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FIGURE 1 in Towards completion of the species inventory of small-sized leaf-tailed geckos: two new species of Uroplatus from northern Madagascar
FIGURE 1. Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree of the Uroplatus ebenaui group based on a 2686 bp alignment of five concatenated mitochondrial and nuclear gene fragments (ND4, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, COX1, CMOS). Posterior probability values are shown on the nodes (omitted for most shallow nodes). Uroplatus alluaudi was used as the outgroup (not shown).
FIGURE 7 in Towards completion of the species inventory of small-sized leaf-tailed geckos: two new species of Uroplatus from northern Madagascar
FIGURE 7. Individuals of Uroplatus fivehy sp. nov. photographed in life. A, male paratype ZSM 634/2009 from Angozongahy Campsite, Makira. B, additional individual from Angozongahy (attribution to voucher number uncertain). C, D, female from Angozongahy (attribution to voucher number uncertain). E, male from Marotandrano (attribution to voucher number uncertain); note unpigmented oral mucosa in F.
FIGURE 3 in Towards completion of the species inventory of small-sized leaf-tailed geckos: two new species of Uroplatus from northern Madagascar
FIGURE 3. Map of northern Madagascar showing reliable locality records of Uroplatus fangorn sp. nov., U. fivehy sp. nov., and their closest relative, U. finiavana. Colors in map show remaining primary vegetation following the Madagascar Vegetation Mapping Project carried out from 2003–2006 (Moat & Smith 2007); green is humid forest (rainforest), reddish tones are deciduous forest and spiny forest-thicket.
Plant species fed on by wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at nine sites
<p>A key aspect of a primate's ecology is its food source – the very nature of which is spatially and seasonally dependent, and may be affected by anthropic pressures. One of the most endangered, yet best-studied, strepsirrhine primates is the ring-tailed lemur (<i>Lemur catta</i>) – a species that has experienced significant human-induced habitat loss over many decades. To help understand feeding variability across time and space, I present a literature review of plant species (and parts) fed on by ring-tailed lemurs at nine sites in Madagascar: Ambatotsirongorongo, Andringitra Massif, Anja Reserve, Antserananomby, Berenty Reserve, Bezà Mahafaly Special Reserve, Cap Sainte-Marie, Tsaranoro Valley Forest, and Tsimanampetsotsa National Park. I gathered literature using keyword searches on Google Scholar (<a href="https://scholar.google.com/">https://scholar.google.com/</a>), and verified scientific names using the "Catalogue of the Plants of Madagascar" (<a href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Project/Madagascar">http://legacy.tropicos.org/Project/Madagascar</a>). From 24 studies, I identify 221 genera and 241 species of consumed plants, with 92 genera and 70 species consumed at two or more sites. Based on the available distribution data, 63% of species are endemic and 22% native. Sixty-seven plants are known only by Malagasy common names and excluded from analyses. When authors identify the plant tissue consumed, 52% of species in the diet are represented by a single tissue type, typically leaves (mature and immature) or fruit (ripe or unripe). This review highlights the importance of studying multiple populations when creating dietary summaries of species and should prove valuable to those exploring ecological trends and habitat use by ring-tailed lemurs.</p>
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of yellow-tailed Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 (Squamata Gekkonidae) from rocky outcrops on the Telangana Plateau, India
FIGURE 5. The new species in life: top, Hemidactylus flavicaudus sp. nov. (paratype, NRC-AA-1107); bottom, Hemidactylus xericolus sp. nov. (holotype, NRC-AA-1110).
FIGURE 7 in Two new species of yellow-tailed Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 (Squamata Gekkonidae) from rocky outcrops on the Telangana Plateau, India
FIGURE 7. Hemidactylus xericolus sp. nov. (holotype, NRC-AA-1110), head in dorsal view (A), ventral view (B), lateral view (C), view of cloacal region showing femoral pores and post cloacal spurs (D), ventral view of right manus (E), and ventral view of right pes (F). Scale bars 5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of yellow-tailed Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 (Squamata Gekkonidae) from rocky outcrops on the Telangana Plateau, India
FIGURE 1. Distribution of sampled members of the brookii group in peninsular India: circles, gleadowi clade; squares, ground- dwelling clade; triangles, murrayi clade. * after species name on the map indicates unsampled type locality and sampled locali- ties outside map extent, and the largely extralimital H. malcolmsmithi and H. parvimaculatus are not shown. Bottom right inset, maximum likelihood ND2 phylogeny of the brookii group; top right inset, maximum likelihood cyt b phylogeny of the new species and H. cf. gleadowii; solid circles at nodes indicate bootstrap support ±89 %; outgroups not shown.
FIGURE 9 in Two new species of yellow-tailed Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 (Squamata Gekkonidae) from rocky outcrops on the Telangana Plateau, India
FIGURE 9. The type locality of Hemidactylus flavicaudus sp. nov., near Guddeguda, Mahabubnagar District, Telangana.
FIGURE 3 in Two new species of yellow-tailed Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 (Squamata Gekkonidae) from rocky outcrops on the Telangana Plateau, India
FIGURE 3. Hemidactylus flavicaudus sp. nov. (holotype, NRC-AA-1105), head in dorsal view (A), ventral view (B), lateral view (C), view of femoral region showing femoral pores (D), ventral view of right manus (E), and ventral view of right pes (F). Scale bars 5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of yellow-tailed Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 (Squamata Gekkonidae) from rocky outcrops on the Telangana Plateau, India
FIGURE 2. Hemidactylus flavicaudus sp. nov. (holotype, NRC-AA-1105), dorsal view (A), ventral view (B). Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Two new species of yellow-tailed Hemidactylus Goldfuss, 1820 (Squamata Gekkonidae) from rocky outcrops on the Telangana Plateau, India
FIGURE 6. Hemidactylus xericolus sp. nov. (holotype, NRC-AA-1110), dorsal view (A), ventral view (B). Scale bars 10 mm.
Models to assess ability to achieve localized areas of reduced white-tailed deer density
<p>Localized management of white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) involves the removal of matriarchal family units with the intent to create areas of reduced deer density. However, application of this approach has not always been successful, possibly because of female dispersal and high deer densities. We developed a spatially explicit, agent-based model to investigate the intensity of deer removal required to locally reduce deer density depending on the surrounding deer density, dispersal behavior, and size and shape of the area of localized reduction. Application of this model is illustrated using the example of abundant deer populations in Pennsylvania, USA. Most scenarios required at least 5 years before substantial deer density reductions occurred. Our model indicated that a localized reduction was successful for scenarios in which the surrounding deer density was lowest (30 deer/mi²), localized antlerless harvest rates were <i>≥</i> 30%, and the removal area was 5 mi² or larger. When the size of the removal area was < 5 mi<sup>2</sup>, end population density was highly variable and, in some scenarios, exceeded the initial density. The shape of the area of localized reduction had less influence on the ability to reduce deer density than the size. There were no differences in mean deer density in the same size circle or square removal areas. Similarly, increasing the ratio of sides (length : width) in rectangular removal areas had little influence on the ability to locally reduce deer densities. Situations in which deer density was higher (40 or 50 deer/mi<sup>2</sup>) required antlerless removal rates to exceed 30% and took more than 5 years to considerably reduce density in the localized area regardless of its size. These results indicate that the size of the area of reduction, surrounding deer density, and antlerless harvest rate are the most influential factors in locally reducing deer density. Therefore, localized management likely can be an effective strategy for lower density herds, especially in larger removal areas. For high density herds, the success of this strategy would depend most on the ability of resource managers to achieve consistently high antlerless harvest rates.</p>
Field-based ecological studies to assess prospective biological control agents for invasive alien plants: an example from giant rat's tail grass
<p>1. Biological control (biocontrol) of invasive alien plants is a widely utilised weed management tool. Prospective biocontrol agents are typically assessed through host-specificity testing and pre-release efficacy studies performed in quarantine. However, rearing of the potential biocontrol agents and/or test plants is often difficult or impossible under quarantine conditions. Moreover, practitioners may attain laboratory-artefacts in quarantine, which may result in the potential agent being needlessly rejected. Field-based studies in the weed's indigenous distribution could overcome these issues.</p> <p>2. Sporobolus pyramidalis and Sporobolus natalensis (giant rat's tail grass; Poaceae) are indigenous in Africa but have become problematic invasive alien plants in Australia. A previous biocontrol programme was terminated because the candidate agent could not be reared and tested in quarantine. We performed field-based host-specificity and efficacy studies for prospective biocontrol agents in South Africa (indigenous distribution). Forty-seven non-target grass species were sampled during host-specificity assessments. Candidate agent efficacy was estimated based on damage to the target weeds, for each host-specific candidate individually and in combination with other host-specific candidates.</p> <p>3. Three species of endophagous wasps were deemed host-specific. Efficacy assessments identified an undescribed stem-boring wasp (Tetramesa sp.) species as the most damaging candidate. A second Tetramesa species was much less damaging alone but had a cumulative impact on the plant in combination with the more damaging Tetramesa species. Both Tetramesa species are recommended for importation into quarantine in Australia for confirmatory host-specificity testing with a significantly reduced test plant list.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: Similar field-based assessments in the indigenous distribution of weeds targeted for biocontrol could be included in future programmes. Where rearing of potential agents and/or test plants is difficult or impossible under quarantine conditions, our field-based method provides an alternative. Where quarantine-based testing is feasible, this method ensures that only candidates that have passed an ecologically realistic host-specificity and potential efficacy screening are imported into quarantine. This may reduce the number of agents that are imported and the length of time each agent is kept in quarantine. This is advantageous because quarantine space is highly valuable and is usually a limiting factor in pre-release assessments of biocontrol agents.</p>
Data from: Impact of brood parasitism and predation on nest survival of the fan-tailed gerygone in New Caledonia
<p>Predation and brood parasitism are common reasons for nesting failure in passerine species and the additive impact by invasive species is a major conservation concern, particularly on tropical islands. Recognising the relative contribution of the different components of nesting failure rates is important to understand co-evolutionary interactions within brood parasite-host systems. In the remote archipelago of New Caledonia, the fan-tailed gerygone <i>Gerygone flavolateralis</i> is the exclusive host of the brood-parasitic shining bronze-cuckoo <i>Chalcites lucidus</i>. Additionally, invasive rodents also possibly have an impact on breeding success. To estimate the impact of potential nest predators, we 1) video monitored nests to identify predators, 2) estimated the probability of predation based on nest visibility and predator abundance and 3) tested the possibility that the location of experimental nests and lack of odour cues decrease the predation by rodents. In addition, we estimated nest survival rates using data collected in different habitats over the course of 8 breeding seasons. Nesting success of fan-tailed gerygone was relatively low and predation was the main cause of nesting failure. We recorded mainly predation by native birds, including the shining bronze-cuckoo, whereas predation by rats was rare. In open habitats predation by cuckoos was much lower than predation by other avian predators. Neither predator activity around nests nor nest visibility influenced the probability of predation. Experimental nests in more accessible locations and containing an odorous bait were more exposed to rodent predation. Apparently, the fan-tailed gerygone has either never been specifically vulnerable to predation by rats or has developed anti-predator adaptations.</p>
Data from: Genetic structure across broad spatial and temporal scales: Rocky Mountain tailed frogs (Ascaphus montanus; Anura: Ascaphidae) in the inland temperate rainforest
Contemporary and historical processes interact to structure genetic variation, however discerning between these can be difficult. Here, we analyze range-wide variation at 13 microsatellite loci in 2098 Rocky Mountain tailed frogs, Ascaphus montanus, collected from 117 streams across the species distribution in the Inland Northwest (INW) and interpret that variation in light of historical phylogeography, contemporary landscape genetics, and the reconstructed paleodistribution of the species. Further, we project species distribution models (SDMs) to predict future changes in the range as a function of changing climate. Genetic structure has a strong spatial signature that is precisely congruent with a deep (~1.8 MY) phylogeographic split in mtDNA when we partition populations into 2 clusters (K = 2), and is congruent with refugia areas inferred from our paleorange reconstructions. There is a hierarchical pattern of geographic structure as we permit additional clusters, with populations clustering following mountain ranges. Nevertheless, genetic diversity is the highest in populations at the center of the range and is attenuated in populations closer to the range edges. Similarly, geographic distance is the single best predictor of pairwise genetic differentiation, but connectivity also is an important predictor. At intermediate and local geographic scales, deviations from isolation-by-distance are more apparent, at least in the northern portion of the distribution. These results indicate that both historical and landscape factors are contributing to the genetic structure and diversity of tailed frogs in the Inland Northwest.
Data from: The effect of terrain and female density on survival of neonatal white-tailed deer and mule deer fawns
Juvenile survival is a highly variable life-history trait that is critical to population growth. Antipredator tactics, including an animal's use of its physical and social environment, are critical to juvenile survival. Here, we tested the hypothesis that habitat and social characteristics influence coyote (Canis latrans) predation on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O. hemionus) fawns in similar ways during the neonatal period. This would contrast to winter when the habitat and social characteristics that provide the most safety for each species differ. We monitored seven cohorts of white-tailed deer and mule deer fawns at a grassland study site in Alberta, Canada. We used logistic regression and a model selection procedure to determine how habitat characteristics, climatic conditions, and female density influenced fawn survival during the first 8 weeks of life. Fawn survival improved after springs with productive vegetation (high integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index values). Fawns that used steeper terrain were more likely to survive. Fawns of both species had improved survival in years with higher densities of mule deer females, but not with higher densities of white-tailed deer females, as predicted if they benefit from protection by mule deer. Our results suggest that topographical variation is a critical resource for neonates of many ungulate species, even species like white-tailed deer that use more gentle terrain when older. Further, our results raise the possibility that neonatal white-tailed fawns may benefit from associating with mule deer females, which may contribute to the expansion of white-tailed deer into areas occupied by mule deer.
Data from: Grab my tail: evolution of dazzle stripes and colourful tails in lizards
Understanding the functions of animal coloration has been a long-standing question in evolutionary biology. For example, the widespread occurrence of striking longitudinal stripes and colourful tails in lizards begs for an explanation. Experiments have suggested that colourful tails can deflect attacks towards the tail (the 'deflection' hypothesis), which is sacrificable in most lizards, thereby increasing the chance of escape. Studies also suggest that in moving lizards, longitudinal body stripes can redirect predators' strikes towards the tail through the 'motion dazzle' effect. Despite these experimental studies, the ecological factors associated with the evolution of such striking colourations remain unexplored. Here, we investigated if predictions from motion dazzle and attack deflection could explain the widespread occurrence of these striking marks using comparative methods and information on eco-physiological variables (caudal autotomy, diel activity, microhabitat, and body temperature) potentially linked to their functioning. We found both longitudinal stripes and colourful tails are associated with diurnal activity and with the ability to lose the tail. Compared to stripeless species, striped species are more likely to be ground-dwelling and have higher body temperature, emphasizing the connection of stripes to mobility and rapid escape strategy. Colourful tails and stripes have evolved multiple times in a correlated fashion, suggesting that their functions may be linked. Overall, our results together with previous experimental studies support the notion that stripes and colourful tails in lizards may have protective functions based on deflective and motion dazzle effects.
Data from: Do pathogens reduce genetic diversity of their hosts? Variable effects of sylvatic plague in black-tailed prairie dogs
Introduced diseases can cause dramatic declines in—and even the loss of—natural populations. Extirpations may be followed by low recolonization rates, leading to inbreeding and a loss of genetic variation, with consequences on population viability. Conversely, extirpations may create vacant habitat patches that individuals from multiple source populations can colonize, potentially leading to an influx of variation. We tested these alternative hypotheses by sampling 15 colonies in a prairie dog metapopulation during 7 years that encompassed an outbreak of sylvatic plague, providing the opportunity to monitor genetic diversity before, during and after the outbreak. Analysis of nine microsatellite loci revealed that within the metapopulation, there was no change in diversity. However, within extirpated colonies, patterns varied: In half of the colonies, allelic richness after recovery was less than the preplague conditions, and in the other half, richness was greater than the preplague conditions. Finally, analysis of variation within individuals revealed that prairie dogs present in recolonized colonies had higher heterozygosity than those present before plague. We confirmed plague survivorship in six founders; these individuals had significantly higher heterozygosity than expected by chance. Collectively, our results suggest that high immigration rates can maintain genetic variation at a regional scale despite simultaneous extirpations in spatially proximate populations. Thus, virulent diseases may increase genetic diversity of host populations by creating vacant habitats that allow an influx of genetic diversity. Furthermore, even highly virulent diseases may not eliminate individuals randomly; rather, they may selectively remove the most inbred individuals.
Data from: Demographic responses of a site-faithful and territorial predator to its fluctuating prey: long-tailed skuas and arctic lemmings
1. Environmental variability, through interannual variation in food availability or climatic variables, is usually detrimental to population growth. It can even select for constancy in key life-history traits, though some exceptions are known. Changes in the level of environmental variability are therefore important to predict population growth or life-history evolution. Recently, several cyclic vole and lemming populations have shown large dynamical changes, that might affect rodent predator demography or life histories. 2. Skuas constitute an important case study among rodent predators, because of their strongly saturating breeding productivity (they lay only two eggs) and high degree of site fidelity, in which they differ from nomadic predators raising large broods in good rodent years. This suggests that they cannot capitalize on lemming peaks to the same extent as nomadic predators, and might be more vulnerable to collapses of rodent cycles. 3. We develop a model for the population dynamics of long-tailed skuas feeding on lemmings to assess the demographic consequences of such variable and nonstationary prey dynamics, based on data collected in NE Greenland. The model shows that populations of long-tailed skua sustain well changes in lemming dynamics, including temporary collapses (e.g. 10 years). A high floater-to-breeder ratio emerges from rigid territorial behaviour and a long life expectancy, which buffers the impact of adult abundance's decrease on the population reproductive output. 4. The size of the floater compartment is affected by changes in both mean and coefficient of variation of lemming densities (but not cycle amplitude and periodicity per se). In Greenland, the average lemming density is below the threshold density required for successful breeding (including during normally cyclic periods). Due to Jensen's inequality, skuas therefore benefit from lemming variability; a positive effect of environmental variation. 5. Long-tailed skua populations are strongly adapted to fluctuating lemming populations, an instance of demographic lability in the reproduction rate. They are also little affected by poor lemming periods, if there are enough floaters, or juveniles disperse to neighbouring populations. The status of Greenland skua populations therefore strongly depends upon floater numbers and juvenile movements, which are not known. This reveals a need to intensify colour-ringing efforts on the long-tailed skua at a circumpolar scale.
Data from: Absence of founder effect and evidence for adaptive divergence in a recently introduced insular population of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).
<p>Islands are generally colonized by few individuals which could lead to a founder effect causing loss of genetic diversity and rapid divergence by strong genetic drift. Insular conditions can also induce new selective pressures on populations. Here, we investigated the extent of genetic differentiation within a white-tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) population introduced on an island and its differentiation with its source mainland population. In response to their novel environmental conditions, introduced deer changed phenotypically from mainland individuals, therefore we investigated the genetic bases of the morphological differentiation. The study was conducted on Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada) where 220 individuals were introduced 120 years ago, resulting in a population size over 160,000 individuals. We used genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) to generate 8,518 filtered high-quality SNPs and compared patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation between the continental and Anticosti Island populations. Clustering analyses indicated a single panmictic island population and no sign of isolation by distance. Our results revealed a weak, albeit highly significant, genetic differentiation between the Anticosti Island population and its source population (mean <i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> = 0.005), which allowed a population assignment success of 93%. Also, the high genetic diversity maintained in the introduced population supports the absence of a strong founder effect due to the large number of founders followed by rapid population growth. We further used a polygenic approach to assess the genetic bases of the divergent phenotypical traits between insular and continental populations. We found loci related to muscular function and lipid metabolism, which suggested that these could be involved in local adaptation on Anticosti Island. We discuss these results in a harvest management context.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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