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102 results for “tree islands”
Data from: Trees as islands: canopy ant species richness increases with the size of liana-free trees in a Neotropical forest
The physical characteristics of habitats shape local community structure; a classic example is the positive relationship between the size of insular habitats and species richness. Despite the high density and proximity of tree crowns in forests, trees are insular habitats for some taxa. Specifically, crown isolation (i.e. crown shyness) prevents the movement of small cursorial animals among trees. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the species richness of ants (Sa) in individual, isolated trees embedded within tropical forest canopies increases with tree size. We predicted that this pattern disappears when trees are connected by lianas (woody vines) or when strong interactions among ant species determine tree occupancy. We surveyed the resident ants of 213 tree crowns in lowland tropical forest of Panama. On average, 9.2 (range = 2–20) ant species occupied a single tree crown. Average (± SE) Sa was ca 25% higher in trees with lianas (10.2 ± 0.26) than trees lacking lianas (8.0 ± 0.51). Sa increased with tree size in liana-free trees (Sa = 10.99A0.256), but not in trees with lianas. Ant species composition also differed between trees with and without lianas. Specifically, ant species with solitary foragers occurred more frequently in trees with lianas. The mosaic-like pattern of species co-occurrence observed in other arboreal ant communities was not found in this forest. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that lianas play an important role in shaping the local community structure of arboreal ants by overcoming the insular nature of tree crowns.
Data from: Forest fragmentation genetics in a formerly widespread island endemic tree: Vateriopsis seychellarum (Dipterocarpaceae)
Habitat fragmentation and changed land use have seriously reduced population size in many tropical forest tree species. Formerly widespread species with limited gene flow may be particularly vulnerable to the negative genetic effects of forest fragmentation and small population size. Vateriopsis seychellarum (Dipterocarpaceae) is a formerly widespread canopy tree of the Seychelles, but is now reduced to 132 adult individuals distributed in eleven sites. Using ten microsatellite loci, a genetic inventory of all adult trees and a sample of 317 progeny, we demonstrate that despite its restricted range, overall genetic diversity was relatively high (HE: 0.56). The juvenile cohort, however, had significantly lower allelic richness (adults RS: 3.91; juveniles RS: 2.83) and observed heterozygosity than adult trees (adults HO: 0.62; juveniles HO: 0.48). Rare alleles were fewer and kinship between individuals was stronger in juveniles. Significant fine-scale spatial genetic structure was observed in remnant adults, and parentage analysis indicated that more than 90% of sampled progeny disperse <25 m and pollen dispersed <50 m. The molecular data confirmed that two populations were derived entirely from self-fertilized offspring from a single surviving mother tree. These populations produce viable offspring. Despite this extreme genetic bottleneck, self-compatibility may provide V. seychellarum with some resistance to the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation, at least in the short term. We discuss our findings in the context of other rare and threatened dipterocarp species which are vulnerable to mis-management of genetic resources and population fragmentation.
Data from: Not seeing the grass for the trees: timber plantations and agriculture shrink tropical montane grassland by two-thirds over four decades in the Palani Hills, a Western Ghats Sky Island
Tropical montane habitats, grasslands, in particular, merit urgent conservation attention owing to the disproportionate levels of endemic biodiversity they harbour, the ecosystem services they provide, and the fact that they are among the most threatened habitats globally. The Shola Sky Islands in the Western Ghats host a matrix of native forest-grassland matrix that has been planted over the last century, with exotic timber plantations. The popular discourse on the landscape change is that mainly forests have been lost to the timber plantations and recent court directives are to restore Shola forest trees. In this study, we examine spatiotemporal patterns of landscape change over the last 40 years in the Palani Hills, a significant part of the montane habitat in the Western Ghats. Using satellite imagery and field surveys, we find that 66% of native grasslands and 31% of native forests have been lost over the last 40 years. Grasslands have gone from being the dominant, most contiguous land cover to one of the rarest and most fragmented. They have been replaced by timber plantations and, to a lesser extent, expanding agriculture. We find that the spatial pattern of grassland loss to plantations differs from the loss to agriculture, likely driven by the invasion of plantation species into grasslands. We identify remnant grasslands that should be prioritised for conservation and make specific recommendations for conservation and restoration of grasslands in light of current management policy in the Palani Hills, which favours large-scale removal of plantations and emphasises the restoration of native forests.
Data from: Edge-mediated compositional and functional decay of tree assemblages in Amazonian forest islands after 26 years of isolation
1.Islands formed upstream of mega hydroelectric dams are excellent experimental landscapes to assess the impacts of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. We examined the effects of plot-, patch- and landscape-scale variables on the patterns of floristic diversity across 34 forest islands that had experienced 26 years of isolation since the creation of the 4,437 km2 Balbina Hydroelectric Reservoir of central Brazilian Amazonia. In addition, three undisturbed continuous forest sites in neighbouring mainland areas were also sampled across a comparable elevational gradient. 2.We identified all live trees ≥10 cm DBH at species level within a total of 87 quarter-hectare forest plots and conducted a comprehensive compilation of functional attributes of each tree species. We then examined species-area relationships (SARs) and the additional effects of patch and landscape scale metrics on patterns of tree assemblage heterogeneity, both in terms of taxonomic and functional diversity. 3.Despite a clearly positive SAR, edge-mediated forest disturbance was the single most important driver of species composition and abundance within islands. Our results suggest that non-random floristic transitions within island plots followed a predictable pattern, with different life-history traits either penalizing or rewarding local persistence of different functional groups. Distance to edges mediated the probability of tree mortality induced by windfalls and episodic surface fires, clearly resulting in faster species turnover and unidirectional changes in guild structure within small islands where light-wooded fast-growing pioneers largely replaced heavy-wooded species of the old-growth flora. 3.Synthesis ─ Following a simultaneous 26-year post-isolation history, we disentangle the effects of habitat loss and insularization on tree assemblages within a large set of Amazonian 'true' forest islands, of variable sizes, sharing a uniform open-water matrix. Area effects are expressed via a response to edge effects, with trees in smaller islands being more vulnerable to edge-related surface fires and windthrows. Additionally, forest edge effects can be a powerful driver of non-random floristic transitions across islands within the Balbina archipelago via a process of rapid pioneer proliferation, drastically affecting both the taxonomic and functional composition of insular tree communities. Finally, our results indicate that detrimental effects of forest fragmentation induced by hydroelectric dams are considerably stronger than those of forest patches embedded within a terrestrial vegetation matrix.
FIGURE 3. The Maximum Likelihood tree reconstructed from 16S in Inter- and intra-island divergence in Odorrana ishikawae (Anura, Ranidae) of the Ryukyu Archipelago of Japan, with description of a new species
FIGURE 3. The Maximum Likelihood tree reconstructed from 16S and sequence divergence data. The most parsimonious tree has the same topology.
FIGURE 17. Maximum likelihood tree built with the GTR correction with 1190 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea: Calcinea) from Brazilian mid-shelf and oceanic islands
FIGURE 17. Maximum likelihood tree built with the GTR correction with 1190 bp of the nuclear ITS marker. Bootstrap values are given on the branches. Names in bold are of the described species. Sequences obtained in the present study are marked with an asterisk.
Figure 1. A, Bayesian time tree for Hemiphyllodactylus with 95 in Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia
Figure 1. A, Bayesian time tree for Hemiphyllodactylus with 95% highest posterior density (95% HPD) intervals for major nodes represented by purple bars. Black circles at nodes are posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95; grey circles at nodes are posterior probabilities <0.95. B, Bayesian time tree for the Hemiphyllodactylus harterti group. C, Distribution of the H. harterti group in Peninsular Malaysia.
On following pages: 669. Andean Swamp Rat (Neotomys ebriosus); 670. Salta Chinchilla Rat (Euneomys fossor); 671. Biting Chinchilla Rat (Euneomys mordax); 672. Peterson's Chinchilla Rat (Euneomys petersoni); 673. Patagonian Chinchilla Rat (Euneomys chinchilloides); 674. Chilean Climbing Mouse (Irenomys tarsalis); 675. Cerrado Red-nosed Mouse (Wiedomys cerradensis); 676. Common Red-nosed Mouse (Wiedomys pyrrhorinos); 677. Rio de Janeiro Arboreal Rat (Phaenomys ferrugineus); 678. Red-nosed Tree Mouse (Wilfredomys oenax); 679. Andean Long-clawed Mouse (Paynomys macronyx); 680. Chilean Long-clawed Mouse (Chelemys megalonyx); 681. Edwards's Long-clawed Mouse (Notiomys edwardsii); 682. Valdivian Long-clawed Mouse (Geoxus valdivianus), 683. Large Long-clawed Mouse (Geoxus annectens); 684. Guafo Island Long-clawed Mouse (Geoxus latkenche); 685. Michaelsen's Long-clawed Mouse (Geoxus michaelseni); 686. Long-haired Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix longipilis); 687. Hairy Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix hirta); 688. Mann's Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix mann); 689. Sanborn's Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix sanborni); 690. Woolly Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix lanosa); 691. Ornate Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix jelskii); 692. Gray Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix illutea); 693. Andean Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix andina); 694. Olive Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix olivacea): 695. Yellow-nosed Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix xanthorhina). in Cricetidae
On following pages: 669. Andean Swamp Rat (Neotomys ebriosus); 670. Salta Chinchilla Rat (Euneomys fossor); 671. Biting Chinchilla Rat (Euneomys mordax); 672. Peterson's Chinchilla Rat (Euneomys petersoni); 673. Patagonian Chinchilla Rat (Euneomys chinchilloides); 674. Chilean Climbing Mouse (Irenomys tarsalis); 675. Cerrado Red-nosed Mouse (Wiedomys cerradensis); 676. Common Red-nosed Mouse (Wiedomys pyrrhorinos); 677. Rio de Janeiro Arboreal Rat (Phaenomys ferrugineus); 678. Red-nosed Tree Mouse (Wilfredomys oenax); 679. Andean Long-clawed Mouse (Paynomys macronyx); 680. Chilean Long-clawed Mouse (Chelemys megalonyx); 681. Edwards's Long-clawed Mouse (Notiomys edwardsii); 682. Valdivian Long-clawed Mouse (Geoxus valdivianus), 683. Large Long-clawed Mouse (Geoxus annectens); 684. Guafo Island Long-clawed Mouse (Geoxus latkenche); 685. Michaelsen's Long-clawed Mouse (Geoxus michaelseni); 686. Long-haired Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix longipilis); 687. Hairy Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix hirta); 688. Mann's Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix mann); 689. Sanborn's Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix sanborni); 690. Woolly Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix lanosa); 691. Ornate Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix jelskii); 692. Gray Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix illutea); 693. Andean Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix andina); 694. Olive Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix olivacea): 695. Yellow-nosed Soft-haired Mouse (Abrothrix xanthorhina).
Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree of Argyrodes lanyuensis from Philippines and Orchid Island Taiwan using BEAST 1.10
<p>Oceanic islands are unique geographic systems that promote local adaptations and allopatric speciation in many of their highly endemic taxa. This is a common case in the Philippine Archipelago, where numerous unrelated taxa on islands have been inferred to have diversified in isolation. However, few cases have been reported in invertebrates especially among parasitic organisms. Here, we tested for biogeographical structure in novel populations of the "generalist" kleptoparasitic spider, <i>Argyrodes lanyuensis </i>Yoshida, Tso & Severinghaus, 1998<span> in the Philippines</span>. Results showed that, in addition to Orchid Island, this species has a wide geographic distribution in the Philippine Archipelago. The estimated divergence time of this lineage using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mt-CO1) suggests that this species diverged <i>ca</i> 3.12 MYA, during the Pliocene. Two reciprocal monophyletic clades were elucidated in <i>A. lanyuensis</i>, but with limited differentiation across Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex (PAIC) boundaries and modern-day islands. However, in our analyses of morphological variation, we identified two phenotypically differentiated units in males (Orchid Island, Taiwan+Luzon, Philippine PAIC populations versus Palawan+West Visayan+Mindanao PAIC populations). We infer that this species diverged in the southern portion of the Philippine Archipelago and only recently colonized Orchid Island. Our study provides new information on the extensive distribution of <i>A. lanyuensis</i> outside Orchid Island, Taiwan, but we documented a very limited geographically associated genetic variation. Our study points to behavioral phenomena such as foraging behavior as essential contributor to the evolutionary process of species diversification, in contrast to the traditionally invoked geographic drivers of divergence.</p>
On following pages: 788. Small-eared Rat (Taeromys microbullatus); 789. Sulawesi Forest Rat (Taeromys punicans); 790. Tondano Rat (Taeromys taerae); 791. Long-tailed Sulawesian Shrew Rat (Tateomys macrocercus); 792. Tate's Sulawesian Shrew Rat (Tateomys rhinogradoides); 793. Mamasa Water Rat (Waiomys mamasae); 794. Spiny Boki Mekot Rat (Halmaheramys bokimekot); 795. Komodo Rat (Komodomys rintjanus); 796. Seram Island Mountain Rat (Nesoromys ceramicus); 797. Armandville's Giant Tree Rat (Papagomys armandville)); 798. Paula's Long-nosed Rat (Paulamys naso); 799. Luzon Broad-toothed Rat (Abditomys latidens); 800. Mindoro Climbing Rat (Anonymomys mindorensis); 801. Mindanao Forest Rat (Bullimus bagobus); 802. Camiguin Forest Rat (Bullimus gamay); 803. Luzon Forest Rat (Bullimus luzonicus); 804. Sulawesi Shrew Mouse (Crunomys celebensis), 805. Luzon Shrew Mouse (Crunomys fallax); 806. Mindanao Shrew Mouse (Crunomys melanius); 807. Katanglad Shrew Mouse (Crunomys suncoides); 808. Gray-bellied Moss Mouse (Limnomys bryophilus), 809. Long-tailed Moss Mouse (Limnomys sibuanus); 810. Dusky Long-footed Rat (Tarsomys apoensis); 811. Spiny Long-footed Rat (Tarsomys echinatus); 812. Luzon Short-nosed Rat (Tryphomys adustus); 813. Ethiopian Amphibious Rat (Nilopegamys plumbeus); 814. Hume's Hadromys (Hadromys humei); 815. Yunnan Hadromys (Hadromys yunnanensis); 816. Vernay's Climbing Mouse (Vernaya fulva). in Muridae
On following pages: 788. Small-eared Rat (Taeromys microbullatus); 789. Sulawesi Forest Rat (Taeromys punicans); 790. Tondano Rat (Taeromys taerae); 791. Long-tailed Sulawesian Shrew Rat (Tateomys macrocercus); 792. Tate's Sulawesian Shrew Rat (Tateomys rhinogradoides); 793. Mamasa Water Rat (Waiomys mamasae); 794. Spiny Boki Mekot Rat (Halmaheramys bokimekot); 795. Komodo Rat (Komodomys rintjanus); 796. Seram Island Mountain Rat (Nesoromys ceramicus); 797. Armandville's Giant Tree Rat (Papagomys armandville)); 798. Paula's Long-nosed Rat (Paulamys naso); 799. Luzon Broad-toothed Rat (Abditomys latidens); 800. Mindoro Climbing Rat (Anonymomys mindorensis); 801. Mindanao Forest Rat (Bullimus bagobus); 802. Camiguin Forest Rat (Bullimus gamay); 803. Luzon Forest Rat (Bullimus luzonicus); 804. Sulawesi Shrew Mouse (Crunomys celebensis), 805. Luzon Shrew Mouse (Crunomys fallax); 806. Mindanao Shrew Mouse (Crunomys melanius); 807. Katanglad Shrew Mouse (Crunomys suncoides); 808. Gray-bellied Moss Mouse (Limnomys bryophilus), 809. Long-tailed Moss Mouse (Limnomys sibuanus); 810. Dusky Long-footed Rat (Tarsomys apoensis); 811. Spiny Long-footed Rat (Tarsomys echinatus); 812. Luzon Short-nosed Rat (Tryphomys adustus); 813. Ethiopian Amphibious Rat (Nilopegamys plumbeus); 814. Hume's Hadromys (Hadromys humei); 815. Yunnan Hadromys (Hadromys yunnanensis); 816. Vernay's Climbing Mouse (Vernaya fulva).
On following pages: 631. Ryukyu Islands Tree Rat (Diplothrix legata); 632. Lesser Bandicoot Rat (Bandicota bengalensis); 633. Greater Bandicoot Rat (Bandicota indica); 634. Savile's Bandicoot Rat (Bandicota savilei), 635. Mackenzie's White-toothed Rat (Berylmys mackenziel); 636. Manipur White-toothed Rat (Berylmys manipulus); 637. Bowers's White-toothed Rat (Berylmys bowersii); 638. Berdmore's White-toothed Rat (Bery/mys berdmorei); 639. Millard's Rat (Dacnomys millard)); 640. Brahman White-bellied Rat (Niviventer brahma); 641. Smoke-bellied White-bellied Rat (Niviventer eha); 642. Anderson's White-bellied Rat (Niviventer andersoni), 643. Sichuan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer excelsion); 644. South China White-bellied Rat (Niviventer huang); 645. Hainan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer lotipes); 646. Himalayan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer niviventen; 647. Spiny Taiwan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer coninga); 648. Soft-furred Taiwan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer culturatus), 649. Cameron Highlands White-bellied Rat (Niviventer cameron); 650. Indochinese White-bellied Rat (Niviventer fulvescens); 651. Bukit White-bellied Rat (Niviventer bukit); 652. Confucian White-bellied Rat (Niviventer confucianus); 653. Limestone White-bellied Rat (Niviventer hinpoon); 654. Indochinese Mountain White-bellied Rat (Niviventer tenaster); 655. Sundaic Arboreal White-bellied Rat (Niviventer cremoriventer); 656. Montane Sumatran White-bellied Rat (Niviventer fraternus);, 657. Montane Javan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer lepturus); 658. Montane Bornean White-bellied Rat (Niviventer rapit). in Muridae
On following pages: 631. Ryukyu Islands Tree Rat (Diplothrix legata); 632. Lesser Bandicoot Rat (Bandicota bengalensis); 633. Greater Bandicoot Rat (Bandicota indica); 634. Savile's Bandicoot Rat (Bandicota savilei), 635. Mackenzie's White-toothed Rat (Berylmys mackenziel); 636. Manipur White-toothed Rat (Berylmys manipulus); 637. Bowers's White-toothed Rat (Berylmys bowersii); 638. Berdmore's White-toothed Rat (Bery/mys berdmorei); 639. Millard's Rat (Dacnomys millard)); 640. Brahman White-bellied Rat (Niviventer brahma); 641. Smoke-bellied White-bellied Rat (Niviventer eha); 642. Anderson's White-bellied Rat (Niviventer andersoni), 643. Sichuan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer excelsion); 644. South China White-bellied Rat (Niviventer huang); 645. Hainan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer lotipes); 646. Himalayan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer niviventen; 647. Spiny Taiwan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer coninga); 648. Soft-furred Taiwan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer culturatus), 649. Cameron Highlands White-bellied Rat (Niviventer cameron); 650. Indochinese White-bellied Rat (Niviventer fulvescens); 651. Bukit White-bellied Rat (Niviventer bukit); 652. Confucian White-bellied Rat (Niviventer confucianus); 653. Limestone White-bellied Rat (Niviventer hinpoon); 654. Indochinese Mountain White-bellied Rat (Niviventer tenaster); 655. Sundaic Arboreal White-bellied Rat (Niviventer cremoriventer); 656. Montane Sumatran White-bellied Rat (Niviventer fraternus);, 657. Montane Javan White-bellied Rat (Niviventer lepturus); 658. Montane Bornean White-bellied Rat (Niviventer rapit).
On following pages: 318. New Britain Island Giant Rat (Uromys neobritannicus); 319. Great Key Island Giant Rat (Uromys siebersi); 320. Vangunu Giant Rat (Uromys vika); 321. Emperor Giant Rat (Uromys imperaton; 322. Guadalcanal Giant Rat (Uromys porculus); 323. King Giant Rat (Uromys rex); 324. White-tailed Giant Rat (Uromys caudimaculatus); 325. Masked White-tailed Giant Rat (Uromys hadrourus); 326. Rock-dwelling Giant Rat (Xenuromys barbatus); 327. Poncelet's Giant Rat (Solomys ponceleti); 328. Ugi Island Giant Rat (Solomys salamonis); 329. Bougainville Island Giant Rat (Solomys salebrosus); 330. Isabel Island Giant Rat (Solomys sapientis), 331. Brush-tailed Rabbit Rat (Conilurus penicillatus); 332. False Water Rat (Xeromys myoides); 333. Central Short-tailed Mouse (Leggadina forrest); 334. Northern Short-tailed Mouse (Leggadina lakedownensis); 335. Greater Stick-nest Rat (Leporillus conditor); 336. Australian Broad-toothed Rat (Mastacomys fuscus); 337. Black-footed Tree Rat (Mesembriomys gouldii); 338. Golden-backed Tree Rat (Mesembriomys macrurus); 339. Spinifex Hopping Mouse (Notomys alexis); 340. Northern Hopping Mouse (Notomys aquilo); 341. Fawn Hopping Mouse (Notomys cervinus); 342. Dusky Hopping Mouse (Notomys fuscus); 343. Mitchell's Hopping Mouse (Notomys mitchellii). in Muridae
On following pages: 318. New Britain Island Giant Rat (Uromys neobritannicus); 319. Great Key Island Giant Rat (Uromys siebersi); 320. Vangunu Giant Rat (Uromys vika); 321. Emperor Giant Rat (Uromys imperaton; 322. Guadalcanal Giant Rat (Uromys porculus); 323. King Giant Rat (Uromys rex); 324. White-tailed Giant Rat (Uromys caudimaculatus); 325. Masked White-tailed Giant Rat (Uromys hadrourus); 326. Rock-dwelling Giant Rat (Xenuromys barbatus); 327. Poncelet's Giant Rat (Solomys ponceleti); 328. Ugi Island Giant Rat (Solomys salamonis); 329. Bougainville Island Giant Rat (Solomys salebrosus); 330. Isabel Island Giant Rat (Solomys sapientis), 331. Brush-tailed Rabbit Rat (Conilurus penicillatus); 332. False Water Rat (Xeromys myoides); 333. Central Short-tailed Mouse (Leggadina forrest); 334. Northern Short-tailed Mouse (Leggadina lakedownensis); 335. Greater Stick-nest Rat (Leporillus conditor); 336. Australian Broad-toothed Rat (Mastacomys fuscus); 337. Black-footed Tree Rat (Mesembriomys gouldii); 338. Golden-backed Tree Rat (Mesembriomys macrurus); 339. Spinifex Hopping Mouse (Notomys alexis); 340. Northern Hopping Mouse (Notomys aquilo); 341. Fawn Hopping Mouse (Notomys cervinus); 342. Dusky Hopping Mouse (Notomys fuscus); 343. Mitchell's Hopping Mouse (Notomys mitchellii).
Interspecific hybridization and island colonization history, not rarity, most strongly affect the genetic diversity in a clade of Mascarene-endemic trees
<p>Many factors shape the genetic diversity of island-endemic trees, with important implications for conservation. Oceanic island-endemic lineages undergo an initial founding bottleneck during the colonization process and subsequently accumulate diversity following colonization. Moreover, many island endemics occur in small populations and are further threatened by anthropogenic factors that cause population declines, making them susceptible to losses in genetic diversity through genetic drift, inbreeding, and bottlenecks. <a name="_Hlk80963234"></a>However, life-history traits commonly found in trees, such as outcrossing mechanisms, long lifespans, and a propensity for interspecific hybridization, may help buffer against losses of genetic variation. To assess the relative importance of colonization history, rarity, and distribution in shaping genetic diversity of island-endemic trees, we conducted a<a name="_Hlk80964566"></a> comparative population genomic analysis of 13 species of <em>Diospyros</em> (Ebenaceae) endemic to the Mascarene Islands that differ in island colonization history, distribution, population size, and IUCN threat status. We genotyped 328 individuals across the islands using 2b-RADseq, compared genetic diversity both among and within species, and assessed patterns of genetic structure. <a name="_Hlk80965008"></a>Genetic diversity did not vary significantly by IUCN status, but we found that species that co-occur with others on the same intermediate-aged island (Mauritius) had much greater genetic diversity than those that occur solitarily on an island (Réunion and Rodrigues), likely because of greater interspecific hybridization among species with overlapping distributions and processes related to time since island colonization. Results presented here were used to <a name="_Hlk80991503"></a>determine priority localities for <em>in situ</em> and <em>ex situ</em> conservation efforts to maximize the genetic diversity of each Mascarene <em>Diospyros</em> species.</p>
Fig. 8 Maximum parsimony strict-consensus tree for the concatenated 3 in Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)-recent vicariance in south-east Europe
Fig. 8 Maximum parsimony strict-consensus tree for the concatenated 3′-end and 5′-end mtCOI and 28S rRNA genes. Filled circles denote unique changes and open circles non-unique changes. 72 trees, length = 1935 steps, CI = 34, RI = 64
FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic tree for 6 in Madeirasquilla tuerkayi, a new genus and species of mantis shrimps from Madeira Island, eastern Atlantic (Crustacea: Stomatopoda: Nannosquillidae)
FIGURE 4. Phylogenetic tree for 6 selected stomatopod species of the family Nannosquillidae, with Squilla mantis (Squillidae) used as outgroup, obtained by Maximum Likelihood analysis of 16S rRNA sequences (GTR+I+Γ substitution model); bootstrap probability values shown in nodes.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group
FIGURE 4. Right everted hemipenis of Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov., holotype (PEM R21122) viewed from the asulcal surface. Note the zonal distribution of ornamentation with basal spines and calyculate cap, and the two largest basal spines (bottom right of image) that border the asucal nude zone.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group
FIGURE 7. Kageler's Tree Snake, Dipsadoboa kageleri (Uthmöller, 1939) comb. nov. A: showing grey-olive body and dusky ventrum of an adult specimen from Oldanyo Sambu, northwest slopes of Mt Meru, Tanzania (captive specimen, not retained), B: right side of head showing three upper labials entering orbit, the enlarged semicircular nasal shield depression, and single temporal of the same specimen as in A. C: whole body showing light brown body and lighter ventrum of a juvenile specimen from Ngongongare Village near Arusha National Park (captive specimen, not retained), D: left side of head of same juvenile specimen as in C.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group
FIGURE 3. Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov. Holotype, adult male, PEM R21122, Mt Mabu Forest Base Camp, Zambezia Province, Mozambique. A: whole body in life, showing uniform olive-brown dorsal coloration and showing the weakly-keeled orange ventrals, whose coloration suffuses onto the three adjacent lateral body scale rows. Head views of holotype (after preservation). B: right side of head showing ventral coloration extending onto upper labials, and two upper labials (4–5) entering orbit. C: dorsal surface of head. D: ventral surface of head showing paired anterior chin shields. E: juvenile female, PEM R21195, M'pàluwé Ridge Forest, Ribáuè Massif, Nampula Province, Mozambique, showing uniform light brown coloration, slightly paler ventrum, long tail and weakly-keeled ventrals.
FIGURE 6 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group
FIGURE 6. Examples of Dipsadoboa from East Africa and southern Africa. A: Dipsadoboa aulica, Matubatuba, KwaZulu-Na- tal Province, South Africa. B: Dipsadoboa flavida broadleyi, juvenile, Hadeni, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci). C: Dipsadoboa fla- vida broadleyi, adult, Hadeni, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci). D: Dipsadoboa werneri, juvenile (PEM R18889), Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci). E: Dipsadoboa werneri, adult, near Amani, Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania (ex. J. Beraducci).
FIGURE 2 in A new species of tree snake (Dipsadoboa, Serpentes: Colubridae) from 'sky island' forests in northern Mozambique, with notes on other members of the Dipsadoboa werneri group
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood topology for Dipsadoboa, with bootstrap values shown for each node. Bootstrap values <60% are not included. Dipsadoboa montisilva sp. nov. are indicated for Mt Mabu and Mt Ribáuè.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.