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Fig. 5 in Bunocephalus erondinae, a new species of banjo catfish from southern Brazil (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae)

Fig. 5. Lateral view of the caudal skeleton of (a) Bunocephalus erondinae, paratype, MCP 33664 (68.5 mm SL) and of (b) B. doriae, MCP 13176 (50.9 mm SL). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 1. Bunocephalus erondinae, MCP 40877 in Bunocephalus erondinae, a new species of banjo catfish from southern Brazil (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae)

Fig. 1. Bunocephalus erondinae, MCP 40877, holotype, 82.9 mm SL, canal São Gonçalo, laguna dos Patos system, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Fig. 4 in Bunocephalus erondinae, a new species of banjo catfish from southern Brazil (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae)

Fig. 4. Dorsal view of the hyoid bar of (a) Bunocephalus erondinae, paratype, MCP 33664 (68.5 mm SL) and of (b) B. doriae, MCP 13176 (50.9 mm SL).AC, anterior ceratohyal; HYP, hypohyal; and PC, posterior ceratohyal. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Bunocephalus erondinae, a new species of banjo catfish from southern Brazil (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae)

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of the quadrate and metaperygoid of (a) Bunocephalus erondinae, paratype, MCP 33664 (68.5 mm SL) and of (b) B. doriae, MCP 13176 (50.9 mm SL). MET, metapterygoid, and QUA, quadrate. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Pareiorhaphis scutula, a new species of neoplecostomine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Doce basin, Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 6. Complex centrum of Pareiorhaphis. (a) P. cameroni, MCP 17276 and (b) P. scutula, MCP 37182. BOC - basioccipital, CC - complex centrum, EXO - exoccipital, RC6 - rib of the sixth vertebral centrum, TPCC - transverse process of the complex centrum, VC - vertebral centrum, VPCC - ventral process of the complex centrum. Ventral view. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 5 in Pareiorhaphis scutula, a new species of neoplecostomine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Doce basin, Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 5. Suspensory bones of Pareiorhaphis. (a) P. parmula, MCP 35827 and (b) P. scutula, MCP 37182. HYO - hyomadibula, MPT - metapterygoid, POP - preopercle, Q - quadrate. Right side, lateral view. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Pareiorhaphis scutula, a new species of neoplecostomine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Doce basin, Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Map of eastern Brazil showing type-locality of Pareiorhaphis scutula. One symbol represents more than one lot and locality.

Fig. 1 in Pareiorhaphis scutula, a new species of neoplecostomine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Doce basin, Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 1. Pareiorhaphis scutula, holotype, male, MCP 44046, 84.7 mm SL, córrego Prainha, tributary to rio Piracicaba, Nova Era, rio Doce drainage, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Fig. 3 in Pareiorhaphis scutula, a new species of neoplecostomine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Doce basin, Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Scatter plot and regression line of orbital diameter and snout length on head length, in Pareiorhaphis scutula (dots) and P. nasuta (triangles).

Fig. 2 in Pareiorhaphis scutula, a new species of neoplecostomine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Doce basin, Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 2. Abdominal plates of Pareiorhaphis. (a) P. scutula, MCP 37182; (b) P. nasuta, MCP 37176; and (c) P. parmula, MCP 29434. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 38 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 38. Lateral view of posteroventral region of suspensorium and opercular series of (A) Ituglanis proops, MZUSP 60255 (77.0 mm SL), right side, image flipped horizontally to facilitate comparisons; (B) Trichomycterus stawiarski, LIRP 5088 (50.1 mm SL), left side.

Fig. 39 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 39. Ventral view of parurohyal of (A) Trichomycterus davisi, LIRP 2798 (56.7 mm SL); (B) Trichomycterus cf. itatiayae, LIRP 5086 (43.3 mm SL) and (C) Ituglanis sp. 1, MCP 15930 (53.3 mm SL).

Fig. 37 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 37. Diagram comparing phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies of Trichomycteridae according to the present analysis of dorsolateral head muscles (left) and to the literature based on other morphological and behavioral characters (right). Tree from literature is compilation of hypotheses of Baskin (1973); Britski & Ortega (1983); Arratia (1990); de Pinna & Britski (1991); de Pinna (1992, 1998); Costa & Bockmann (1993, 1994); Bockmann et al. (2004); and Bichuette et al. (2008). Gray area represents subfamily Trichomycterinae.

Fig. 35 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 35. Schematic representation of a transverse section through posterior region of opercle and attached opercular muscles of various catfishes.

Fig. 16 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 16. Dorsal view of head of Microcambeva ribeirae (Sarcoglanidinae), MZUSP 65764 (41.8 mm SL). Core of nasal barbels and core of right maxillary barbel, rictal barbel, lower jaw, interopercle, adductor mandibulae, dilatator operculi, levator operculi, and protractor operculi removed.

Fig. 12 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 12. Medial view of left adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw of Trichomycterus brasiliensis (Trichomycterinae), LIRP 1968 (95.1 mm SL). Arrows indicates space occupied by levator arcus palatini.

Fig. 19 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 19. Medial view of right adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw of Listrura tetraradiata (Glanapteryginae), MNRJ 31534 (paratype; 39.0 mm SL). Image flipped horizontally to facilitate comparisons.

Fig. 23 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 23. Dorsal view of head of Haemomaster venezuelae (Stegophilinae), LIRP 7438 (36.9 mm SL). Left eye removed. Arrow indicates anterior projection of eyeball capsule anchoring to tip of mesethmoid cornu.

Fig. 8 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 8. Medial view of left adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw of Trichogenes longipinnis (Trichogeninae), LIRP 1059 (60.8 mmSL).

Fig. 31 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 31. Most parsimonious cladogram of relationships of Trichomycteridae derived from character matrix in Table 2. Letters above nodes are conform to those used in text; numbers below nodes are their respective Bremer supports. Representative images for each subfamily modified from following (from top to bottom): Copionodon pecten (de Pinna, 1992), Trichogenes longipinnis (Sazima, 2004), Trichomycterus reinhardti (Eigenmann, 1918), Sarcoglanis simplex (Myers & Weitzman, 1966), Typhlobelus ternetzi (Myers, 1944), Tridens melanops (Eigenmann, 1918), Ochmacanthus alterus (Myers, 1944), and Vandellia sanguinea (Eigenmann, 1918).