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1,709 results for “Reflectivity”
Extended Data Fig. 5 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity
Extended Data Fig. 5 | Lower jaw of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). Photographs of left dentary in left column; photographs of right dentary in right column. a, b, Lateral views.c, d, Dorsal (occlusal) views.e, f, Medial views.i, lower incisor;pc, lower postcanine tooth.
Fig. 3 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity
Fig. 3 | Skeleton of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a–g, Digitally reconstructed skeleton in left lateral view,highlighting the left scapulocoracoid in lateral view (a), thoracic vertebra 6 and lumbar vertebra 7 in anterior and dorsal views (missing parts mirrored and rendered as semi-transparent) (b), the left femur in distal and anterior views (c), the left humerus in anterior and distal views (d), the left astragalus and navicular in anterior view,and left calcaneus in medial and dorsal views (e), left hind foot in dorsal view (f), and the left tibia in lateral and anterior views (g). L,lumbar vertebra; T,thoracic vertebra.Scale bars,5 cm (main skeleton),1 cm (a–d, f, g), 5 mm (e).
Fig. 1 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity
Fig. 1 | Skull and postcranial skeleton of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a, 'Top' view,as preserved.Scale bar,5 cm.b, Reconstruction in left lateral view.Left and right sides indicated as (l) and (r), respectively.
Extended Data Fig. 9 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity
Extended Data Fig. 9 | Pectoral and pelvic girdle elements of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a–d, ΜCT images.a, b, Left scapulacoracoid,left and right clavicle and manubrium in 'top' (a) and 'bottom' (b) views (as preserved).c, d, Left os coxa and epipubic bone in lateral (c) and medial (d) views.
Extended Data Fig. 3 in Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity
Extended Data Fig. 3 | Cranium of A. hui holotype (UA 9030). a–e, Photographs of external surfaces of cranium in right lateral (a), left lateral (b), dorsal (c), ventral (d) and anterior (e) views.a'–e', Labelled ΜCT images of cranium in the same views as in a–e, respectively.f, Labelled ΜCT image of medial view of right side of nasal cavity.aC,alveolus for upper canine; as, alisphenoid;eo, exoccipital; fr,frontal;ID,distal upper incisor;IM,mesial upper incisor; ju, jugal; la, lacrimal;mx, maxilla; na, nasal;os/ps, orbitosphenoid/presphenoid complex;PC,upper postcanine tooth;pe, petrosal;pmx,premaxilla;pt,pterygoid;smx,septomaxilla;sq, squamosal; v,vomer.
Distinguishing Between Shock Darkening and Space Weathering Trends in Ordinary Chondrite Reflectance Spectra
<p>The data file contains raw spectra of Chelyabinsk meteorite IM, SD, and SW series as described in the linked journal publication.</p>
Down feather morphology reflects adaptation to habitat and thermal conditions across the avian phylogeny
<p>Down feathers are the first feather types that appear in both the phylogenetic and the ontogenetic history of birds. Although it is widely acknowledged that the primary function of downy elements is insulation, little is known about the interspecific variability in the structural morphology of these feathers, and the environmental factors that have influenced their evolution. Here, we collected samples of down and afterfeathers from 156 bird species and measured key morphological characters that define the insulatory properties of the downy layer. We then tested if habitat and climatic conditions could explain the observed between-species variation in down feather structure. We show that habitat has a very strong and clearly defined effect on down feather morphology. Feather size, barbule length and nodus density all decreased from terrestrial towards aquatic birds, with riparian species exhibiting intermediate characters. Wintering climate, expressed as windchill (a combined measure of the ambient temperature and wind speed) had limited effects on down morphology, colder climate only being associated with higher nodus density in dorsal down feathers. Overall, an aquatic lifestyle selects for a denser plumulaceous layer, while the effect of harsh wintering conditions on downy structures appear limited. These results provide key evidence of adaptations to habitat at the level of the downy layer, both on the scale of macro- and micro-elements of the plumage. Moreover, they reveal characters of convergent evolution in the avian plumage and mammalian fur, that match the varying needs of insulation in terrestrial and aquatic modes of life.</p>
UV reflectance in poison frog
<p>We have identified strong UV reflectance in the white spots of only a single population of the polymorphic/polytypic poison frog species <i>Oophaga sylvatica</i>. As congeners (<i>O. pumilio</i>) are unable to view UV signals, it stands to reason that natural selection, or neutral processes are likely to be responsible for these signals. We employ visual modeling techniques to estimate the perception of these UV signals, and in a series of comparisons we show surprisingly minimal gains in frog contrast due to their addition.</p>
Latitudinal gradients in population growth do not reflect demographic responses to climate
<p>Spatial gradients in population growth, such as across latitudinal or elevational gradients, are often assumed to primarily be driven by variation in climate, and are frequently used to infer species' responses to climate change. Here, we use a novel demographic, mixed model approach to dissect the contributions of climate variables vs. other latitudinal or local site effects on spatiotemporal variation in population performance in three perennial bunchgrasses. For all three species, we find that performance of local populations decreases with warmer and drier conditions, despite latitudinal trends of decreasing population growth towards the cooler and wetter northern portion of each species' range. Thus, latitudinal gradients in performance are not predictive of either local or species-wide responses to climate. This pattern could be common, as many environmental drivers, such as habitat quality or species' interactions, are likely to vary with latitude or elevation, and thus influence or oppose climate responses.</p>
The sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) genome reflects a recent history of biased accumulation of transposable elements
<p>Aside from polyploidy, transposable elements are the major drivers of genome size increases in plants. Thus, understanding the diversity and evolutionary dynamics of transposable elements in sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus</i> L.), especially given its large genome size (∼3.5 Gb) and the well‐documented cases of amplification of certain transposons within the genus, is of considerable importance for understanding the evolutionary history of this emerging model species. By analyzing approximately 25% of the sunflower genome from random sequence reads and assembled bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, we show that it is composed of over 81% transposable elements, 77% of which are long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons. Moreover, the LTR retrotransposon fraction in BAC clones harboring genes is disproportionately composed of chromodomain‐containing <i>Gypsy</i> LTR retrotransposons ('chromoviruses'), and the majority of the intact chromoviruses contain tandem chromodomain duplications. We show that there is a bias in the efficacy of homologous recombination in removing LTR retrotransposon DNA, thereby providing insight into the mechanisms associated with transposable element (TE) composition in the sunflower genome. We also show that the vast majority of observed LTR retrotransposon insertions have likely occurred since the origin of this species, providing further evidence that biased LTR retrotransposon activity has played a major role in shaping the chromatin and DNA landscape of the sunflower genome. Although our findings on LTR retrotransposon age and structure could be influenced by the selection of the BAC clones analyzed, a global analysis of random sequence reads indicates that the evolutionary patterns described herein apply to the sunflower genome as a whole.</p>
Flexible habitat choice by aphids exposed to multiple cues reflecting present and future benefits
Mothers choose suitable habitats for laying offspring to maximize fitness. Since habitat quality varies in space and time, mothers gather information to choose among available habitats through multiple cues reflecting different aspects of habitat quality at present and in the future. However, it is unclear how females assess and integrate different cues associated with current rewards and future safety to optimize oviposition/larviposition decisions, especially across small spatial scales. Here we tested the individual and interactive effects of leaf surface, leaf orientation and leaf bending direction on larviposition site choice and fitness benefits of wheat aphids (<i>Metopolophium dirhodum</i>) within individual leaves. We found that females preferred upper over lower surfaces for gaining current food-related rewards, downward- over upward-facing surfaces for avoiding potential abiotic risks, and sunken over protruding surfaces for avoiding potential biotic risks. When facing conflicting cues during larviposition, females preferred downward-facing/sunken surfaces over upper surfaces, suggesting that females prioritize potential safety at the cost of current rewards during decision making. Most importantly, our combined-cue experiments showed females still assessed secondary cues (i.e. the upper surface) when first-ranked cues (i.e. the downward-facing/sunken surface) are available, even though females only gained relatively small fitness rewards through secondary cues, and females can integrate different cues associated with current rewards and potential safety in a multiplicative way to make flexible and complex larviposition decisions. Overall, our findings provide new insights into how animals collect and process multi-cue information associated with current rewards and potential safety to maximize fitness at small spatial scales.
Palma et al 2021 Plant functional traits reflect different dimensions of species invasiveness. Ecology. DATASET
<p>Dataset used in publication <em>Palma et al 2021 Plant functional traits reflect different dimensions of species invasiveness. Ecology.</em> It includes:</p> <p>(1) records of Vegetative height and Specific leaf area for 82 exotic species measured in to Victoria, Australia. The location where the plant samples were collected is also described. See tab 'Trait_field_collection'.</p> <p>(2) traits and other variables collected from the literature, including Seed mass, Longevity, Reproduction type, Seed morphology, Dispersion vector, Likely introduction pathway, Management. See tab 'Traits_literature'.</p> <p> </p>
Spectral-power associations reflect amplitude modulation and within-frequency interactions on the sub-second timescale and cross-frequency interactions on the seconds timescale
<p>We investigated the global structure of intrinsic cross-frequency dynamics by systematically examining power-based temporal associations among a broad range of oscillation frequencies both within and across EEG-based current sources (sites). We focused on power-based associations that could reveal unique timescale dependence independently of interacting frequencies. Large spectral-power fluctuations across all sites occurred at two characteristic timescales, sub-second and seconds, yielding distinct patterns of cross-frequency associations. On the fast sub-second timescale, within-site (local) associations were consistently between pairs of <i>beta</i>-<i>gamma</i> frequencies differing by a constant Delta-<i>f</i> (particularly Delta-<i>f </i>~ 10 Hz at posterior sites and Delta-<i>f </i>~ 16 Hz at lateral sites) suggesting that higher-frequency oscillations are organized into Delta-<i>f</i> amplitude-modulated packets, whereas cross-site (long-distance) associations were all within-frequency (particularly in the >30 Hz and 6-12 Hz ranges, suggestive of feedforward and feedback interactions). On the slower seconds timescale, within-site (local) associations were characterized by a broad range of frequencies selectively associated with ~10 Hz at posterior sites and associations among higher (>20 Hz) frequencies at lateral sites, whereas cross-site (long-distance) associations were characterized by a broad range of frequencies at posterior sites selectively associated with ~10 Hz at other sites, associations among higher (>20 Hz) frequencies among lateral and anterior sites, and prevalent associations at ~10 Hz. Regardless of timescale, within-site (local) cross-frequency associations were weak at anterior sites indicative of frequency-specific operations. Overall, these results suggest that the fast sub-second-timescale coordination of spectral power is limited to local amplitude modulation and insulated within-frequency long-distance interactions (likely feedforward and feedback interactions), while characteristic patterns of cross-frequency interactions emerge on the slower seconds timescale. The results also suggest that the occipital <i>alpha</i> oscillations play a role in organizing higher-frequency oscillations into ~10 Hz amplitude-modulated packets to communicate with other regions. Functional implications of these timescale-dependent cross-frequency associations await future investigations.</p>
Brewster angle optical reflection observation of self-limiting nanoparticle monolayer self-assembly at a liquid/liquid interface
<p>Real-time optical reflection of incident <i>p</i>-polarized light near Brewster's angle shows that after drop-casting iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in heptane on top of a diethylene glycol (DEG) liquid substrate, an iron oxide NP layer forms at the DEG/heptane interface, and it self-limits to a monolayer even when there are excess NPs dispersed in the upper heptane phase. Most modes of NP self-assembly do not self-limit growth after the formation of a single monolayer. Observations are compared to a reflection model incorporating the reflectances expected at each interface. An effective medium model of the dielectric constant is used to model the reflectance of the NP layer at the DEG/heptane interface.</p>
Study Material for the paper: Does People's Keyboard Typing Reflect their Stress Level – An Explorative Study
<p>This release bundles the study materials for the research paper "Does People's Keyboard Typing Reflect their Stress Level – An Explorative Study" by Freihaut & Göritz</p> <p> </p> <p>The release includes the data, data analysis and processing code as well as the results for both the labratory study and the online study and also the source code of the experiment live demo app.</p>
Fine-scale genetic structure reflects limited and coordinated dispersal in the colonial monk parakeet, Myiopsitta monachus
<p>The genetic structure of animal populations has considerable behavioural, ecological and evolutionary implications and may arise from various demographic traits. Here, we use observational field data and molecular genetics to determine the genetic structure of an invasive population of monk parakeets, <i><span>Myiopsitta monachus</span></i>, at a range of spatial scales, and investigate the demographic processes that generate the observed structure. Monk parakeets construct large nests that can house several pairs occupying separate chambers; these nests are often aggregated within nesting trees. We determined patterns of relatedness within compound nests, within nesting trees and between trees. Spatial autocorrelation analyses of pairwise genetic relatedness revealed fine-scale genetic structure with relatives of both sexes spatially clustered within, but not beyond, nesting trees. In addition, males were more related to males sharing their compound nests than to other males occupying the same nesting tree. By contrast, males and females within compound nests were not significantly more closely related than elsewhere in the same tree, and we found no evidence for inbreeding. Adults showed high breeding site fidelity between years despite considerable disturbance of nest sites. Natal dispersal was female-biased, but dispersal distances were relatively short with some natal philopatry observed in both sexes. Sibling coalitions, typically of males, were observed amongst both philopatric and dispersing birds. Our results show significant clustering of kin within compound nests and nesting trees resulting from limited and coordinated natal dispersal, with subsequent breeding site fidelity. The resulting genetic structure has implications for social behaviour in this unusual parrot species.</p>
Data from: Keeping cool: enhanced optical reflection and heat dissipation in silver ants
Saharan silver ants, Cataglyphis bombycina, forage under extreme temperature conditions in the African desert. We show that the ants' conspicuous silvery appearance is created by a dense array of triangular hairs with two thermoregulatory effects. They enhance not only the reflectivity of the ant's body surface in the visible and near-infrared range of the spectrum, where solar radiation culminates, but also the emissivity of the ant in the mid-infrared. The latter effect enables the animals to efficiently dissipate heat back to the surroundings via blackbody radiation under full daylight conditions. This biological solution for a thermoregulatory problem may lead to the development of biomimetic coatings for passive radiative cooling of objects.
Data from: Telomere length reflects reproductive effort indicated by corticosterone levels in a long-lived seabird
Telomere length (TL) is a candidate biomarker of ageing and phenotypic quality, but little is known of the (physiological) causes of TL variation. We previously showed that individual common terns Sterna hirundo with high reproductive success had short telomeres independent of age, and this pattern was particularly strong in the longer telomeres of the within-individual TL distribution. To test whether this relation can be attributed to effects of reproductive effort, we investigated baseline corticosterone in relation to reproductive success (number of fledglings) and TL. In this context, we assume that variation in baseline corticosterone can be interpreted as index of energy expenditure and allostatic load. Males with higher corticosterone levels during incubation, compared between and within individuals, achieved higher reproductive success and had shorter telomeres. The effect on telomeres was more pronounced in corticosterone measured later in incubation and in the longer telomeres of the within-individual TL distribution. Female corticosterone level during incubation was neither related to reproductive success nor to TL. That we observed these effects only in males mirrors different parental roles during reproduction in the common tern, where males do most of the chick provisioning. The negative association between reproductive success and TL suggests individual differences in reproductive effort as reflected in, or mediated by, baseline corticosterone. We see this result as a promising step towards unravelling the physiological causes of variation in TL and the costs of reproduction.
Data from: Shark tooth weapons from the 19th century reflect shifting baselines in Central Pacific predator assemblies
The reefs surrounding the Gilbert Islands (Republic of Kiribati, Central Pacific), like many throughout the world, have undergone a period of rapid and intensive environmental perturbation over the past 100 years. A byproduct of this perturbation has been a reduction of the number of shark species present in their waters, even though sharks play an important in the economy and culture of the Gilbertese. Here we examine how shark communities changed over time periods that predate the written record in order to understand the magnitude of ecosystem changes in the Central Pacific. Using a novel data source, the shark tooth weapons of the Gilbertese Islanders housed in natural history museums, we show that two species of shark, the Spot-tail (Carcharhinus sorrah) and the Dusky (C. obscurus), were present in the islands during the last half of the 19th century but not reported in any historical literature or contemporary ichthyological surveys of the region. Given the importance of these species to the ecology of the Gilbert Island reefs and to the culture of the Gilbertese people, documenting these shifts in baseline fauna represents an important step toward restoring the vivid splendor of both ecological and cultural diversity.
Data from: Radial variation of wood functional traits reflect size-related adaptations of tree mechanics and hydraulics
1) Wood serves for mechanical support, water transport and storage. These functions are provided for by different cells with a large variation in wood anatomy among species but also within individual trees. The latter often reflects ontogenetic adjustments, related to tree size or age, which can be studied by looking at patterns of radial variation in wood. 2) We quantified radial variation in wood density (WD) and wood anatomy and ask how ontogenetic changes of wood functions are controlled in five canopy tree species in western Thailand. We ask if there are trade-offs between these main functions of wood, how ontogenetic trends are linked to differences in growth trajectories and shade tolerance among tree species and if wood properties are mainly controlled by tree age or by size. 3) In all species studied, vessel fraction, vessel size, theoretical hydraulic conductivity (Kh) and fibre wall thickness significantly increased with tree diameter. While the ray fraction also increased in all species except Neolitsea, axial parenchyma changed significantly only in Afzelia, the species with by far the largest axial parenchyma fraction. The average WD and Kh reflect the phenology, with deciduous and shade-intolerant Toona and Melia having low WD and high Kh, and shade-tolerant brevi-deciduous Chukrasia and evergreen Neolitsea having higher WD and low Kh. Deciduous Afzelia, however, had the lowest Kh and second-highest WD. The radial gradients in WD and Kh also reflect within-species differences in growth rates during ontogeny. 4) The relationship between WD and its underlying anatomical components varied substantially among species. Modulating fibre wall thickness and vessel size enables growing trees to increase water transport capacity and mechanical strength at the same time. Across species, tree diameter had a stronger effect than age on all parameters except for fibres. 5) Given the very substantial within-tree size-related variation in wood traits, tree size is an essential parameter to include in comparative studies on the functional ecology of wood. Analyzing ontogenetic changes in wood can advance our understanding of the different ecological strategies of trees.
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