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Figure 19 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 19. Surface area of the final chamber compared to the remaining test is expressed in the final chamber dominance ratio, which is plotted against maximum test diameter for Trilobatus sacculifer plexus morphospecies and Globigerinoidesella fistulosa. Trilobatus trilobus values are inherently ± 1 as this forms part of its morphospecies concept (see text).

Figure 18 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 18. Distribution plot of test diameters (Lm) in the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus from sample GLOW-3. Black dots each represent an individual specimen, grouped at a bin width of 20 Lm per stacked row. Black diamond = mean size. White filled 'violin distributions' show variation in values.

Figure 5 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 5. Visual representation of image analysis software and measured morphometric and biometric parameters (see text for details of parameter equations).

Figure 4 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 4. Site location map. Location map showing sites from this study (black star symbols) and the type localities (black triangle symbols) for the investigated morphospecies.

Figure 3 in Systematic taxonomy of the Trilobatus sacculifer plexus and descendant Globigerinoidesella fistulosa (planktonic foraminifera)

Figure 3. Overlapping morphological clusters. As the mean morphology of a population changes gradually on a temporal scale, morphospecies are challenging to delimit, and arbitrary morphospace sectors are required for taxonomic units. SD: standard deviation.

Fig. 38 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 38. Graph of caudal peduncle depth as a function of standard length of Spintherobolus leptoura (black symbols) and S. broccae (empty symbols). Axes are logarithmic. Note that the 95 % confidence intervals in lengths of about 18 to 24 mm SL do not overlap with the means of these of the compared species indicating a significant difference in these size ranges. Comparison of these growth patterns are discussed under the diagnosis of S. leptoura.

Fig. 37. Spintherobolus leptoura, MZUSP 41854 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 37. Spintherobolus leptoura, MZUSP 41854, paratype, adult female 25.0 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, fazenda Dalila, Registro.

Fig. 36. Spintherobolus leptoura, MZUSP 41854 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 36. Spintherobolus leptoura, MZUSP 41854, holotype, adult male 19.1 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, fazenda Dalila, Registro.

Fig. 35. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 297997 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 35. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 297997, adult female, SL uncertain, Brazil, São Paulo, Bertioga.

Fig. 34. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 92959 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 34. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 92959, paratype, adult male 20.3 mm SL, Brazil, vicinity of Rio de Janeiro.

Fig. 31. Spintherobolus ankoseion, USNM 297926 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 31. Spintherobolus ankoseion, USNM 297926, adult male, SL uncertain. Brazil, Parana, southwest of Paranaguá.

Fig. 30. Spintherobolus ankoseion, MCP 19253 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 30. Spintherobolus ankoseion, MCP 19253, paratype, female 27.9 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Barra do Sai.

Fig. 29. Spintherobolus ankoseion, MZUSP 35430 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 29. Spintherobolus ankoseion, MZUSP 35430, holotype, male, 23.1 mm SL, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Barra do Sai.

Fig. 28. Spintherobolus papilliferus, FMNH 54918 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 28. Spintherobolus papilliferus, FMNH 54918, holotype, 34.1 mm SL. Brazil, São Paulo, Alto da Serra, near Paranapiacaba.

Fig. 27. Spintherobolus papilliferus, MZUSP 49408 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 27. Spintherobolus papilliferus, MZUSP 49408, adult female, 50.3 mm SL, Brazil, São Paulo, near Paranapiacaba.

Fig. 26. Spintherobolus papilliferus, MZUSP 51021, female 60.8 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 26. Spintherobolus papilliferus, MZUSP 51021, female 60.8 mm SL, Brazil, Sao Paulo, rio Ipiranga.

Fig. 33. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 287324, adult female 20.8 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 33. Spintherobolus broccae, USNM 287324, adult female 20.8 mm SL, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Cachoeira de Macacu.

Fig. 25 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 25. Graph of caudal peduncle depth as a function of standard length for Spintherobolus leptoura (black symbols) and S. ankoseion (empty symbols). Axes are logarithmic. Note that the 95 % confidence intervals in lengths of about 21 to 27 mm SL do not overlap with the means of the compared species indicating a significant difference in these size ranges. These growth pattern differences are used to separate these species in the key and text.

Fig. 23 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 23. Tukey box plots of the number of procurrent caudal-fin rays in species of Spintherobolus. Significant differences were not found between S. papilliferus and S. leptoura, between S. leptoura and S. ankoseion, and between S. papilliferus and S. ankoseion. However, significant differences using Mann-Whitney rank sum tests were found between S. papilliferus and S. broccae (T = 984, P <0.001), between S. broccae and S. leptoura (T = 195, P = <0.001), and between S. broccae and S. ankoseion (T = 604, P = <0.001).

Fig. 24 in Systematics of Spintherobolus (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) from eastern Brazil

Fig. 24. Graph of body depth as a function of standard length for Spintherobolus leptoura (black symbols) and S. ankoseion (empty symbols). Axes are logarithmic. Note that the 95 % confidence intervals in lengths of about 21 to 28 mm SL do not overlap with the means of the of the compared species indicating a significant difference in these size ranges. These growth pattern differences are used to separate these species in the key and text.