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118 results for “vertebrate evolution”
Data from: Histology and affinity of anaspids, and the early evolution of the vertebrate dermal skeleton
The assembly of the gnathostome bodyplan constitutes a formative episode in vertebrate evolutionary history, an interval in which the mineralized skeleton and its canonical suite of cell and tissue types originated. Fossil jawless fishes, assigned to the gnathostome stem-lineage, provide an unparalleled insight into the origin and evolution of the skeleton, hindered only by uncertainty over the phylogenetic position and evolutionary significance of key clades. Chief among these are the jawless anaspids, whose skeletal composition, a rich source of phylogenetic information, is poorly characterized. Here we survey the histology of representatives spanning anaspid diversity and infer their generalized skeletal architecture. The anaspid dermal skeleton is composed of odontodes comprising spheritic dentine and enameloid, overlying a basal layer of acellular parallel fibre bone containing an extensive shallow canal network. A recoded and revised phylogenetic analysis using equal and implied weights parsimony resolves anaspids as monophyletic, nested among stem-gnathostomes. Our results suggest the anaspid dermal skeleton is a degenerate derivative of a histologically more complex ancestral vertebrate skeleton, rather than reflecting primitive simplicity. Hypotheses that anaspids are ancestral skeletonizing lampreys, or a derived lineage of jawless vertebrates with paired fins, are rejected.
Data from: Vertebral evolution and the diversification of squamate reptiles
Taxonomic, morphological and functional diversity are often discordant and independent components of diversity. A fundamental and largely unanswered question in evolutionary biology is why some clades diversify primarily in some of these components and not others. Dramatic variation in trunk vertebral numbers (14 to >300) among squamate reptiles coincides with different body shapes, and snake-like body shapes have evolved numerous times. However, whether increased evolutionary rates or numbers of vertebrae underlie body shape and taxonomic diversification is unknown. Using a supertree of squamates including 1375 species, and corresponding vertebral and body shape data, we show that increased rates of evolution in vertebral numbers have coincided with increased rates and disparity in body shape evolution, but not changes in rates of taxonomic diversification. We also show that the evolution of many vertebrae has not spurred or inhibited body shape or taxonomic diversification, suggesting that increased vertebral number is not a key innovation. Our findings demonstrate that lineage attributes such as the relaxation of constraints on vertebral number can facilitate the evolution of novel body shapes, but that different factors are responsible for body shape and taxonomic diversification.
Data from: Evolution of vertebrate postcranial complexity: axial skeleton regionalization and paired appendages in a Devonian jawless fish
One of the major events in vertebrate evolution involves the transition from jawless (agnathan) to jawed (gnathostome) vertebrates, including a variety of cranial and postcranial innovations. It has long been assumed that characters such as the pelvic girdles and fins, male intromittent organs independent from the pelvic girdles, as well as a regionalized axial skeleton first appeared in various basal gnathostome groups if not at the origin of gnathostomes. Here we describe the first occurrence of pelvic girdles and intromittent organs in the Late Devonian jawless anaspid‐like fish Euphanerops longaevus Woodward (Miguasha Lagerstätte, eastern Canada), associated with a morphologically differentiated region of the axial skeleton. Morphological differentiation of the axial skeleton is also described for the first time in an extant jawless fish, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus. Our data indicate that regionalization of the axial skeleton occurred earlier in vertebrate evolutionary history than previously appreciated. This regionalization is coupled with modifications of the appendicular skeleton in Euphanerops. These new observations combined with a new phylogenetic analysis of early vertebrates provide a more precise understanding of how the appendicular and axial skeletons developed and evolved within vertebrate evolutionary history.
Dataset from: Lung evolution in vertebrates and the water-to-land transition
<p><span>A </span><span>crucial evolutionary change</span> <span>in vertebrate history was the Palaeozoic (Devonian ~400 million years</span><span> ago</span><span>) water-to-land transition, allowed by key morphological and physiological modifications including the acquisition of lungs. Nonetheless, the origin and early evolution of vertebrate lungs remain highly controversial, particularly whether the ancestral state was paired or unpaired. Due to the rarity of fossil soft tissue preservation, lung evolution can only be traced based on the extant phylogenetic bracket.<strong> </strong>Here we investigate, for the first time, lung morphology in extensive developmental series of key living lunged osteichthyans using synchrotron X-ray microtomography and histology. Our results shed light on the primitive state of vertebrate lungs as unpaired, evolving to be truly paired in the lineage towards the tetrapods. The water-to-land transition confronted</span> <span>profound physiological </span><span>challenges and paired lungs were decisive </span><span>for increasing</span> <span>the surface area and the pulmonary compliance and volume, especially during the air-breathing on land. </span></p>
Data for: Predation risk and the evolution of a vertebrate stress response: parallel evolution of stress reactivity and sexual dimorphism
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Predation risk is often invoked to explain variation in stress responses. Yet, the answers to several key questions remain elusive, including: 1) how predation risk influences the evolution of stress phenotypes, 2) the relative importance of environmental versus genetic factors in stress reactivity, and 3) sexual dimorphism in stress physiology. To address these questions, we </span></span>explored variation in stress reactivity (ventilation frequency) in a post-Pleistocene radiation of live-bearing fish, where Bahamas mosquitofish (<i>Gambusia hubbsi</i>) inhabit isolated blue holes that differ in predation risk. Individuals of populations coexisting with predators exhibited similar, relatively low stress reactivity as compared to low-predation populations. We suggest that this dampened stress reactivity has evolved to reduce energy expenditure in environments with frequent and intense stressors, such as piscivorous fish. Importantly, the magnitude of stress responses exhibited by fish from high-predation sites in the wild changed very little after two generations of laboratory rearing in the absence of predators. By comparison, low-predation populations exhibited greater among-population variation and larger changes subsequent to laboratory rearing. These low-predation populations appear to have evolved more dampened stress responses in blue holes with lower food availability. Moreover, females showed a lower ventilation frequency, and this sexual dimorphism was stronger in high-predation populations. This may reflect a greater premium placed on energy efficiency in live-bearing females, especially under high predation risk where females show higher fecundities. Altogether, by demonstrating parallel adaptive divergence in stress reactivity, we highlight how energetic trade-offs may mould the evolution of the vertebrate stress response under varying predation risk and resource availability.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Figure 11 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 11 - Continental paleogeography of the Late Cretaceous, highlighting the position of the European paleobioprovince (yellow dotted line). A Global paleogeography during the relative sea-level highstand period of the Turonian, showing maximum geographical fragmentation of Europe B Global paleogeography during the relative sea-level lowstand period of the latest Maastrichtian, showing significant extension of emergent areas. Abbreviations: AFR Africa; ANT Antarctica; APP Appalachia; AUS Australia; CAS Central (or Middle) Asia; EAS Eastern Asia; EUR Europe; IN India; IN-M Indo-Malagasy Landmass; LAR Laramidia; MA Madagascar; NAM North America; SAM South America; WAF western Africa. Base maps courtesy of R. Blakey.
Figure 12 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 12 - Diversity of Late Cretaceous European titanosaurs, as illustrated by posterior dorsal vertebral size and morphology (all specimens figured in right lateral view, unless specified otherwise). A Atsinganosaurus velauciensis (VBN 93.01), late Campanian, Velaux-La Bastide Neuve, Bouches-de-Rhône, southern France B Ampelosaurus atacis (MDE C3-247), late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Bellevue, Aude, southern France C Lirainosaurus astibiae (MCNA 7443), late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Laño, Basque Country, northern Spain D Magyarosaurus dacus (NHMUK R.4896, reversed), Maastrichtian, Sânpetru, Haţeg Basin, Romania E Paludititan nalatzensis (UBB NVM1-43), Maastrichtian, Haţeg Basin, Romania. Scale bars equal 10 cm in A–C and E and 5 cm in D. Photographs A–D courtesy by Verónica Díez Díaz.
Figure 7 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 7 - Representative taxa from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian faunas from southern France. A Arcovenator escotae (Theropoda, Abelisauridae), braincase (MHNAix-PV 2011-12) in dorsal view (Lower Argiles Rutilantes Formation, Jas Neuf Sud, Var) B Rhabdodon priscus (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), left dentary (MC Mn 227) in lingual view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Montplo Nord, Hérault) C Variraptor mechinorum (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), sacrum (MC PSP 6) in right lateral view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Plo Saint-Pons, Hérault) D Martinavis cruzyensis (Aves, Enantiornithes), right humerus (MC M 1957) in caudal view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Massecaps, Hérault) E Indeterminate titanosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria), caudal vertebra (MC M 0001) in left lateral view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Massecaps, Hérault) F Struthiosaurus sp. (Ankylosauria, Nodosauridae), right scapulocoracoid (MC Mn 393) in lateral view (Grès à Reptiles Formation, Montplo Nord, Hérault) G Gargantuavis philoinos (Aves incertae sedis), synsacrum and part of ilia (MDE C3-525) in ventral view (Marnes de la Maurine Formation, Bellevue, Aude). All scale bars equal 50 mm.
Figure 3 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 3 - Paleogeographic distribution of the late Late Cretaceous (Santonian–Maastrichtian) European continental vertebrate assemblages (base map for late Campanian, ~ 75 Mya, courtesy of R. Blakey). Abbreviations: 1 Scania (southern Sweden) 2 Belgium-The Netherlands 3 western France 4 western Iberia (Portugal) 5 Cantabrian-southern Pyrenean region (northern Spain) 6 central Iberian region (central Spain) 7 eastern Iberian region (eastern Spain) 8 Languedoc (western southern France) 9 Provence (eastern southern France) 10 Apulia (southern Italy) 11 Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform (eastern Italy, Slovenia) 12 Austroalpine region (eastern Austria, western Hungary) 13 Transylvania (northwestern Romania) 14 northern Bulgaria 15 southeastern Poland 16 Crimea 17 southern Russia (for details, see also Figs 1, 4 and text); AA Austroalpine Domain; APP Appalachia; ARM Armorican Massif; BA-RHO Balkans-Rhodope Orogen; BAL Baltic Landmass; GRO Greenland; IB Iberian Landmass; MOE Moesian Platform; PEL Pelagonian Domain; PON Pontides Orogen; PY-PRO L Pyrenean-Provencal Landmass; RH-BH H Rhenish-Bohemian High; TAU Taurus Block; TI-DA Tisia-Dacia Block; UM-VH Ukrainian Massif-Voronezh High. Note that emergent land was more extensive during Maastrichtian times than represented in the map, with most Spanish-French localities situated in purely continental setting (compare with Fig. 11).
Figure 10 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 10 - Representative taxa from the latest Campanian–Maastrichtian faunas from Transylvania, western Romania. A–B Nidophis insularis (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae), articulated vertebrae (LPB (FGGUB) v.547/2) in left lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views (Densuş-Ciula Formation, Tuştea, Haţeg Basin; photo by Ştefan Vasile) C Allodaposuchus precedens (Eusuchia, ?Hylaeochampsidae), skull (PSMUBB V 438) in dorsal view (Sebeş = Şard Formation, Oarda de Jos, southwestern Transylvanian Basin; photo by Vlad Codrea/Massimo Delfino) D Theriosuchus sympiestodon (Mesoeucrocodylia, Atoposauridae), right maxilla (MCDRD 793) in lateral view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) E–F Indeterminate titanosaur (?Magyarosaurus dacus) (Sauropoda, Titanosauria), isolated osteoderm (LPB (FGGUB) R.1410) in dorsal (E) and lateral (F) views (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) G Indeterminate ornithuran bird (Aves, Ornithurae), incomplete left tibiotarsus (LPB (FGGUB) R.1902) in anterior view (Densuş-Ciula Formation, Vălioara, Haţeg Basin) H Balaur bondoc (Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae), articulated left distal hindlimb (EME PV.313) in lateral view (Sebeş = Şard Formation, Sebeş-Glod, southewestern Transylvanian Basin; photo by Mick Ellison) I Zalmoxes robustus (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), right dentary (NHMUK R.3407) in medial view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) J Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus (Hadrosauria), right maxilla (MFGI unnumbered) in lateral view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) K Indeterminate nodosaurid – Struthiosaurus transylvanicus or new taxon – (Ankylosauria, Nodosauridae), isolated tooth (LPB (FGGUB) R.2182) in medial view (Sînpetru Formation, Sînpetru, Haţeg Basin) L Barbatodon transylvanicus (Multituberculata, Kogaionidae), right maxilla (LPB (FGGUB) M.1635) in medial view (Sînpetru Formation, Pui, Haţeg Basin). Scale bars equal 1 mm in A, B; 5 mm in K; 1 cm in G, L; 2 cm in D; and 5 cm in C, E, F, H, I, J.
Figure 9 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 9 - Representative taxa from the late Maastrichtian faunas from Spain. A Allodaposuchus subjuniperus (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia), skull (holotype, MPZ 2012/288) in dorsal view (lower Tremp Formation, Beranuy near Arén, Huesca) B Arenysuchus gascabadiolorum (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia), skull (holotype, MPZ ELI-1) in dorsal view (lower Tremp Formation, Arén, Huesca) C Indeterminate azhdarchid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae), cervical vertebra (MGUV 2271) in posterior view (unnamed unit (Margas de los Cuchillos Formation?), La Solana near Tous, Valencia). D–E Arenysaurus ardevoli (Ornithopoda, Lambeosaurinae) D partial skull (holotype, MPZ 2008/1) in dorsal view and E left dentary (paratype, MPS 2008/258) in medial view (basal Tremp Formation, Blasi 3, Arén, Huesca) F 'Koutalisaurus kohlerorum' (Ornithopoda, Lambeosaurinae; indeterminate lambeosaurine sensu Prieto-Márquez et al. 2013), right dentary (IPS 29920 (formerly IPS SRA 27) in medial view ('lower red unit' of the Tremp Formation, Les Llaus near Sant Romà d'Abella, Lleida) F Scale bars equal 10 cm (A–B, D–F), and 5 cm (C). Photographs courtesy by Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad de Zaragoza (A–B, D), Julio Company (C) and Alberto Prieto-Márquez (E–F).
Figure 2 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 2 - Paleogeographic distribution of the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Coniacian) European continental vertebrate assemblages (base map for earliest Cenomanian, ~ 100 Mya, courtesy of R. Blakey). Abbreviations: 1 southeastern England 2 western France 3 southern France 4 western Iberia (Portugal) 5 northern Iberia (northern Spain) 6 east-central Iberia (eastern Spain) 7 Apulia (Sicily, central Italy) 8 Adriatic-Dinaric Carbonate Platform (Croatia, Slovenia) 9 Czech Republic 10 northwestern Romania 11 southern Russia (for details, see also Fig. 1 and text); AA Austroalpine Domain; ARM-FMC Armorica-French Central Massif; BAL Baltic Landmass; BM Bohemian Massif; DAC Dacia Block; GRO Greenland; LAU Laurentian Shield; L-B H London-Brabant High; MOE Moesian Platform; PEL Pelagonian Domain; TAU Taurus Block; TIS Tisia Block; UM Ukrainian Massif; VH Voronezh High.
Figure 8 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 8 - Representative taxa from the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian faunas from Spain. A Iberoccitanemys convenarum (Pleurodira, Bothremydidae), complete shell (HUE-4913) in ventral view (Villalba de la Sierra Formation, Lo Hueco near Fuentes, Cuenca) B Dortoka vasconica (Pleurodira, Dortokidae), partial shell (holotype, MCNA 6313) in ventral view (unnamed unit, Laño, Condado de Treviño) C Menarana laurasiae (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae), mid-trunk vertebra (holotype, MCNA 5337) in posterior view (unnamed unit, Laño, Condado de Treviño) D Herensugea caristiorum (Serpentes, Madtsoiidae), mid-trunk vertebra (holotype, MCNA 5387) in dorsal view (unnamed unit, Laño, Condado de Treviño) E Rhabdodon sp. (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), maxillary tooth (MGUV CH-162) in labial view (Sierra Perenchiza Formation, Chera, Valencia) F Struthiosaurus sp. (Ankylosauria, Nodosauridae), synsacrum (MCNA 7420.1) in ventral view (unnamed unit, Laño, Condado de Treviño) G Ampelosaurus sp. (Sauropoda, Titanosauria), braincase (HUE-8741) in dorsal view (Villalba de la Sierra Formation, Lo Hueco near Fuentes, Cuenca) H Doratodon ibericus (Crocodyliformes, Ziphosuchia), left dentary (holotype, MGUV 3201) in lateral view (Sierra Perenchiza Formation, Chera, Valencia) I Musturzabalsuchus buffetauti (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia), right mandible (paratype, MCNA 7480) in lateral view (unnamed unit, Laño, Condado de Treviño) J Lainodon orueetxebarriai (Eutheria, Zhelestidae), first lower molar (holotype, MCNA L1AT 14) in occlusal and labial views (unnamed unit, Laño, Condado de Treviño). Scale bars equal 10 cm (A, F, I), 5 cm (B, G), 2 cm (H), 1 cm (C, E), 5 mm (D), 1 mm (J). Photographs courtesy by Adán Pérez-García (A), J. Carmelo Corral (B–D), Julio Company (E, H), GBE-UNED/MCCM (G), Francisco Ortega (I) and Emmanuel Gheerbrant (J).
Figure 1 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 1 - Late Cretaceous vertebrate localities from Europe (including European part of Russia), plotted and listed by age (see text for details and references; localities italicized are detailed in Fig. 4 and in the text, as indicated). Note that one data-point on the map can represent several fossil localities and sites, especially for the Campanian and Maastrichtian. Cenomanian: 1 Isle of Wight, southeastern UK 2 Cambridgeshire, southeastern UK 3 Kent, southeastern UK 4 Sarthe, western France 5 Maine-et-Loire, western France 6 Vienne, western France 7 Indre-et-Loire, western France 8 Dordogne, western France 9 Vaucluse, southern France 10 Gard, southern France 11 Charente-Maritime, Charente, western France 12 Carenque, southwestern Portugal 13 Asturias, northern Spain 14 Guadalajara, central Spain 15 Teruel, central-eastern Spain 16 Valencia, eastern Spain 17 Sicily, Italy 18 Lazio, central Italy 19 Istria, Croatia 20 Czech Republic 21 Kursk Oblast, Russia 22 Belgorod Oblast, Russia 23 Voronezh Oblast, Russia 24 Tambov Oblast, Russia 25 Saratov Oblast, Russia 26 Volgograd Oblast, Russia. Turonian: 27 East Sussex, southeastern UK 28 Vendée, western France 29 Asturias, northern Spain 30 Czech Republic 31 Istria, Croatia 32 Dalmatia, Croatia. Coniacian: 33 Kent, southeastern UK 34 Gorizia, northeastern Italy 35 Bihor, western Romania (see section F, Fig. 4). Santonian: 36 Valencia, eastern Spain 37 Vendée, western France 38 Lonzée, central Belgium 39 Kras, Slovenia 40 Bari, southern Italy 41 Iharkút, western Hungary (see section B, Fig. 4). Campanian: 42 Scania, southern Sweden 43 Villeveyrac, Languedoc, southern France (see section D, Fig. 4) 44 Muthmannsdorf, eastern Austria (see section C, Fig. 4) 45 northwestern Transylvania, Romania (see section F, Fig. 4) 46 Penza Oblast, Russia 47 Saratov Oblast, Russia 48 Volgograd Oblast, Russia. Late Campanian–Maastrichtian: 49 Aveiro-Coimbra districts, Portugal 50 Condado de Treviño, northern Spain 51 Segovia, central Spain 52 Cuenca, central Spain 53 Valencia, eastern Spain 54 Huesca, northeastern Spain 55 Lleida, northeastern Spain (for 49–55 see section E, Fig. 4) 56 Ariège and Aude, southern France 57 Hérault and Gard, southern France 58 Bouches-du-Rhône, southern France 59 Var, southeastern France (for 56–59 see section D, Fig. 2) 60 Trieste, northeastern Italy. Maastrichtian: 61 Limburg, northeastern Belgium, southeastern Netherlands 62 Burgos, northern Spain 63 Valencia, eastern Spain 64 Huesca, northeastern Spain 65 Lleida, northeastern Spain (for 62–65 see section E, Fig. 4) 66 Haute-Garonne, Aude, southern France 67 Bouches-du-Rhône, southern France (for 66–67 see section D, Fig. 4) 68 Bavaria, southern Germany 69 Kras, Slovenia 70 northwestern Transylvanian Basin, Romania 71 southwestern Transylvania, Romania 72 Hațeg and Rusca Montană Basins, Romania (for 70–72 see section F, Fig. 4) 73 Vratsa Province, northwestern Bulgaria 74 Roztocze, southeastern Poland 75 Krymskaya Oblast, Ukraine 76 Volgograd Oblast, Russia.
Figure 6 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 6 - Representative taxa from the early Campanian Muthmannsdorf fauna from the Grünbach Formation, eastern Austria. A Doratodon carcharidens (Mesoeucrocodylia) mandible (PIUW 2349/57) in dorsal view (photo by Márton Rabi) B Indeterminate azhdarchid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae), left humerus (PIUW 2349/102) in anterior view C 'Megalosaurus pannoniensis' basal tetanuran (Theropoda, Tetanurae), tooth (PIUW uncatalogued) in lateral view D Mochlodon suessi (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), right dentary (holotype, PIUW 2349/2) in medial view. Scale bars equal 2 cm in A, B and D and 1 cm in C.
Figure 5 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 5 - Representative taxa from the Santonian Iharkút fauna from the Csehbánya Formation, Bakony Mountains, western Hungary. A Pannoniasaurus inexpectatus (Squamata, Mosasauroidea), dorsal vertebra (MTM uncatalogued) in dorsal view (photo by Réka Kalmár) B Foxemys trabanti (Pleurodira, Bothremydidae), skull (MTM V 2010.215.1.) in dorsal view (photo by Márton Rabi). C Bicuspidon aff. hatzegiensis (Squamata, Borioteiioidea), left dentary (MTM 2006.112.1.) in medial view (photo by László Makádi) D Basal tetanuran (Theropoda, Tetanurae), tooth (MTM V.01.54) in ?lingual view E Indeterminate abelisaurid (Theropoda, Abelisauridae), pedal ungual phalanx (MTM V 2008.43.1.) in lateral view F Pneumatoraptor fodori (Theropoda, Paraves), left scapulocoracoid (holotype, MTM V 2008.38.1.) in lateral view G Mochlodon vorosi (Ornithopoda, Rhabdodontidae), left dentary (holotype, MTM V 2010.105.1) in lateral view H Bakonydraco galaczi (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae), mandible (holotype, MTM 2007.110.1) in dorsal view I Iharkutosuchus makadii (Eusuchia, Hylaeochampsidae), skull (holotype, MTM 2006.52.1) in dorsal view J Hungarosaurus tormai (Ankylosauria, Nodosauridae), right dentary (MTM 2007.25.2) in lateral view K Bauxitornis mindszentyae (Aves, Enantiornithes), left tarsometatarsus (holotype, MTM V 2009.38.1) in anterior view L Ajkaceratops kozmai (Ceratopsia), fused rostral and premaxillae (holotype, MTM V 2009.192.1) in lateral view. Scale bars: 2 cm in A, V, G, H, I, J; 1 cm in D, E, F, K, L; 1 mm in C.
Figure 4 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 4 - The most important latest Cretaceous (Santonian–Maastrichtian) continental vertebrate localities in Europe. France: 1 Lestaillats, Haute-Garonne (Laurent et al. 2002a) 2 Campagne-sur-Aude, Aude Valley (Buffetaut et al. 1989; Le Loeuff 2005) 3 Villeveyrac, Cruzy (Buffetaut et al. 1996, 1999; Buffetaut and Le Loeuff 1991b) 4 Serviers, Champ-Garimond (Buffetaut et al. 1997a; Sigé et al. 1997) 5 Roques-Hautes (Le Loeuff et al. 1992; Allain and Taquet 2000) 6 Beausset Syncline (Le Loeuff and Buffetaut 1991) 7 Fox Amphoux (Le Loeuff et al. 1992) 8 Fontjoncouse (Le Loeuff et al. 1994) 9 Vitrolles-la-Plaine (Valentin et al. 2012) 10 Jas Neuf Sud (Tortosa et al. 2014). Spain: 1 Laño (Astibia et al. 1999; Pereda-Suberbiola et al. 2000) 2 Arén (Torices et al. 2004; Weishampel et al. 2004) 3 Tremp (López-Martínez et al. 2001) 4 Lo Hueco, Fuentes (Barroso-Barcenilla et al. 2009; Pérez-García et al. 2012b) 5 Chera (Company et al. 2009b) 6 La Solana (Company et al. 1998, 1999, 2013) 7 Armuña (Buscalioni and Martínez-Salanova 1990; Corral Hernández et al. 2007). Portugal: 1–2 Viso, Aveiro, Taveiro (Antunes and Sigogneau-Russell 1991; Antunes and Mateus 2003). Austria: 1 Muthmannsdorf (Seeley 1881). Hungary: 1 Iharkút and Ajka (Ősi et al. 2012b). Romania: 1 Rusca Montană Basin (Vasile and Csiki 2011; Codrea et al. 2012) 2 Haţeg Basin (Grigorescu 2005, 2010; Weishampel et al. 2010) 3 Alba Iulia-Sebeș (southwestern Transylvanian Basin; Codrea et al. 2010a,c; Vremir 2010) 4 Borod Basin (Nopcsa 1902b) 5 Jibou (northwestern Transylvanian Basin; Codrea and Godefroit 2008; Codrea et al. 2010c).
Figure 13 from: Csiki-Sava Z, Buffetaut E, Ősi A, Pereda-Suberbiola X, Brusatte SL (2015) Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago. ZooKeys 469: 1-161. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439
Figure 13 - Body-size disparity in Late Cretaceous European titanosaurs, as illustrated by their appendicular elements (specimens figured at scale). A, E Ampelosaurus atacis (late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Bellevue, Aude, southern France): A Left humerus (MDE C3-86), anterior view E Right femur (MDE C3-87; reversed), posterior view B, C Magyarosaurus dacus (early Maastrichtian, Ciula Mare, Haţeg Basin, Romania) B Left humerus (LPB (FGGUB) R.1047), anterior view C Left femur (LPB (FGGUB) R.1046), posterior view D Lirainosaurus astibiai (late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Laño, Basque Country, northern Spain), left femur (MCNA 7468), posterior view. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Photograph D courtesy by Verónica Díez Díaz.
Data from: Evolution of vertebrate postcranial complexity: axial skeleton regionalization and paired appendages in a Devonian jawless fish
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Data from: Vertebral evolution and the diversification of squamate reptiles
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