated whether small-seeded species are less tolerant of competition from the community dominant bunchgrass than large-seeded species but also less vulnerable to seed predation by mice. We also explored whether trade-offs involving competitive tolerance include two other functional traits, height and leaf mass per area (LMA). We added seeds of 17 forb species to plots where bunchgrass competition and rodent seed predation were manipulated across sites varying in bunchgrass productivity and thus competitive intensity. Seeds were added at densities mimicking interspecific variation in fecundity among target species.</p> <p>Standardizing for differences in fecundity (i.e. seed input; which enabled us to evaluate inherent interspecific differences in susceptibility to biotic interactions), bunchgrass competition more greatly reduced recruitment and establishment of small vs. large-seeded species, whereas rodent seed predation more greatly reduced the recruitment of large- versus small-seeded species. Plant height and LMA were unrelated to the competition effect size.</p> <p>Small-seeded species abundance decreased across sites increasing in bunchgrass productivity, whereas this was not the case for large-seeded species. For adult plants but not seedlings, community weighted functional trait means (CWM) for seed size, height, and LMA increased in plots with versus without bunchgrass competition and the CWM for seed size and height also increased at sites with greater bunchgrass productivity (for adults only). In contrast, rodent seed predation had no significant effects on CWM seed size.</p> <p>At the end of the experiment, adult abundance positively correlated with plant fecundity in plots lacking bunchgrass, indicating the inherent advantages accrued to high fecundity small-seeded species. However, with bunchgrass competition, abundances were equalized across species due to reduced competitive tolerance of high fecundity small-seeded species.</p> <p>Synthesis: Our results suggest that coexistence among subordinate forb species varying in seed size and fecundity is in-part due to a trade-off involving competitive tolerance and fecundity, mediated by seed size and associated functional traits.</p>
Social hierarchy reveals thermoregulatory trade-offs in response to repeated stressors
<p>Coping with stressors can require substantial energetic investment, and when resources are limited, such investment can preclude simultaneous expenditure on other biological processes. Among endotherms, energetic demands of thermoregulation can also be immense, yet our understanding of whether a stress response is sufficient to induce changes in thermoregulatory investment is limited. Using the black-capped chickadee as a model species, we tested a hypothesis that stress-induced changes in surface temperature (T<sub>s</sub>), a well-documented phenomenon across vertebrates, stem from trade-offs between thermoregulation and stress responsiveness. Because social subordination is known to constrain access to resources in this species, we predicted that Ts and dry heat loss of social subordinates, but not social dominants, would fall under stress exposure at low ambient temperatures (T<sub>a</sub>), and rise under stress exposure at high T<sub>a</sub>, thus permitting a reduction in total energetic expenditure toward thermoregulation. To test our predictions, we exposed four social groups of chickadees to repeated stressors and control conditions across a Ta gradient (n=30 days/treatment/group), whilst remotely monitoring social interactions and T<sub>s</sub>. Supporting our hypothesis, we show that: (1) social subordinates (n=12), who fed less than social dominants and alone experienced stress-induced mass-loss, displayed significantly larger changes in T<sub>s</sub> following stress exposure than social dominants (n=8), and (2) stress-induced changes in Ts significantly increased heat conservation at low T<sub>a</sub> and heat dissipation at high T<sub>a</sub> among social subordinates alone. These results suggest that chickadees adjust their thermoregulatory strategies during stress exposure when resources are limited by ecologically relevant processes.</p> <p> </p>
Trade-offs in above and belowground biomass allocation influencing seedling growth in a tropical forest
<p>1. Plants allocate biomass to different organs in response to resource variation for maximizing performance, yet we lack a framework that adequately integrates plant responses to the simultaneous variation in above and belowground resources. Although traditionally, the optimal partition theory (OPT) has explained patterns of biomass allocation in response to a single limiting resource, it is well known that in natural communities multiple resources limit growth. We study trade-offs involved in plant biomass allocation patterns and their effects on plant growth under variable below and aboveground resources –light, soil N, and P– for seedling communities.</p> <p>2. We collected information on leaf, stem, and root mass fractions for more than 1,900 seedlings of 97 species paired with growth data and local-scale variation in abiotic resources from a tropical forest in China.</p> <p>3. We identified two trade-off axes that define the mass allocation strategies for seedlings – allocation to photosynthetic vs. non-photosynthetic tissues and allocation to roots over stems – that responded to the variation in soil P and N and light. Yet, the allocation patterns did not always follow predictions of OPT in which plants should allocate biomass to the organ that acquires the most limiting resource. Limited soil N resulted in high allocation to leaves at expense of non-photosynthetic tissues, while the opposite trend was found in response to limited soil P. Also, co-limitation in above and belowground resources (light and soil P) led to mass allocation to stems at expense of roots. Finally, we found that growth increased under high light availability and soil P for seedlings that either invested more in photosynthetic over non-photosynthetic tissues or/and that allocated mass to roots at expense of stem.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: Biomass allocation patterns to above and belowground tissues are described by two independent trade-offs that allow plants to have divergent allocation strategies (e.g., high root allocation at expense of stem or high leaf allocation at expense of allocation to non-photosynthetic tissues) and enhance growth under variable resources. Identifying the trade-offs driving biomass allocation is important to disentangle plant responses to the simultaneous variation in resources in diverse forest communities.</p>
Data from: Trade-offs between age-related breeding improvement and survival senescence in highly polygynous elephant seals: dominant males always do better
<ol> <li>Life history trade-off theory predicts that current reproduction can negatively affect survival and future reproduction. Few studies have assessed breeding costs for males of polygynous species compared to females, despite substantial variation in breeding success among individual males (e.g. subordinate <i>cf</i>. dominant breeders). Specifically, differentiating between the cost of attending breeding seasons, and the additional cost of successfully securing and mating females is lacking.</li> <li>We investigated whether trade-offs are present in the highly polygynous male southern elephant seal (<i>Mirounga leonina</i>) using 34-years of individual-level data. We compare age-specific survival, recruitment and future breeding success probabilities of pre-breeders (males yet to recruit) and breeders (subordinate and dominant social ranks) using multievent models.</li> <li>Pre-breeders and breeders of overlapping ages had similar survival probabilities, suggesting that there was no attendance cost for early recruits. In addition, the probability of recruiting as a dominant breeder never exceeded recruitment probability as a subordinate breeder of the same age. Therefore, older pre-breeders that delayed attendance costs generally did not improve their breeding success (probability of being dominant) at recruitment more than younger recruits. Rather, recruitment age may be a function of individual quality, with lower quality individuals requiring more time to socially mature.</li> <li>When comparing subordinate and dominant breeders, we found clear evidence for survival senescence, with subordinate breeders having a higher baseline mortality. In contrast, age-specific future breeding success (probability of being dominant at <i>t</i>+1) increased with age, with dominant breeders maintaining higher subsequent breeding success than subordinate breeders.</li> <li>The opposite trends in survival and future breeding success for both subordinate and dominant breeders may indicate a lifetime, population-level trade-off. However, we found no evidence to suggest that being a dominant breeder consecutively (and having a higher accumulated breeding cost) accelerated the rate of senescence when compared to individuals that were previously subordinate.</li> <li>Thus, males experienced actuarial senescence regardless of social rank, with dominant (and possibly high quality) breeders showing a reduced trade-off between survival and future breeding success. We make several novel contributions to understanding polygynous male life histories and southern elephant seal demography.</li> </ol>
Mimicry in motion and morphology: do information limitation, trade-offs or compensation relax selection for mimetic accuracy?
<p>Many animals mimic dangerous or undesirable prey as a defence from predators. We would expect predators to reliably and exclusively avoid animals that closely resemble dangerous prey, yet imperfect mimics are common. There have been many hypotheses suggested to explain imperfect mimicry, but comparative tests across multiple mimicry systems are needed to determine which are applicable, and which—if any—represent general principles of imperfect mimicry. We tested four hypotheses on Australian ant mimics and found support for only one of them: the information limitation hypothesis. A predator with incomplete information will be unable to discriminate some poor mimics from their models. We also show that since predators must make decisions while they are learning, they are likely to never sample broadly enough to gain and utilise the full information needed to discriminate poor mimics from their models. We found no evidence that one accurate mimetic trait can compensate for another, or that rapid movement reduces selection pressure for good mimicry. Based on our results, we argue that information limitation is likely to be a general principle behind imperfect mimicry of any complex traits, while interactions between components of mimicry may apply to some mimicry systems but not others.</p>
Proximity to forest mediates trade-offs between yields and biodiversity of birds in oil palm smallholdings
<p>There is much debate about how best to mitigate the effects of agricultural expansion on biodiversity, especially in the tropics. Recent studies have emphasised that proximity to natural habitats can enhance farmland biodiversity, yet few studies have examined whether or not such proximity mediates local trade-offs between yields and biodiversity, and hence alters conclusions about the ecological benefits of alternative farming strategies. Here we examine yield-biodiversity trade-offs, focusing on birds in oil palm smallholdings at different distances from remaining areas of forest, including a large forest reserve, in Ghana. We found significantly fewer birds on higher-yielding than lower-yielding farms, in terms of both species richness and abundance. For forest specialist birds (likely to be highly vulnerable to conversion of land to agriculture) we also found a greater trade-off (i.e. lower richness and abundance for a given yield) at farms further from forest, to the extent that increasing distance to the nearest forest from 1 to 10 km had a similar effect as a 3- to 5-fold increase in fruit yield brought about by increased intensification. Our study highlights the importance of accounting for the effects of natural forest in the landscape when considering agricultural policies for biodiversity protection, underlining the importance of a landscape-scale approach to conservation.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.