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text-fig. 42. Left femora of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating several hindlimb characters, a, Liliensternus liliensterni; lateral view; based on MB R. 2175. B, Ceratosaurus sp.; lateral view; based on UMNH VP 5278. C-D, Allosaurus fragilis; anterior and lateral view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). e, Velociraptor mongoliensis; lateral view; based on IGM 100/986. Abbreviations: ag, anterior groove; fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter; It, lesser trochanter; mf, medial flange; pit, posterolateral trochanter; tc, trochanteric crest; 4th, fourth trochanter. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-d), and 10 mm (e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 42. Left femora of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating several hindlimb characters, a, Liliensternus liliensterni; lateral view; based on MB R. 2175. B, Ceratosaurus sp.; lateral view; based on UMNH VP 5278. C-D, Allosaurus fragilis; anterior and lateral view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). e, Velociraptor mongoliensis; lateral view; based on IGM 100/986. Abbreviations: ag, anterior groove; fh, femoral head; gt, greater trochanter; It, lesser trochanter; mf, medial flange; pit, posterolateral trochanter; tc, trochanteric crest; 4th, fourth trochanter. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-b), 100 mm (c-d), and 10 mm (e).
text-fig. 44. Theropod tibiae, showing states for several hindlimb characters, a, Majungatholus atopus; proximal half of left tibia, lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 95263. B-c, Allosaurusfragilis; left tibia. B, lateral view, c, distal half in anterior view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). Abbreviations: ar, anterior ridge on the distal end of the tibia; as, facet for the ascending process of the astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; fa, articulation for femur; fc, fibular condyle; fr, lateral ridge for the attachment of fìbula. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 44. Theropod tibiae, showing states for several hindlimb characters, a, Majungatholus atopus; proximal half of left tibia, lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 95263. B-c, Allosaurusfragilis; left tibia. B, lateral view, c, distal half in anterior view; redrawn from Madsen (1976). Abbreviations: ar, anterior ridge on the distal end of the tibia; as, facet for the ascending process of the astragalus; cc, cnemial crest; fa, articulation for femur; fc, fibular condyle; fr, lateral ridge for the attachment of fìbula. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b-c).
text-fig. 33. Pectoral girdles of a basal sauropodomorph and two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several pectoral characters, a, basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp.; based on SMNS F 65. b, Allosaurus fragilis; based on MOR 693. c, Saurornitholestes langstonr, based on TMP 88.121.39. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 32, and: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid facet. Scale bars represent 100 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 33. Pectoral girdles of a basal sauropodomorph and two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several pectoral characters, a, basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus sp.; based on SMNS F 65. b, Allosaurus fragilis; based on MOR 693. c, Saurornitholestes langstonr, based on TMP 88.121.39. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 32, and: cf, coracoid foramen; gl, glenoid facet. Scale bars represent 100 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c).
text-fig. 49. Theropod astragali and calcanei, illustrating several tarsal characters, a-b, Lilienstemus lilienstemi\ MB R. 2175; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view and proximal view (reversed). c-D, Allosaurus fragilis: MOR 693; stereophotographs of left astragalo-calcaneum in anterior and proximal view. E, Deinonychus antirrhopus; YPM 5226; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view (stereophotographs). Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; ast, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, facet for fibula; tib, facet for tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 49. Theropod astragali and calcanei, illustrating several tarsal characters, a-b, Lilienstemus lilienstemi\ MB R. 2175; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view and proximal view (reversed). c-D, Allosaurus fragilis: MOR 693; stereophotographs of left astragalo-calcaneum in anterior and proximal view. E, Deinonychus antirrhopus; YPM 5226; left astragalo-calcaneum; anterior view (stereophotographs). Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; ast, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, facet for fibula; tib, facet for tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 47. Stereophotographs of theropod fibulae in medial view, illustrating different character states of character 210. A, Dilophosaurus wetherilli; left fibula; UCMP V 4214. b, Struthiomimus altus; right fibula; AMNH 5355. Scale bars represents 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 47. Stereophotographs of theropod fibulae in medial view, illustrating different character states of character 210. A, Dilophosaurus wetherilli; left fibula; UCMP V 4214. b, Struthiomimus altus; right fibula; AMNH 5355. Scale bars represents 10 mm.
text-fig. 29. Anterior and mid-caudal vertebrae of several theropods, illustrating character states of several axial characters, a-b, Allosaurus fragilisa fourth and nineteenth caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on Madsen (1976). c, Majungatholus atopus; mid-caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 96313. d-e, Deinonychus antirrhopus; anterior caudal vertebra (?fifth), anterior and left lateral view; based on YPM 5210 and Ostrom (1969b). Abbreviations: nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-c) and 10 mm (d-e). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 29. Anterior and mid-caudal vertebrae of several theropods, illustrating character states of several axial characters, a-b, Allosaurus fragilisa fourth and nineteenth caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on Madsen (1976). c, Majungatholus atopus; mid-caudal vertebra, left lateral view; based on FMNH/UA 96313. d-e, Deinonychus antirrhopus; anterior caudal vertebra (?fifth), anterior and left lateral view; based on YPM 5210 and Ostrom (1969b). Abbreviations: nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; tp, transverse process. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a-c) and 10 mm (d-e).
text-fig. 27. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of three theropod dinosaurs in left lateral view, showing states for several axial characters. A, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; penultimate dorsal vertebra; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis-, reconstruction of the eleventh dorsal vertebra; based on QG 1. c, unnamed compsognathine from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil; reconstruction of the posteriormost dorsal vertebra; based on SMNK 2349 Pal. Abbreviations as in ext-figures 24 and 26, and: pg, pleurocentral groove; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 27. Posterior dorsal vertebrae of three theropod dinosaurs in left lateral view, showing states for several axial characters. A, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; penultimate dorsal vertebra; redrawn (reversed) from Novas (1993). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis-, reconstruction of the eleventh dorsal vertebra; based on QG 1. c, unnamed compsognathine from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil; reconstruction of the posteriormost dorsal vertebra; based on SMNK 2349 Pal. Abbreviations as in ext-figures 24 and 26, and: pg, pleurocentral groove; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 28. Sacra of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating different states for character 116. a, sacrum and ilium of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis in lateral view; the shaded area indicates the attachment area of the very massive sacral ribs on the medial side of the ilium; modified from Novas (1993). B, sacrum and ilia of Syntarsus rhodesiensis in dorsal view, showing the almost continuous sheet of bone formed by the sacral ribs between the sacrum and the iliac blades; based on Raath (1990) and QG1. Abbreviations: ib, iliac blade; il, ilium; ns: neural spine; SI, S2, sacral vertebrae; sac, supraacetabular crest; sr, sacral ribs; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 28. Sacra of theropod dinosaurs, illustrating different states for character 116. a, sacrum and ilium of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis in lateral view; the shaded area indicates the attachment area of the very massive sacral ribs on the medial side of the ilium; modified from Novas (1993). B, sacrum and ilia of Syntarsus rhodesiensis in dorsal view, showing the almost continuous sheet of bone formed by the sacral ribs between the sacrum and the iliac blades; based on Raath (1990) and QG1. Abbreviations: ib, iliac blade; il, ilium; ns: neural spine; SI, S2, sacral vertebrae; sac, supraacetabular crest; sr, sacral ribs; st, spine table. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
text-fig. 32. Furculae of theropod dinosaurs. A, Allosaurus fragilis; UMNH VP 7408; anterior view. B, Segisaurus halli; UCMP V 338; pectoral girdle as preserved in lateral view. Abbreviations: co, coracoid; fu, furcula; sc, scapula. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 32. Furculae of theropod dinosaurs. A, Allosaurus fragilis; UMNH VP 7408; anterior view. B, Segisaurus halli; UCMP V 338; pectoral girdle as preserved in lateral view. Abbreviations: co, coracoid; fu, furcula; sc, scapula. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 25. Axes of two theropods, illustrating several axial characters, a-b, Dilophosaurus wetherilli-, left lateral and posterior view; based on UCMP V 4214. c-D, Deinonychus antirrhopus-, left lateral and posterior view; based on YPM 5204. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 24, and: at, atlantal intercentrum; ic, axial intercentrum; nc, neural canal; od, odontoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 25. Axes of two theropods, illustrating several axial characters, a-b, Dilophosaurus wetherilli-, left lateral and posterior view; based on UCMP V 4214. c-D, Deinonychus antirrhopus-, left lateral and posterior view; based on YPM 5204. Abbreviations as in ext-figure 24, and: at, atlantal intercentrum; ic, axial intercentrum; nc, neural canal; od, odontoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 55. Left distal tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsals of a, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1) and B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi (MB R. 2175) in anterior view, showing differences in the development of the distal end of the fibula and its connection with the ascending process of the astragalus. Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; astr, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, fibula; tib, tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 55. Left distal tibia, fibula, and proximal tarsals of a, Syntarsus rhodesiensis (QG 1) and B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi (MB R. 2175) in anterior view, showing differences in the development of the distal end of the fibula and its connection with the ascending process of the astragalus. Abbreviations: asc proc, ascending process of the astragalus; astr, astragalus; calc, calcanéum; fib, fibula; tib, tibia. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 26. Anterior dorsal vertebrae of two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several vertebral characters, a, Lilienstemus lilienstemifMB R. 2175. B, Troödon formosus', TMP 94.12.438. Abbreviations as in ext-fig. 24, and: hy, hyposphene; hyp, hypapophysis. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 26. Anterior dorsal vertebrae of two theropods in left lateral view, illustrating states for several vertebral characters, a, Lilienstemus lilienstemifMB R. 2175. B, Troödon formosus', TMP 94.12.438. Abbreviations as in ext-fig. 24, and: hy, hyposphene; hyp, hypapophysis. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 23. Outlines of theropod splenials, illustrating states for characters 78 and 79. a, Majungatholus atopus; left splenial in medial view; based on FMNH 9620A-44C. b, Saurornitholestes langstoni; slightly damaged right splenial in medial view (reversed); based on TMP 88.121.39. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 23. Outlines of theropod splenials, illustrating states for characters 78 and 79. a, Majungatholus atopus; left splenial in medial view; based on FMNH 9620A-44C. b, Saurornitholestes langstoni; slightly damaged right splenial in medial view (reversed); based on TMP 88.121.39. Scale bars represent 50 mm (a) and 100 mm (b).
text-fig. 24. Anterior theropod cervical vertebrae in lateral view, illustrating several cervical characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi; based on MB R. 2175. c, Dilophosaurus wetherillv, based on UCMP V 6468. D, Allosaurus fragilisa based on Madsen (1976) and MOR 693. Abbreviations: di, diapophysis; ep, epipophysis; k, keel; ns, neural spine; pl, pleurocoel; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c-d). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 24. Anterior theropod cervical vertebrae in lateral view, illustrating several cervical characters, a, Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis; redrawn from Sereno and Novas (1993). B, Lilienstemus lilienstemi; based on MB R. 2175. c, Dilophosaurus wetherillv, based on UCMP V 6468. D, Allosaurus fragilisa based on Madsen (1976) and MOR 693. Abbreviations: di, diapophysis; ep, epipophysis; k, keel; ns, neural spine; pl, pleurocoel; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a-b) and 50 mm (c-d).
text-fig. 22. Dentaries in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 76 and 83. a, Magnosaurus oxoniensis', based on OUM J 12143. B, Troödon formosus-, based on TMP 92.36.575. Abbreviation: idp, interdental plates. Anterior is to the left. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 22. Dentaries in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 76 and 83. a, Magnosaurus oxoniensis', based on OUM J 12143. B, Troödon formosus-, based on TMP 92.36.575. Abbreviation: idp, interdental plates. Anterior is to the left. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 21. Posterior ends of the mandibles in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 73 and 74. a, Plateosaurus sp.; based on MB R. 1937. B, Ornitholestes hermannv, based on AMNH 619. c, same as B, stereophotographs. Abbreviations: mj, mandibular joint; rp, retroarticular process. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 21. Posterior ends of the mandibles in dorsal view, illustrating different states for characters 73 and 74. a, Plateosaurus sp.; based on MB R. 1937. B, Ornitholestes hermannv, based on AMNH 619. c, same as B, stereophotographs. Abbreviations: mj, mandibular joint; rp, retroarticular process. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 20. Mandible of Erlikosaurus andrewsi (a) and Oviraptor philoceratops (b) in lateral view, illustrating different states for characters 72, 75, and 77. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see ext-figur^ 6. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 20. Mandible of Erlikosaurus andrewsi (a) and Oviraptor philoceratops (b) in lateral view, illustrating different states for characters 72, 75, and 77. For sources of reconstructions and identifications of the elements, see ext-figur^ 6. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
text-fig. 18. Skulls of a basal ornithischian (a) and three theropods (b-d) in palatal view, showing different states for several cranial characters. A, Lesothosaurus diagnostics; redrawn from Sereno (199lb). B, Allosaurus fragilis', redrawn from Madsen (1976). c, Daspletosaurus torosus; redrawn from Russell (1970). D, Oviraptor philoceratops; redrawn from Barsbold et al. (1990). Abbreviations: bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; ch, internal choana; cp, cultriform process of the parasphenoid; ect, ectopterygoid; iptv, interpterygoid vacuity; j, jugal; m, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sof, suborbital fenestra; spf, subsidiary palatal fenestra; snf, subnarial foramen; stf, subtemporal fenestra; v, vomer. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a), 50 mm (d) and 100 mm (b-c). in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 18. Skulls of a basal ornithischian (a) and three theropods (b-d) in palatal view, showing different states for several cranial characters. A, Lesothosaurus diagnostics; redrawn from Sereno (199lb). B, Allosaurus fragilis', redrawn from Madsen (1976). c, Daspletosaurus torosus; redrawn from Russell (1970). D, Oviraptor philoceratops; redrawn from Barsbold et al. (1990). Abbreviations: bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; ch, internal choana; cp, cultriform process of the parasphenoid; ect, ectopterygoid; iptv, interpterygoid vacuity; j, jugal; m, maxilla; oc, occipital condyle; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; pop, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sof, suborbital fenestra; spf, subsidiary palatal fenestra; snf, subnarial foramen; stf, subtemporal fenestra; v, vomer. Scale bars represent 10 mm (a), 50 mm (d) and 100 mm (b-c).
text-fig. 19. heropod ectopterygoids in ventral view, showing the different degrees and modes of pneumatisation of this bone (character 67). a, Majungatholus atopus; based on FMNH 96202-44C. B, Liliensternus lilienstemi; based on MB R. 2175. c, Allosaurus fragilis; ectopterygoid in ventral (left) and medial (right) view; based on UMNH VP 5328 (left) and 5327 (right), d, Dromaeosaurus albertensis; based on AMNH 5356. Abbreviations: j, contact to the jugal; pt, contact to the pterygoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 19. heropod ectopterygoids in ventral view, showing the different degrees and modes of pneumatisation of this bone (character 67). a, Majungatholus atopus; based on FMNH 96202-44C. B, Liliensternus lilienstemi; based on MB R. 2175. c, Allosaurus fragilis; ectopterygoid in ventral (left) and medial (right) view; based on UMNH VP 5328 (left) and 5327 (right), d, Dromaeosaurus albertensis; based on AMNH 5356. Abbreviations: j, contact to the jugal; pt, contact to the pterygoid. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
text-fig. 16. Ventral view of the braincase, showing different states for characters 56 and 57. a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics; based on Sereno (1991b). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis based on QG 195; the postorbital processes of the laterosphenoid are broken in this specimen of Syntarsus; their attachments are placed above and slightly posterior to the trigeminal foramen. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; fo, fenestra ovalis; Is, laterosphenoid; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pop, paroccipital process; popls, postorbital process of the laterosphenoid; psp, parasphenoid; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 16. Ventral view of the braincase, showing different states for characters 56 and 57. a, basal ornithischian Lesothosaurus diagnostics; based on Sereno (1991b). B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis based on QG 195; the postorbital processes of the laterosphenoid are broken in this specimen of Syntarsus; their attachments are placed above and slightly posterior to the trigeminal foramen. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; bpt, basipterygoid process; bsp, basisphenoid; bspr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tuber; fo, fenestra ovalis; Is, laterosphenoid; oc, occipital condyle; op, opisthotic; pop, paroccipital process; popls, postorbital process of the laterosphenoid; psp, parasphenoid; Roman numbers refer to the foramina for the exits of cranial nerves. Scale bars represent 10 mm.
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