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FIGURES 9–12 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand
FIGURES 9–12. Spatiotemporal variation in relative abundance (A* = number of individuals. trap-1. month-1). 9, Empididae; 10, Hybotidae; 11, Dolichopodidae; 12, Empidoidea (Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae & Brachystomatidae combined). Values of A* from 12 months sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014 were log2 transformed [as log2(1+A*)] and plotted on a grid of elevation zone (vertical axis) and months (horizontal axis) using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in PAST. Values of A* are indicated by the colour scale bars (note logarithmic scale). Data were not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1000 m.
FIGURES 5–8 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand
FIGURES 5–8. Spatiotemporal variation in observed species richness (Sobs). 5, Empididae; 6, Hybotidae; 7, Dolichopodidae; 8, Estimated species richness (Chao1) of Empidoidea (Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae & Brachystomatidae combined). Data from 12 months sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014 are plotted on a grid of elevation zone (vertical axis) and months (horizontal axis) using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in PAST. Values of Sobs and Chao1 are indicated by the colour scale bars. Data were not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1000 m.
FIGURE 4 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand
FIGURE 4. Monthly variation in relative abundance, A* (number of individuals. trap-1. month-1) of Empididae, Hybotidae and Dolichopodidae at all elevations on Doi Inthanon during 2014.
FIGURES 13–14. Spatiotemporal variation. 13 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand
FIGURES 13–14. Spatiotemporal variation. 13, Berger-Parker Dominance (DBP); 14, Equitability (J) of Empidoidea (Empididae, Hybotidae, Dolichopodidae & Brachystomatidae combined) through 12 months sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Values of DBP and J were calculated in PAST for each month in each elevation zone and smoothed using the adjacent elevation and month algorithm (see Material & methods) before plotting on a grid of elevation zone (vertical axis) and months (horizontal axis) using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in PAST. Values of DBP and J are indicated by the colour scale bars. Data were not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1000 m.
FIGURE 3 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand
FIGURE 3. Monthly variation in species richness (Sobs) of Empididae, Hybotidae, Brachystomatidae and Dolichopodidae at all elevations on Doi Inthanon during 2014.
FIGURE 2 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand
FIGURE 2. Variation in relative abundance, A* (number of individuals. trap-1. month-1) of Empididae, Hybotidae and Dolichopodidae across different elevation zones on Doi Inthanon. Note that A* is log10 scale. Error bars indicate standard error.
FIGURE 1 in Composition and organization of highly speciose Empidoidea (Diptera) communities in tropical montane forests of northern Thailand
FIGURE 1. Species richness in each elevation zone as percentage of total richness for each family (%Sobs) at all elevations of Empididae (open squares), Brachystomatidae (closed squares), Dolichopodidae (shaded box) and Hybotidae (plain box) on Doi Inthanon.
Data from: Canopy soil greenhouse gas dynamics in response to indirect fertilization across an elevation gradient of tropical montane forests
Canopy soils can significantly contribute to aboveground labile biomass, especially in tropical montane forests. Whether they also contribute to the exchange of greenhouse gases is unknown. To examine the importance of canopy soils to tropical forest-soil greenhouse gas exchange, we quantified gas fluxes from canopy soil cores along an elevation gradient with 4 yr of nutrient addition to the forest floor. Canopy soil contributed 5–12 percent of combined (canopy + forest floor) soil CO2 emissions but CH4 and N2O fluxes were low. At 2000 m, phosphorus decreased CO2 emissions (>40%) and nitrogen slightly increased CH4 uptake and N2O emissions. Our results show that canopy soils may contribute significantly to combined soil greenhouse gas fluxes in montane regions with high accumulations of canopy soil. We also show that changes in fluxes could occur with chronic nutrient deposition.
Data from: Frost maintains forests and grasslands as alternate states in a montane tropical forest-grassland mosaic; but alien tree invasion and warming can disrupt this balance
1. Forest-grassland mosaics, with abrupt boundaries between the two vegetation types, occur across the globe. Fire and herbivory are widely considered primary drivers that maintain these mosaics by limiting tree establishment in grasslands, while edaphic factors and frosts are generally considered to be secondary factors that reinforce these effects. However, the relative importance of these drivers likely varies across systems. In particular, although frost is known to occur in many montane tropical mosaics, experimental evidence for its role as a driving factor is limited. 2. We used replicated in-situ transplant and warming experiments to examine the role of microclimate (frost and freezing temperatures) and soil in influencing germination and seedling survival of both native forest trees and alien invasive Acacia trees in grasslands of a tropical montane forest-grassland mosaic in the Western Ghats of southern India. 3. Seed germination of both native and alien tree species was higher in grasslands regard-less of soil type, indicating that germination was not the limiting stage to tree establishment. However, irrespective of soil type, native seedlings in grasslands incurred high mortality fol-lowing winter frosts and freezing temperatures relative to native seedlings in adjoining forests where freezing temperatures did not occur. Seedling survival through the tropical winter was thus a primary limitation to native tree establishment in grasslands. In contrast, alien Acacia seedlings in grasslands incurred much lower levels of winter mortality. Experimental night-time warming in grasslands significantly enhanced over-winter survival of all tree seedlings, but increases in recruitment were much greater for alien Acacia than for native tree seedlings. 4. Synthesis: Our results provide evidence for a primary role for frost and freezing temperatures in limiting tree establishment in grasslands of this tropical forest-grassland mosaic. Future increases in temperature are likely to release trees from this limitation and favour tree expansion into grasslands, with rates of expansion of non-native Acacia likely to be much greater than that of native trees. We suggest that studies of frost limitation to plant establishment are needed across a range of tropical ecosystems to re-evaluate the general importance of frost as a driver of vegetation transitions in the tropics.
Data from: Structure of the epiphyte community in a tropical montane forest in SW China
Vascular epiphytes are an understudied and particularly important component of tropical forest ecosystems. However, owing to the difficulties of access, little is known about the properties of epiphyte-host tree communities and the factors structuring them, especially in Asia. We investigated factors structuring the vascular epiphyte-host community and its network properties in a tropical montane forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China. Vascular epiphytes were surveyed in six plots located in mature forests. Six host and four micro-site environmental factors were investigated. Epiphyte diversity was strongly correlated with host size (DBH, diameter at breast height), while within hosts the highest epiphyte diversity was in the middle canopy and epiphyte diversity was significantly higher in sites with canopy soil or a moss mat than on bare bark. DBH, elevation and stem height explained 22% of the total variation in the epiphyte species assemblage among hosts, and DBH was the most important factor which alone explained 6% of the variation. Within hosts, 51% of the variation in epiphyte assemblage composition was explained by canopy position and substrate, and the most important single factor was substrate which accounted for 16% of the variation. Analysis of network properties indicated that the epiphyte host community was highly nested, with a low level of epiphyte specialization, and an almost even interaction strength between epiphytes and host trees. Together, these results indicate that large trees harbor a substantial proportion of the epiphyte community in this forest.
FIGURE 5 in Magnolia unicarmensis (Magnolia subsect. Dugandiodendron; Magnoliaceae): a new species from tropical montane forests of Antioquia, Colombia
FIGURE 5. Comparison of leaves in four species of Magnolia subsection Dugandiodendron from Antioquia, Colombia. A. Adaxial B. Abaxial. The outer bigger leaf is from M. yarumalensis (cultivated in La Ceja, Antioquia). Inner leaves: bigger top right M. guatapensis (from type locality), medium size to the left M. coronata (from type locality), and smaller to the left down M. unicarmensis (from type locality). Notice the size differences between species, the presence of prefoliation marks on the lamina of M. guatapensis and M. coronata, as well as the difference in abaxial coloration and pubescence type. Photos by A.F. Montoya-López.
FIGURE 4. Magnolia unicarmensis. A. Leaf. B. Twig. C in Magnolia unicarmensis (Magnolia subsect. Dugandiodendron; Magnoliaceae): a new species from tropical montane forests of Antioquia, Colombia
FIGURE 4. Magnolia unicarmensis. A. Leaf. B. Twig. C. Leaves and stipules in the treetop. D and E. Fruit. Photos by A.F. MontoyaLópez.
FIGURE 2 in Magnolia unicarmensis (Magnolia subsect. Dugandiodendron; Magnoliaceae): a new species from tropical montane forests of Antioquia, Colombia
FIGURE 2. Habitat of Magnolia unicarmensis in Antioquia, Colombia. A and B view to vereda La Honda (Carmen de Viboral). B. M. unicarmensis with flower. Photos by A.F. Montoya-López.
FIGURE 3. Magnolia unicarmensis. A and B. Flower bud and stipules. C in Magnolia unicarmensis (Magnolia subsect. Dugandiodendron; Magnoliaceae): a new species from tropical montane forests of Antioquia, Colombia
FIGURE 3. Magnolia unicarmensis. A and B. Flower bud and stipules. C. Flower in early female phase. D, E and F. Flower after male phase, stamens falling. Photos by A.F. Montoya-López.
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. gymnocercus Fischer, 1814 — subtropical grasslands of NE Argentina, SE Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Pg. antiquus Ameghino, 1889 — Pampas grasslands, monte scrublands, and open woodlands of C Argentina. P. g. lordi Massoia, 1982 — Chaco-montane tropical forest ecotone in NW Argentina (Salta & Jujuy Provinces). The subspecific status of the Pampas Fox from Entre Rios Province in Argentina remains unclear, and there are no data regarding the taxonomic position of Bolivian foxes. in Canidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. gymnocercus Fischer, 1814 — subtropical grasslands of NE Argentina, SE Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Pg. antiquus Ameghino, 1889 — Pampas grasslands, monte scrublands, and open woodlands of C Argentina. P. g. lordi Massoia, 1982 — Chaco-montane tropical forest ecotone in NW Argentina (Salta & Jujuy Provinces). The subspecific status of the Pampas Fox from Entre Rios Province in Argentina remains unclear, and there are no data regarding the taxonomic position of Bolivian foxes.
Phytogeographic origin determines Tropical Montane Cloud Forest hydraulic trait composition
<p>Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) have unique climatic conditions, which allow the coexistence of plant lineages with different phytogeographic origins from tropical versus temperate climates. Future climate projections suggest TMCFs will be subjected to increasing drought stress due to fog uplift and higher temperatures, possibly leading to tree mortality and local extinctions, and consequently changes in forest composition and functioning. Characterising community functional composition, trade-offs among traits and the drivers of community assembly is of utmost importance to improve our capacity to predict the response of montane plant communities to forecast climate change.</p> <p>Here, we aimed to test if species from different phytogeographic origins (i.e. tropical - evergreen x deciduous - and temperate) differ in drought vulnerability and how the co-existence of these groups change the hydraulic composition of TMCF`s. We used a framework based on measurements of key hydraulic traits (i.e. xylem embolism resistance, hydraulic safety margin, stomata control, turgor loss point, minimum water potential) of 16 dominant species (> 70% of the forest basal area) within a TMCF in the Atlantic Rain Forest Domain in southeast Brazil. We used community-weighted means to model whether removing each species group would change the community hydraulic functional composition.</p> <p>Temperate, tropical deciduous and tropical evergreen groups differ in their hydraulic functioning and these differences explain forest functional composition and taxa dominance. Temperate and tropical deciduous taxa were consistently more vulnerable hydraulically (i.e. lower safety margins and embolism resistance). The coexistence of different phytogeographic lineages is a key determinant of TMCF hydraulic composition. We also used models including phylogeny to evaluate the variation of hydraulic traits across Phytogeographic groups, and the results suggest some niche conservatism associated with plant hydraulic functioning.</p> <p>Our results provide evidence of the importance of species phytogeographic origin on TMCF functioning, and niche conservatism in the evolution of hydraulic traits. The higher drought vulnerability observed in temperate group might be a mechanistic explanation for the expansion of temperate taxa distribution to wetter places during past colder and drier climate. Thus, we suggest hydraulic functional traits may be useful to predict future dynamics of TMCFs under changing climatic conditions.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. gymnocercus Fischer, 1814 — subtropical grasslands of NE Argentina, SE Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. P.g. antiquus Ameghino, 1889 — Pampas grasslands, monte scrublands, and open woodlands of C Argentina. P. g. lordi Massoia, 1982 — Chaco-montane tropical forest ecotone in NW Argentina (Salta & Jujuy Provinces). The subspecific status of the Pampas Fox from Entre Rios Province in Argentina remains unclear, and there are no data regarding the taxonomic position of Bolivian foxes. in Canidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P. g. gymnocercus Fischer, 1814 — subtropical grasslands of NE Argentina, SE Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. P.g. antiquus Ameghino, 1889 — Pampas grasslands, monte scrublands, and open woodlands of C Argentina. P. g. lordi Massoia, 1982 — Chaco-montane tropical forest ecotone in NW Argentina (Salta & Jujuy Provinces). The subspecific status of the Pampas Fox from Entre Rios Province in Argentina remains unclear, and there are no data regarding the taxonomic position of Bolivian foxes.
Tropical montane forest in South Asia: Composition, structure and dieback in relation to soils and topography
<p>We evaluated the composition, structure and dieback of a montane forest in relation to soils and physiography of an important biogeographic region that has been sparsely studied. Our objectives were to: 1. Describe the forest composition and structure; 2. Assess the current extent of dieback; and 3. Relate tree composition, structure, and dieback proneness to edaphic and physiographic measures. We enumerated all live and dead standing plants ≥ 3 cm diameter at breast height (DBH), in thirty 20×15 m<sup>2</sup> over story plots. We measured all regeneration <u><</u> 1m height in subplots, sampled soils and measures of physiography, and visually rated the proportion of crown die-back, and recorded standing dead trees.</p>
Tracking climate vulnerability across spatial distribution and functional traits in Magnolia gentryi from the Peruvian tropical montane cloud forest
<p>Understanding the responses of tree species' functional traits to climate variability is essential for predicting the future of Tropical Montane Cloud Forest (TMCF) tree species through acclimation, especially in Andean montane environments where fog pockets act as moisture traps. We studied the distribution of <em>Magnolia gentryi</em> to measure its spatial arrangement and identify local hotspots, while also evaluating the extent to which climate-related factors are associated with its distribution. Finally, we analyzed variations in 13 functional traits of <em>M. gentryi</em> and the climate links to infer the shaping plant acclimate capacity. Our results show that Andean TMCF climatic factors constrain <em>M. gentryi</em> spatial distribution with significant patches or gaps, associated with high precipitation rates and mean minimum temperature. The functional traits of <em>M. gentryi</em> are constrained by Andean TMCF climatic factors, resulting in reduced within-species acclimation in functional traits associated with a hydric deficit. The association between functional traits and climate oscillation is crucial for understanding the growth conditions of relict-endemic species and is essential for conservation efforts. Changes in forest trait diversity and species composition occur because of fluctuations in hydraulic safety–efficiency gradients.</p>
Data from: Is tropical montane forest heterogeneity promoted by a resource-driven feedback cycle? Evidence from nutrient relations, herbivory and litter decomposition along a topographical gradient
1. Ridges of tropical mountains often differ strikingly from neighbouring ravines in terms of forest structure, productivity, and species composition. This heterogeneity is poorly understood despite its critical role in biodiversity maintenance, carbon and nutrient budgets. 2. We examined measures of tree biomass and productivity, foliage and litter quality (nutrient concentrations, specific leaf mass, phenolics), herbivory and leaf litter decomposition in each six plots laid out in upper and lower slope position in a tropical montane moist forest in southeastern Ecuador. 3. Productivity, quality of foliage and litter and herbivory were significantly lower in upper slope position and closely correlated with soil nutrient concentrations and accumulated humus. The decomposition of upper slope leaf litter (decomposition rate k) was substantially lower than in litter from lower slope forest, whereas the site of decomposition (slope position) only had a marginal effect on the decomposition rate. 4. Our results suggest that the differences in stand structure, productivity, foliar quality, herbivory and decomposition between slope positions are ultimately due to stronger nutrient limitations in upper slope forest. We propose a general conceptual model that explains origin and maintenance of contrasting forest types along topographical gradients through down-slope fluxes of nutrients and water, and a nutrient-driven positive feedback cycle.
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