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FIGURE 1 in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 1. Osedax phylogenetic analyses. Osedax multi-gene phylogeny with Monilifera as outgroup. Maximum likelihood tree topology based on a partitioned dataset of five gene segments (MAFFT-aligned) for data shown in Table 2. The Bayesian analyses gave the same topology. Bootstrap support % (BS) is at each node, followed by posterior probability (PP) from the MrBayes analyses. * indicates values were ± 95% (BS) and 0.95 (PP). Missing values indicate BS <50% and PP <0.7. Six major Osedax clades are distinguished, following Vrijenhoek et al. (2009), Rouse et al. (2015) and Taboada et al. (2015). The various forms of palps (or absence thereof in the case of O. jabba n. sp.) are indicated for the major clades but these are not intended to indicate apomorphic states.

FIGURE 2. Osedax sigridae n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 2. Osedax sigridae n. sp., previously Osedax 'green palp'. A. View of cut surface of a cow femur deployed at 1820 meters in Monterey Canyon. Uncut surface of the bone has been heavily colonized by Osedax sigridae n. sp. Note greenishyellow color of the palps. B. Osedax sigridae n. sp. specimens in A. penetrated through outer surface of the cow bone and then expanded into the area beneath. This allowed for the whole outer layer of outer bone, and the Osedax, to be peeled away. Posterior ends (ovisacs) of multiple individuals are shown here. No major root structures extend from the ovisacs. C. Paratype of Osedax sigridae n. sp. (SIO-BIC A7810) with some bone surrounding the trunk. Oviduct is visible and pinnules of all four palps are oriented dorsally. D. Dorso-lateral view of holotype of Osedax sigridae n. sp. (SIO-BIC A7809) dissected from bone. Oviduct is not visible as it lies among the palps, which have pinnules oriented dorsally. Note greenish hue of palps. Green tissue surrounding part of the ovisac.

FIGURE 11. Osedax jabba n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 11. Osedax jabba n. sp., previously Osedax 'spiral'; sp.1 SBJ-2006. A. Image of live paratype (SIO-BIC A7837) female, still in tube, collected at 2898 meters in November 2009. Much of trunk is still relatively expanded, but anterior end is contracted (arrow points to tip of trunk) and trunk has pulled back along the tube. Mass of fine roots is attached to several small pieces of bone. B. Ventral view of same specimen (SIO-BIC A7837) with sediment-covered part of the tube peeled away to show the transparent trunk (arrow points to tip of trunk). Large ganglion is visible in ventrolateral region of the trunk. C. Close up of dorsal mid-trunk of paratype (SIO-BIC A7837) female, showing oviduct filled with oocytes and an adjacent blood vessel. D. Another close-up of oviduct, more posteriorly near base of trunk, showing some dwarf males in vicinity of oviduct. Oocytes ellipsoidal, 150 µm by 120 µm. E. Living holotype (SIO-BIC A7832) collected October 2007 at 2898 meters with tube dissected open to show main trunk, which has largely 'deflated'. Oviduct can be seen running along the trunk. Tube also contains lower trunk and ovisac region. Arrow points to position of where 10 dwarf males were found in lumen of tube against body of the female. F. Close-up of large ganglion in trunk of paratype (SIO-BIC A7837) female, seen in Figure 11B.

FIGURE 8. Osedax ryderi n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 8. Osedax ryderi n. sp., previously Osedax 'nude-palp-G', 'nude palp #20'. A. Live holotype (SIO-BIC A4617) female, with dwarf male allotypes (SIO-BIC A4618) in tube (not visible) before dissection from whale bone at 2898 meters. B. Preserved holotype, with intact ovisac. Trunk is short and the palps contracted to be shorter than oviduct. C. One of two males (SIO-BIC A4618) found in tube of holotype. Male has been squeezed with sperm coming out of head region. Prototroch is visible anteriorly with orange pigmentation. Several hooks are visible in posterior segmented region. D. Posterior segmented region showing hooked chaetae in pairs on one side of segments 2 and 3. Other chaetae are not in plane of focus. E. Developing dwarf male (SIO-BIC A4618), or larval stage that has yet to become mature. No sperm or spermatids are visible in body. Prototroch is visible with prominent orange pigmentation and hooked chaetae are visible posteriorly.

FIGURE 15. Osedax lehmani n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 15. Osedax lehmani n. sp., previously Osedax 'yellow collar', 'sp. 3 SBJ-2006'. A. Transverse section (7 µm) of paratype 3 (SIO-BIC A7807), through crown showing pinnules of all palps oriented dorsally and oviduct lying between the dorsalmost pair of palps. B. Transverse section (7 µm) through trunk of paratype 3 (SIO-BIC A7807) showing extensive musculature and glands. Prominent dorsal and ventral blood vessels are also visible. C. Live males, allotypes (SIO-BIC A7805) in tube of their female (her pinnules are visible). Males show small patches of pigment anteriorly and posteriorly. D. Differential interference micrograph of a male dissected from tube of paratype 2 (SIO-BIC A7806). Prototroch is visible anteriorly. Some hooks are visible in expanded posterior region. No mature sperm is visible, though there are several bundles of spermatids.

FIGURE 18. Osedax bryani n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 18. Osedax bryani n. sp., previously Osedax 'MB17'. A. Micrograph of live holotype (SIO-BIC A4619), female in dorsal view, removed from its tube and showing crown, trunk and part of ovisac. Oviduct lies between dorsalmost pair of palps. Little apparent pigmentation around anterior trunk B. Ventral view of live holotype (SIO-BIC A4619) showing white pigmentation anteriorly with midventral gap. Pinnules of all palps oriented dorsally. Arrow indicates oval unpigmented patch. C. Differential interference micrograph (from a stack series) of a solitary male (or larval stage?) dissected from tube of holotype (SIO-BIC A4619). Some hooks are visible in expanded posterior region. No mature sperm is visible though there are several bundles of spermatids.

FIGURE 6. Osedax knutei n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 6. Osedax knutei n. sp., previously Osedax 'nude-palp-E'. A. Preserved female holotype (SIO-BIC A7812) with bone dissected away, but leaving body in place. Roots have ramified laterally parallel to bone surface. Trunk is short and palps, though contracted, are much longer. B. Dwarf male allotype (SIO-BIC A7813) found in tube of holotype. Prominent prototroch and sperm mass anteriorly. Posterior segmented region is slightly swollen with hooked chaetae clearly visible. C. Posterior region of allotype (SIO-BIC A7813), showing paired hooks on one side of segments 2 and 3. D. Live image of paratype (SIO- BIC A7816) partially dissected from bone. Palps are contracted, but still longer than the trunk. Ovisac is visible with root and blood vessel extending further into the bone. E. Live female Osedax knutei n. sp. in turkey bone and spawning oocytes into water. Trunk and lower palp region retracted into bone. Palps and oviduct extend out of the tube and compressed oocytes are visible in oviduct and freshly deposited in water. Specimen was destroyed for sequencing = GB MG262305.

FIGURE 14. Osedax lehmani n in An inordinate fondness for Osedax (Siboglinidae: Annelida): Fourteen new species of bone worms from California

FIGURE 14. Osedax lehmani n. sp., previously Osedax 'yellow collar'. A. Several adult females on rib bone of a gray whale calf (Eschrichtius robustus) that was deployed at 385 meters in Monterey Canyon. Rib was recovered to study the Osedax in an aquarium setting. Note distinctive yellow ring around most of the anterior end of trunk. The massive circulatory system in trunk and palps is evident from red color of worms. B. Micrograph of live paratype 4 (SIO-BIC A7808), a female, in dorsal view dissected from gray whale deployed at 385 meters. The 'root' mass is a single lobe extending away to the right of ovisac. Palps are retracted and partly curled, with pinnules all oriented dorsally. Note mid-dorsal gap in yellow pigment ring, through which oviduct runs and extends into crown. Note demarcation of the lower and upper trunk (arrow). Oviduct emerges onto surface of dorsal trunk at this point. Oviduct is full of oocytes and highly contracted nature of the trunk is evident in zigzag shape of the oviduct on trunk. C. Live holotype (SIO-BIC A7804), a female, in ventral view. Holotype is partially dissected from the gray whale deployed at 385 meters. Root mass (also containing ovarian tissue) has been dissected out of bone on right side and more extends into the bone, away from ovisac. Palps are retracted and curled. Note midventral gap in yellow pigment ring. D. Live adult female in lateral view on same rib bone as in A. There is a gap in yellow pigment ring where oviduct traverses the trunk to become part of the crown. E. Scanning electron micrograph of a female dissected from whale bone deployed at 385 meters. Pinnules of all palps are oriented dorsally.

FIGURE 3. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n in Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., a new branchiate scale worm (Annelida: Polynoidae) from two hydrothermal fields on the Southwest Indian Ridge

FIGURE 3. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp. A, Left parapodia from segments 2 of paratype RSIO35402 in anterior view (upper position) and posterior view (lower position); B–C, Left parapodia from segments 3 and 7 on holotype, in anterior view (upper position) and posterior view (lower position); D–G, Left parapodia from segments 2, 4, 11, and 12 of paratype RSIO35277; D–E, in anterior view; F–G, in anterior view (upper position) and posterior view (lower position). Scale bar: A–G, 1 mm.

FIGURE 5. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n in Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., a new branchiate scale worm (Annelida: Polynoidae) from two hydrothermal fields on the Southwest Indian Ridge

FIGURE 5. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., parapodia on posterior 3 segments of female (holotype, A–C) and male (paratype RSIO35277, D–I). A, Left parapodia on segment 19 in anterior view (left position) and posterior view (right position); B, Right parapodia on segment 20 in anterior view (left position) and posterior view (right position); C, Right parapodia on segment 21 in anterior view (left position) and posterior view (right position); D, Left parapodia on segment 19 in anterior view (left position) and posterior view (right position); E, Left parapodia on segment 20 in anterior view (left position) and posterior view (right position); F, Left parapodia on segment 21 in anterior view (left position) and posterior view (right position); G, Neurochaetae on segment 19, showing slender capillary neurochaetae (white arrow); H, Lower subacicular neurochaetae on segment 19; I, Capillary neurochaetae on segment 20. Scale bar: A–F, 1mm; G–I, 10 µm.

FIGURE 1. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n in Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., a new branchiate scale worm (Annelida: Polynoidae) from two hydrothermal fields on the Southwest Indian Ridge

FIGURE 1. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., holotype (RSIO35275, female) in dorsal (A) and ventral view (B); Paratype (RSIO35277, male) in dorsal (C) and ventral view (D); E, Head and tentacular segment of paratype RSIO35402, in dorsal view, with detail of acicular lobes on segment 1; F, Head and anterior segments of paratype RSIO35274, in dorsal view, with detail of acicular lobe on segment 1; G, Head and anterior segments of paratype RSIO35277, in dorsal view; H, Head and anterior segments of paratype RSIO35277, in ventral view, left parapodia removed; I, Left elytra from segment 2 of paratype RSIO35402; J, Left elytra from segment 4 of paratype RSIO35402. Scale bar: A–D, 5 mm; E–J, 1 mm.

FIGURE 2. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n in Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., a new branchiate scale worm (Annelida: Polynoidae) from two hydrothermal fields on the Southwest Indian Ridge

FIGURE 2. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp. A, Ventral view of everted pharynx, showing 5 dorsal papillae and 3 ventral papillae, with the left 2 ventral papillae being accidentally removed when dissecting the specimen, distal cirrus of one of the three medial papillae (indicated by a white arrow) shown on the lower left, paratype RSIO35402; B, Frontal view of dorsal jaws (upper ones, indicated by the red arrow) and ventral jaws (lower ones), dissected, paratype RSIO35277; C, ventral view of dissected pharynx, with 6 pairs of lateral tapered basal papillae marked by red circles, paratype RSIO35277; Detail of six lateral papillae on the left (D, upper position) and right (D, lower position) side of paratype RSIO35277; E, Right part of segments 11– 17 on holotype, ventral view, showing 5 short ventral papillae on segments 11–15; F, Right part of segments 11–14 on paratype RSIO35277, ventral view, showing 2 ventral papillae on segments 12–13 and 1 lamellae on segment 14; G, Left part of Segments 11–15 on paratype RSIO35277, dorsal view; H, Ventral view of posterior segments on holotype, with left parapodia and anal cirri removed; I, Ventral view of posterior segments and anal cirri on paratype RSIO35277, with left parapodia removed. Scale bar: A–B, E–G, 1 mm; lower left image in A, 0.1 mm; C–D, 0.2 mm; H–I, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., a new branchiate scale worm (Annelida: Polynoidae) from two hydrothermal fields on the Southwest Indian Ridge

FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree constructed using the concatenated sequences of three genes (COI, 16S and 18S) with GenBank accession numbers. Bootstrap support values were calculated with a rapid bootstrapping algorithm for 1000 replicates in Raxml, and only those higher than 50 were shown. GenBank accession numbers in parenthesis are present in the order of COI, 16S and 18S; missing markers are denoted by a dash (–); "*" indicates a mitochondrial genome from which both COI and 16S can be extracted.

FIGURE 6. Maximum likelihood tree constructed using COI sequences with GenBank accession numbers. Bootstrap support values were calculated with a rapid bootstrapping algorithm for 1000 in Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., a new branchiate scale worm (Annelida: Polynoidae) from two hydrothermal fields on the Southwest Indian Ridge

FIGURE 6. Maximum likelihood tree constructed using COI sequences with GenBank accession numbers. Bootstrap support values were calculated with a rapid bootstrapping algorithm for 1000 replicates in Raxml, and only those higher than 50 were shown.

FIGURE 4. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n in Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., a new branchiate scale worm (Annelida: Polynoidae) from two hydrothermal fields on the Southwest Indian Ridge

FIGURE 4. Branchinotogluma bipapillata n. sp., details of chaetae. A, Vertical view of left parapodium on segment 4 of holotype; B–H, Details of chaetae on left 3rd parapodium of paratype RSIO35402 in posterior view; I–N, Details of chaetae on left 11th parapodium of paratype RSIO35277 in anterior view. B, Tip of notochaetae; C, Tip of supraacicular neurochaetae; D, Basal parts of the spinous region of supraacicular neurochaetae; E, Tip of upper subacicular neurochaetae; F, Spines on subdistal part of upper subacicular neurochaetae; G, Lower subacicular neurochaetae; H, Detail of serration region of lower subacicular neurochaetae; I, Notochaetae; J, Details of supraacicular neurochaetae; K, Tip of upper subacicular neurochaetae; L, Spines on subdistal part of upper subacicular neurochaetae; M, Lower subacicular neurochaetae; N, Details of serration region of lower subacicular neurochaetae. Scale bar: A, 0.5 mm; B, G and I, 0.1 mm; C–F, H and J–N, 10 µm.

FIGURE 26 in Mesoparasitic copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) associated with polychaete worms in European seas

FIGURE 26. Euchonicoloides halli gen. et sp. nov. Holotype. A, female holotype, ventral showing paired bifurcate limbs (?antennae); B, female holotype, lateral showing embedded endosoma. Scale bars: A–B, 100 µm.

FIGURE 7 in Mesoparasitic copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) associated with polychaete worms in European seas

FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of Herpyllobius polynoes (Krøyer, 1864). A, ectosoma of female attached to host, dorsal; B, same, posterior view showing genital apertures. Scanning electron micrographs of Eurysilenium truncatum M. Sars, 1870. C, ectosoma of female attached adjacent to elytrophore of host, dorsal; D, same, showing incomplete male attached posteriorly (arrowed). Scale bars: A–C, 0.5 mm, D, 200 µm.

FIGURE 10 in Mesoparasitic copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) associated with polychaete worms in European seas

FIGURE 10. Pholoicola chambersae gen. et sp. nov. A, adult female with 3 males attached, ventral; B, female, dorsal; C, detached egg sac; D, adult male, lateral view showing position of developing paired spermatophores; E, adult male, ventral; F, cephalothorax of male, lateral view showing thickened frontal region and clawed limb; G, spermatophore; H, last male copepodid stage, antennule; I, antenna; J, maxilliped. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm, B–C, 250 µm, D–E, 50 µm, F–H, 25 µm, I–J 10 µm.

FIGURE 22 in Mesoparasitic copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) associated with polychaete worms in European seas

FIGURE 22. Euchonicola caudatus gen. et sp. nov. female. A, detached female, lateral view; B, same, ventral view; C, attached female (to setiger 8 of host), lateral view showing extent of endosoma drawn through cleared body wall of host; D, posterior extremity, showing divergent, bilobate caudal rami and anus; E, stalk; F, lobate antennule; G, antenna. Scale bars: A– C, 100 µm, D–G, 25 µm.

FIGURE 15 in Mesoparasitic copepods (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) associated with polychaete worms in European seas

FIGURE 15. Melinnacheres steenstrupi Bresciani & Lützen, 1961. A, ovigerous female, dorsal; B, same, ventral; C, same, lateral; D, detached egg sac. Melinnacheres terebellidis Levinsen, 1878. E, ovigerous female, dorsal; F, same ventral; G, detached egg sac. All scale bars 1 mm.