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1,919 results for “trigger”
Fig. 2 in Use of chemical inducers as a resistance trigger in Brachiaria grasses and sugarcane
Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) of dry matter in Brachiaria shoots in relation to cultivar (A), inducer (B), and the interaction between cultivar and inducer in Brachiaria roots (C), in sugarcane shoots in relation to the interaction between cultivar and inducer (D), and in sugarcane roots in relation to cultivar (E) and inducer (F). Bars with the same lowercase letter comparing cultivars and bars with uppercase letters comparing inducers do not differ by the Scott Knott test (P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Use of chemical inducers as a resistance trigger in Brachiaria grasses and sugarcane
Fig. 1. Mean (± SE) of total phenolic compounds in Brachiaria shoots in relation to cultivar (A), inducer (B), and the interaction between cultivar and inducer in roots (C), in sugarcane shoots in relation to cultivar (D), and inducer (E), and in sugarcane roots in relation to cultivar (F) and inducer (G). Bars with the same lowercase letter comparing cultivars and bars with uppercase letters comparing inducers do not differ by the Scott Knott test (P <0.05).
Fig. 3 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony
Fig. 3. Correlation between the shell thickness and shell diameter; by linear bivariate modelling using Ordinary Least Squares Regression in PAST3 (Hammer et al. 2001). A. The data show that the shell of Coelodiscus minutus is generally very thin and shows a linear increase with shell diameter; this linear increase is generally typical of shelled molluscs and is also present in modern holoplanktonic gastropods. B. The log-transformed data of the original measurements confirm the linear increase with shell diameter. Abbreviations: N, number of bootstrap replicates; n, number of measured specimens; R2, coefficient of correlation; p, permutation test on correlation (R2), using 9999 replicates.
Fig. 2 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony
Fig. 2. Occurrence and morphology of the holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus (Schübler in Zieten, 1833), Posidonia Shale Formation, Lower Toarcian; Altdorf near Nuremberg, Northern Bavaria, Southern Germany. A. BSPG 2008 XXIX 36a, superabundance in the limestone concretions. B. BSPG 2008 XXIX 56f, lowspired shell, wider than high. C. BSPG 2008 XXIX 42a, elevated but somewhat depressed spire. D. BSPG 2008 XXIX 26a, abrupt transition from protoconch to teleoconch. E. BSPG 2008 XXIX 56c, fine spiral lirae separated by wide interspaces. F. BSPG 2008 XXIX 56a, opisthocyrt growth lines with the backmost point situated in adapical direction. G. BSPG 2008 XXIX 24a, growth abnormality represented by loss of ornamentation. H. BSPG 2008 XXIX 42c, growth abnormality represented by a swell of the shell. I. BSPG 2008 XXIX 62c, small specimen with well-preserved sculpture ensuring an attribution to C. minutus.
Fig. 4 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony
Fig. 4. Fossil content beside the Coelodiscus minutus shells, Posidonia Shale Formation, Lower Toarcian; Altdorf near Nuremberg, Northern Bavaria, Southern Germany. A. BSPG 2008 XXIX 69h, articulated bivalve prodissoconchs of the order Pterioida. B. BSPG 2008 XXIX 1d, valve of the epifaunal bivalve Meleagrinella substriata (Münster in Goldfuss, 1831). C. BSPG 2008 XXIX 2b, valve of the epifaunal bivalve Oxytoma sp.
Fig. 1 in Early Jurassic anoxia triggered the evolution of the oldest holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus by means of heterochrony
Fig. 1. The lithology of the limestone concretion, Posidonia Shale Formation, Lower Toarcian; Altdorf near Nuremberg, Northern Bavaria, Southern Germany. A. BSPG 2008 XXIX 11a, ammonite floatstone with grain-supported matrix consisting of the holoplanktonic gastropod Coelodiscus minutus (Schübler in Zieten, 1833) and fecal pellets, cemented by sparry calcite. Each of the small bright dots represents a juvenile specimen of C. minutus. B. BSPG 2008 XXIX 5a, surface of the ammonite floatstone with superabundant specimens of C. minutus.
Immune repertoire profiling reveals its clinical application potential and triggers for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders
<p>This dataset, containing TCRbeta-chain sequcening data of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders patients and healthy, is the basis for the following publication: "Immune repertoire profiling reveals its clinical application potential and triggers for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders".</p>
Drought stress triggers differential survival and functional trait responses in the establishment of Arnica montana seedlings
<ul> <li>The establishment and survival of seedlings are critical stages in the life cycle of plants and therefore usually well timed to humid and favourable conditions. Climate projections suggest that the threatened mountain grassland species <em>Arnica montana</em> may be increasingly exposed to drought stress. However, studies that focus on the species’ early development are missing. We evaluated impacts of drought-induced stress on <em>A. montana</em> seedlings in their early establishment phase and identified traits for the species’ fitness decline.</li> <li>In a greenhouse experiment, we tested the response of <em>A. montana</em> seedlings to different drought levels (moderate, strong, extreme). To assess their fitness under increasing drought, we evaluated the survival of the seedlings based on four senescence stages and measured the performance of above- and belowground morphological and physiological functional traits.</li> <li><em>Arnica montana</em> seedlings showed high resistance to drought. Senescence accelerated and survival declined only under strong and extreme drought conditions. However, the seedlings’ vegetative performance decreased even with moderate drought, as indicated by smaller values of most leaf traits and some root traits. Physiological trait response was less sensitive.</li> <li>Drought stress hinders the establishment and survival of <em>A. montana</em> seedlings. Following the functional trait responses to drought and their associations with survival, we suggest declining leaf length, leaf width, and leaf number as sensitive traits that can lead to a decline performance.</li> </ul>
Data from: Restoring marine ecosystems: spatial reef configuration triggers taxon-specific responses among early colonizers
<p>1. The longstanding debate in conservation biology on the importance of single large or several small (SLOSS) habitats for preserving biodiversity remains highly relevant, given the ongoing degradation and loss of natural habitats worldwide. Restoration efforts are often constrained by limited resources, and insights from SLOSS studies therefore have important implications if restoration efforts can be optimized by manipulating the spatial configuration of restored habitats. Yet, the relevance of SLOSS for habitat restoration remains largely unexplored.</p> <p>2. Here, we report the effects of spatial reef configuration on early colonization of marine organisms after restoring boulder reef habitats. Reefs were restored in single large (SL) and several small (SS) designs in the western Baltic Sea, where century-long boulder extraction has severely degraded large reef areas and likely exacerbated regional declines in commercially important gadoids (<i>Gadidae spp.</i>). We sampled the field sites using remote underwater video systems in a before-after control-impact (BACI) design and obtained probabilistic inferences on restoration and SLOSS effects from Bayesian hierarchical models.</p> <p>3. Probabilities of a positive restoration effect were high (>95%) for gadoids, labrids and demersal gobies, moderate (60-75%) for species richness and sand gobies, and low (<5%) for flatfish abundance. Notably, gadoid abundance increased 60-fold and 129-fold on average at SL and SS, respectively. The species composition at restored reefs deviated from control sites, mainly driven by large-bodied piscivores.</p> <p>4. Spatial reef configuration had the strongest effect on small-bodied mesopredators, including gobies, which were more abundant and driving a distinct species assemblage at SS. In addition to providing suitable conditions for reef species, results suggest that SS can also benefit soft-bottom taxa, possibly through a dispersed predator-mediated effect relative to SL. </p> <p><i>5. Synthesis and applications.</i> This study demonstrates that boulder reef restoration can strongly promote the abundance of exploited gadoids and is therefore a promising management tool to support top-down controls by predatory fishes in degraded marine systems. The higher abundance of mesopredators at SS reefs suggests that SLOSS could have long-term implications for trophic structure and resilience of restored habitats, and should therefore become an important facet within restoration strategies. </p>
Insecticide resistance triggers a reduction of virulence to host-plant defenses in the brown planthopper
<p>This dataset contains R scripts to analyze the virulence of resistance rice cultivars and to draw figures. Data contains the LD<sub>50</sub> values of imidacloprid, virulence test and figure data. This study was supported by grants-in-aid from Japan's National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) project 315 and the NARO Innovation Project 2017 for the NARO.</p>
Dataset related to: Shiga Toxin 2 Triggers C3a-Dependent Glomerular and Tubular Injury through Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
<p>The files contain all the dataset included in the manuscript, divided by figure in each tab.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing <em>Escherichia coli</em> is the predominant offending agent of post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a rare disorder of microvascular thrombosis and acute kidney injury possibly leading to long-term renal sequelae. We previously showed that C3a has a critical role in the development of glomerular damage in experimental HUS. Based on the evidence that activation of C3a/C3a receptor (C3aR) signaling induces mitochondrial dysregulation and cell injury, here we investigated whether C3a caused podocyte and tubular injury through induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in a mouse model of HUS. Mice coinjected with Stx2/LPS exhibited glomerular podocyte and tubular C3 deposits and C3aR overexpression associated with cell damage, which were limited by C3aR antagonist treatment. C3a promoted renal injury by affecting mitochondrial wellness as demonstrated by data showing that C3aR blockade reduced mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities and preserved mitochondrial mass and energy production. In cultured podocytes and tubular cells, C3a caused altered mitochondrial fragmentation and distribution, and reduced anti-oxidant SOD2 activity. Stx2 potentiated the responsiveness of renal cells to the detrimental effects of C3a through increased C3aR protein expression. These results indicate that C3aR may represent a novel target in Stx-associated HUS for the preservation of renal cell integrity through the maintenance of mitochondrial function.</p>
Inventories of landslides triggered by the 2019 Cotabato - Davao del Sur (Philippines) seismic sequence
<p>These files are related to the paper “Environmental effects following a seismic sequence: the 2019 Cotabato - Davao del Sur (Philippines) earthquakes” by Ferrario M. F., Perez J., Livio F., Rimando J., Michetti A. M., currently under review.</p> <p>Files include a multi-temporal inventory of landslides triggered during a seismic sequence. In October – December 2019, the Cotabato and Davao del Sur Provinces (Philippine) were hit by four Mw > 6.0 earthquakes. The sequence started with a Mw 6.4 on 16 October (EQ1), then three earthquakes with Mw of 6.6, 6.5 and 6.8 occurred on 29 October (EQ2), 31 October (EQ3) and 15 December 2019 (EQ4).</p> <p>Landslides were manually mapped on 3-m resolution PlanetScope images. Shapefiles are in WGS84 UTM Zone 51n and include:</p> <ul> <li>Area study: shapefile of the study area (inventories 2 and 3)</li> <li>Area study_October 2019: shapefile of the study area for inventory 1</li> <li>Landslides_ott2019: polygonal inventory of landslides mapped on images acquired on 24 and 28/10/2019, that is after EQ1</li> <li>Landslides_nov2019: polygonal inventory of landslides mapped on images acquired on 15 and 16/11/2019, that is after EQ3</li> <li>Landslides_dic2019: polygonal inventory of landslides mapped on images acquired on 05/02/2020, that is after EQ4</li> </ul>
Dataset related to the article "Epicardial Adipose Tissue-Derived IL-1β Triggers Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation"
<p>This record contains raw data related to the article "Epicardial Adipose Tissue-Derived IL-1β Triggers Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation"</p> <p><strong>Background and aims:</strong> Post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF), defined as new-onset AF in the immediate period after surgery, is associated with poor adverse cardiovascular events and a higher risk of permanent AF. Mechanisms leading to POAF are not completely understood and epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) inflammation could be a potent trigger. Here, we aim at exploring the link between EAT-secreted interleukin (IL)-1β, atrial remodeling, and POAF in a population of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> We collected EAT and atrial biopsies from 40 CAD patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Serum samples and EAT-conditioned media were screened for IL-1β and IL-1ra. Atrial fibrosis was evaluated at histology. The potential role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in promoting fibrosis was explored <em>in vitro</em> by exposing human atrial fibroblasts to IL-1β and IL-18. <strong>Results:</strong> 40% of patients developed POAF. Patients with and without POAF were homogeneous for clinical and echocardiographic parameters, including left atrial volume and EAT thickness. POAF was not associated with atrial fibrosis at histology. No significant difference was observed in serum IL-1β and IL-1ra levels between POAF and no-POAF patients. EAT-mediated IL-1β secretion and expression were significantly higher in the POAF group compared to the no-POAF group. The <em>in vitro</em> study showed that both IL-1β and IL-18 increase fibroblasts' proliferation and collagen production. Moreover, the stimulated cells perpetuated inflammation and fibrosis by producing IL-1β and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> EAT could exert a relevant role both in POAF occurrence and in atrial fibrotic remodeling.</p>
Dataset for manuscript "Responses to single and multiple temperature-, medium-, and pH-stimuli triggering reversible shape shifts in hydrogel actuators"
<p>The dataset includes data for the article "Responses to single and multiple temperature-, medium-, and pH-stimuli triggering reversible shape shifts in hydrogel actuators", https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111511</p>
Age, but not an immune challenge, triggers terminal investment in the Pacific field cricket
<p>The terminal investment hypothesis proposes that, when individuals are faced with a threat to survival, they will increase investment in current reproduction. The level of the threat necessary to elicit terminal investment (the dynamic terminal investment threshold) may vary based on other factors that also influence future reproduction. Here, we tested whether there is an interactive effect of age and an immune challenge on the dynamic terminal investment threshold in the Pacific field cricket, <em>Teleogryllus</em> <em>oceanicus</em>. We measured the courtship call, mating attractiveness, ejaculate size and offspring production of <em>T. oceanicus</em> males. We found only limited support for the dynamic terminal investment threshold: there was no consistent evidence of a positive interaction between male age and immune challenge intensity. However, we found evidence for age-related terminal investment: older males produced a larger spermatophore than younger males. Older males also had a slower calling rate compared to younger males, suggesting a potential trade-off between these two pre- and post-copulatory traits. As some, but not, all reproductive traits responded plastically to cues for terminal investment, our research highlights the importance of considering a broad range of pre-and post-copulatory traits when exploring the potential for terminal investment to occur.</p>
Key triggers of adaptive genetic variability of sessile oak [Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.] from the Balkan refugia: outlier detection and association of SNP loci from ddRAD-seq data
<p>Knowledge on the genetic composition of <em>Quercus petraea</em> in south-eastern Europe is limited despite the species' significant role in the re-colonisation of Europe during the Holocene, and the diverse climate and physical geography of the region. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct research on adaptation in sessile oak to better understand its ecological significance in the region. While large sets of SNPs have been developed for the species, there is a continued need for smaller sets of SNPs that are highly informative about the possible adaptation to this varied landscape. By using double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing data from our previous study, we mapped RAD-tag sequences to the <em>Quercus robur</em> reference genome and identified a set of SNPs putatively related to drought stress-response. A total of 179 individuals from eighteen natural populations at sites covering heterogeneous climatic conditions in the southeastern natural distribution range of <em>Q. petraea</em> were genotyped. The detected highly polymorphic variant sites revealed three genetic clusters with a generally low level of genetic differentiation and balanced diversity among them but showed a north–southeast gradient. Selection tests showed nine outlier SNPs positioned in different functional regions. Genotype-environment association analysis of these markers yielded a total of 53 significant associations, explaining 2.4–16.6% of the total genetic variation. Our work exemplifies that adaptation to drought may be under natural selection in the examined <em>Q. petraea</em> populations.</p>
Designed Rubredoxin miniature in a fully artificial electron chain triggered by visible light
<p>This dataset contains Raw and Processed Data, and Computational Protein Design files related to the publication "Designed Rubredoxin miniature in a fully artificial electron chain triggered by visible light".<br> For further details, please refer to the preprint that is available at the following link <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1473985/v1">https://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1473985/v1</a><br> Peer-reviewed manuscript will be published soon in Nature Communications.</p>
Reference data from the Pathomove simulation, for the manuscript "Novel pathogen introduction triggers rapid evolution in animal social movement strategies"
<p>This is a reference dataset of multiple runs of the 'Pathomove' simulation, to accompany the manuscript "Novel pathogen introduction rapidly alters the evolution of movement, restructuring animal societies". The datasets are in the form of R data objects saved as Rds files.</p> <p>This version of the data is intended to accompany a resubmission to <em>eLife</em>.</p>
Designed Rubredoxin miniature in a fully artificial electron chain triggered by visible light
<ul> <li><strong>Data type</strong>: Experimental spectroscopic measurements, computer plots.</li> <li>Files are with filename extensions: .<strong>DSC</strong>, .<strong>DAT</strong>, .<strong>txt</strong>, .<strong>m</strong></li> <li>Information on <strong>origin of the data</strong>:</li> </ul> <ul> <li>EPR spectroscopic measurements with filename extensions: .<strong>DSC</strong>, .<strong>DTA</strong>, .<strong>txt</strong>.</li> <li>EPR spectroscopic plots with filename extension: .<strong>m</strong>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>CW-EPR X-band were performed on a Bruker Elexys E580 X-band spectrometer (microwave frequency 9.76 GHz) equipped with a cylindrical dielectric cavity and a helium gas-flow cryostat from Oxford Inc. The spectrum was recorded at 4.5 K and a microwave power of 1mW, a modulation amplitude of 0.7mT and a modulation frequency of 100 KHz were used.</li> <li>Raw and Processed Data, and Computational Protein Design files</li> </ul> <ul> <li><strong>If the dataset includes multiple files that relate to each other:</strong> <ul> <li>Files in <strong>PARACAT_WP5_20230425_CW</strong> folder includes X-band CW-EPR spectroscopic measurements, original data are in .<strong>DTA</strong>/.<strong>DSC</strong>/.<strong>txt</strong>.</li> <li>Files in <strong>PARACAT_WP5_20230425_MATLAB</strong> folder includes plots of the EPR measurements, data are in .<strong>m</strong> format.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p> <ul> <li><strong>Information on</strong>: <ul> <li>Specialized abbreviations: <strong>EPR</strong> – Electron Paramagnetic Resonance; <strong>CW</strong> – Continuous Wave-EPR; <strong>METP</strong> - Miniaturized Electron Transfer Protein; METP<strong>sc</strong>1 - single-chain high-potential miniaturized electron transfer protein.</li> <li>Definitions of variables: <strong>Magnetic field, Temperature</strong>.</li> <li>Units of measurement: <strong>Gauss (G), milliTesla (mT), Kelvin (K)</strong></li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Data for: Chronic exposure to odors at naturally occurring concentrations triggers limited plasticity in early stages of Drosophila olfactory processing
<p>In insects and mammals, olfactory experience in early life alters olfactory behavior and function in later life. In the vinegar fly <em>Drosophila</em>, flies chronically exposed to a high concentration of a monomolecular odor exhibit reduced behavioral aversion to the familiar odor when it is re-encountered. This change in olfactory behavior has been attributed to selective decreases in the sensitivity of second-order olfactory projection neurons (PNs) in the antennal lobe that respond to the overrepresented odor. However, since odorant compounds do not occur at similarly high concentrations in natural sources, the role of odor experience-dependent plasticity in natural environments is unclear. Here, we investigated olfactory plasticity in the antennal lobe of flies chronically exposed to odors at concentrations that are typically encountered in natural odor sources. These stimuli were chosen to each strongly and selectively excite a single class of primary olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), thus facilitating a rigorous assessment of the selectivity of olfactory plasticity for PNs directly excited by overrepresented stimuli. Unexpectedly, we found that chronic exposure to three such odors did not result in decreased PN sensitivity but rather mildly increased responses to weak stimuli in most PN types. Odor-evoked PN activity in response to stronger stimuli was mostly unaffected by odor experience. When present, plasticity was observed broadly in multiple PN types and thus was not selective for PNs receiving direct input from the chronically active ORNs. We further investigated the DL5 olfactory coding channel and found that chronic odor-mediated excitation of its input ORNs did not affect PN intrinsic properties, local inhibitory innervation, ORN responses, or ORN-PN synaptic strength; however, broad-acting lateral excitation evoked by some odors was increased. These results show that PN odor coding is only mildly affected by strong persistent activation of a single olfactory input, highlighting the stability of early stages of insect olfactory processing to significant perturbations in the sensory environment.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.