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Data from: Rapid diversification of the Variable Seedeater superspecies complex despite widespread gene flow
<p>Disentangling the evolutionary relationships of rapidly radiating clades is often challenging because of low genetic differentiation and potentially high levels of gene flow among diverging taxa. The genus <em>Sporophila</em> consists of small Neotropical birds that show, in general, relatively low genetic divergence, but particularly high speciation rates and pronounced variation in secondary sexual traits (e.g., plumage color), which can be important in generating premating reproductive isolation. In cases like these, the use of genome-wide sequence data can increase the resolution to uncover a clade's evolutionary history. Here, we used a phylogenomic approach to study the evolutionary history and genetic structure of the Variable Seedeater superspecies complex, which includes <em>S. corvina,</em><em> S. intermedia,</em> and <em>S. americana</em>. Using ~25,000 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we confirmed that the Variable Seedeater superspecies complex is monophyletic. However, a phylogenetic reconstruction based on a mitochondrial marker (<em>ND2</em>) resulted in a discordant tree topology, particularly in the position of the Wing-barred Seedeater, <em>S. americana,</em> suggesting a possible mitochondrial capture event. Our results suggest historical gene flow among lineages, particularly between species with conflicting topologies. Among the four phenotypically variable <em>S. corvina</em> subspecies, our structure analyses identified three main distinct genetic groups (<em>K</em> = 3) and that the entirely black subspecies, <em>S. c. corvina</em>, is derived from within a pied-colored clade. Further, we inferred widespread gene flow across the whole species' distribution, including between subspecies. However, gene flow was about 20 times lower at the geographic boundaries of the entirely black and the pied subspecies, suggesting an important role for plumage divergence in limiting gene flow. Overall, our findings suggest that the early diversification of the <em>Sporophila</em> genus occurred rapidly despite historical gene flow between lineages and that divergence in plumage color possibly influences the extent of gene flow among taxa.</p>
Figure 7 in Maratus expolitus: a new widespread peacock spider from Australia's east coast (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 7. Images and sketches of a female Maratus expolitus from Queensland. A-B, Two views of
Figure 3 in Maratus expolitus: a new widespread peacock spider from Australia's east coast (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini)
Figure 3. Four preserved paratype (♂ #2, 4 and 6) Maratus expolitus, dorsal view.
Fig. 20 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 20. Phaneropterinae group (continued). Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credit: Arthur Anker.
Fig. 17 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 17. Pseudophyllinae group: supertribe 'Pseudophylliti'. Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credit: Nigel Voaden.
Fig. 19 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 19. Phaneropterinae group (partial). Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credits are as follows: (Barbitistes ocskayi) (Charpentier, 1850) Orthoptera species file online and (Phaneroptera sp. (Serville, 1831)) Arthur Anker.
Fig. 15 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 15. Tettigoniinae group:Terpandrini,Austrosaginae, and HolarcticTettigoniinae.Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credit: Joseph Mugleston.
Fig. 14 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 14. Tettigoniinae group: Requenini, Hexacentrinae, Meconematini, Australian Nedubini, Phisidini (sans Arachnoscelis), Arytropteridini, and Hetrodinae. Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credits are as follows: (Hexacentrus sp.) (Serville, 1831) Hojun Song, (Oediphisis sp.) (Jin, 1992) Arthur Anker, (Hetrodes sp.) (Fischer von Waldheim, 1833) Joseph Mugleston.
Fig. 16 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 16. Early Phaneropteroid clade lineages and Mecopodinae group.Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credits are as follows: (Ischnomela sp.) (Stål, 1873) Joseph Mugleston, (Eumecopoda sp.) (Hebard, 1922) Hojun Song.
Fig. 13 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 13. Conocephalinae group: Euconchophorini, Agraeciini, and Copiphorini. Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credit: Joseph Mugleston.
Fig. 12 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 12. Conocephalinae group: Conocephalini (Conocephalinae). Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node.Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Photo credit: Arthur Anker.
Fig. 11 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 11. Conocephalinae group: Phlugidini. Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credit: Arthur Anker.
Fig. 10 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 10. Pterochrozinae group. Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credits are as follows: (Arachnoscelis sp.) (Karny, 1911) Reinaldo Aguilar, (Typophyllum sp.) (Serville, 1838) Arthur Anker.
Fig. 9 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 9. Three Australian endemic subfamilies and the Afrotropical/Palearctic Saginae form a sister clade to the remaining Tettigoniidae. Vertical bars indicate subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. Paraphyletic groups are marked with an asterisk. Posterior probability values over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credit: Joseph Mugleston.
Fig. 7 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 7. Convergent shieldback ecomorphs. Tettigoniinae is recovered in four locations across the phylogeny. For most (A–C) the sister lineage is found in the same biogeographic region. The similarity in form is apparent though they are only distantly related. (A) Platydecticus (Chopard, 1951) is part of the Neotropical Pterochrozinae group. (B) Rhachidorus (Herman, 1874) is sister to the Australasian Phisidini. (C) The African tribe Arytropteridini is sister to the African Hetrodinae. (D) The northern hemisphere shieldbacks form a large group that diverged more recently from the rest of theTettigoniinae group. Posterior probabilities over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credits are as follows: (A and C) Orthoptera species file online, (B) David Rentz, (D) Blaž Šegula.
Fig. 1. Five tettigoniid subfamilies contain more than 85 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 1. Five tettigoniid subfamilies contain more than 85% of the described species: Conocephalinae (A; 1,332 spp.), Meconematinae (B; 882 spp.),Tettigoniinae (C; 903 spp.), Pseudophyllinae (D; 982 spp.), and Phaneropterinae (E; 2,633 spp.). Photo credits are as follows: (A, B, and E) Arthur Anker, (C) Joseph Mugleston, (D)Tom Murray.
Fig. 4 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 4. BEAST tree consisting of 235 ingroup taxa (partial). Posterior probabilities over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Asterisks denote taxa that were recovered in a different position than in the phylogenetic analysis (Figs. 2 and 3). Colored branches indicate the biogeographic region.Vertical lines are based on fossil calibrations with each line indicating 50 million years.
Fig. 3 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 3. BEAST tree (log likelihood score of −1.133E5) consisting of 235 ingroup taxa (continued). Posterior probabilities over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Colored boxes around terminals indicate paraphyletic subfamilies.Vertical lines with the accompanying name denote monophyletic groups. Asterisks (*) denote subfamilies represented by only a single exemplar in this study. Subfamilies, subfamily groups, and Tettigonioid or Phaneropteroid clades are marked to the right of the tree.
Fig. 2 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 2. BEAST tree (log likelihood score of −1.133E5) consisting of 235 ingroup taxa (partial). Posterior probabilities over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Colored boxes around terminals indicate paraphyletic subfamilies.Vertical lines with the accompanying name denote monophyletic groups.Asterisks (*) denote subfamilies represented by only a single exemplar in this study. Subfamilies, subfamily groups, and Tettigonioid or Phaneropteroid clades are marked to the right of the tree.
Fig. 6 in A Comprehensive Phylogeny of Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) Reveals Extensive Ecomorph Convergence and Widespread Taxonomic Incongruence
Fig. 6. Convergent gracile predatory ecomorphs. Meconematinae is paraphyletic and recovered in four positions across the Tettigoniidae phylogeny.Though similar in form, each is only distantly related. (A) Arachnoscelis (Karny, 1911) (Neotropical) is sister to the Neotropical Pterochrozinae group. (B) Phlugidini is sister to the cosmopolitan Conocephalinae. (C) The Indomalayan and Palearctic Meconematini is sister to a diverse clade of Afrotropical and Australasian katydids. (D) Phisidini (Australasian) is sister to the Australian shieldback katydids. Posterior probabilities over 90 are marked with a circle at the node. Photo credits are as follows: (A) Reinaldo Aguilar, (B and D) Arthur Anker, (C) Brandon Woo.
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