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Text-fig. 5. Amphibians: a, b – Latonia sp. from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – left ilium in lateral (a1) and medial (a2) views, and junctura ilioischiadica (a3), EUNHM PV-13223; b – left ilium in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13224; c – right angular of Palaeobatrachus sp. from Mercan 1, in medial (c1) and dorsal (c2) views, EUNHM PV-13225; d – left ilium of Pelobates sp. from Nasrettinhoca 2 in lateral (d1) and medial (d2) views, EUNHM PV-13226; e – right ilium of Bufotes viridis s. l. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in lateral (e1) and medial (e2) views, EUNHM PV-13227; f – left angular of Pelophylax sp. from Mercan 1, in dorsal view, EUNHM PV-13228; g – right ilium of Pelophylax sp. from Mercan 1, in lateral (g1) and medial (g2) views, EUNHM PV-13229; h – right ilium of Pelophylax sp. from Hoyhoytepe 1, in lateral (h1) and medial (h2) views, EUNHM PV-13234; i – left angular of Ranidae indet. from Hamamkarahisar A, in dorsal view, EUNHM PV-13237. Scale equals 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 5. Amphibians: a, b – Latonia sp. from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – left ilium in lateral (a1) and medial (a2) views, and junctura ilioischiadica (a3), EUNHM PV-13223; b – left ilium in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13224; c – right angular of Palaeobatrachus sp. from Mercan 1, in medial (c1) and dorsal (c2) views, EUNHM PV-13225; d – left ilium of Pelobates sp. from Nasrettinhoca 2 in lateral (d1) and medial (d2) views, EUNHM PV-13226; e – right ilium of Bufotes viridis s. l. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in lateral (e1) and medial (e2) views, EUNHM PV-13227; f – left angular of Pelophylax sp. from Mercan 1, in dorsal view, EUNHM PV-13228; g – right ilium of Pelophylax sp. from Mercan 1, in lateral (g1) and medial (g2) views, EUNHM PV-13229; h – right ilium of Pelophylax sp. from Hoyhoytepe 1, in lateral (h1) and medial (h2) views, EUNHM PV-13234; i – left angular of Ranidae indet. from Hamamkarahisar A, in dorsal view, EUNHM PV-13237. Scale equals 1 mm.
Text-fig. 4. Small mammals from Middle Pleistocene site of Yenişarbademli (Central Turkey). a–e – Microtus ex gr. arvalis-socialis: a – m1 and fragmentary m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13210; b – fragmentary m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13211; c – M3 dex., EUNHM PV- 13212a; d, e – fragmentary M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13212b, EUNHM PV-13212c; f – cf. Chionomys nivalis, M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13213; g–j – Lagurus transiens: g, h – fragmentary m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13214-13215; i – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13216; j – fragmentary M2 dex., EUNHM PV-13217; k – Clethrionomys cf. acrorhiza, fragmentary m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13218 in labial (k2) and lingual (k3) views; l – Ochotona sp., non-pussiloid form, p3 dex., EUNHM PV-13219; m–o – Microtus cf. guentheri: m – fragmentary m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13220; n – m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13221; o – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13222. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 4. Small mammals from Middle Pleistocene site of Yenişarbademli (Central Turkey). a–e – Microtus ex gr. arvalis-socialis: a – m1 and fragmentary m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13210; b – fragmentary m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13211; c – M3 dex., EUNHM PV- 13212a; d, e – fragmentary M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13212b, EUNHM PV-13212c; f – cf. Chionomys nivalis, M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13213; g–j – Lagurus transiens: g, h – fragmentary m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13214-13215; i – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13216; j – fragmentary M2 dex., EUNHM PV-13217; k – Clethrionomys cf. acrorhiza, fragmentary m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13218 in labial (k2) and lingual (k3) views; l – Ochotona sp., non-pussiloid form, p3 dex., EUNHM PV-13219; m–o – Microtus cf. guentheri: m – fragmentary m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13220; n – m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13221; o – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13222. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm.
Text-fig. 3. Arvicolids from Plio-Pleistocene sites of Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). a–c – Promimomys cf. insuliferus from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13200; b – fragmentary M2 sin., EUNHM PV-13201; c – M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13202; d – Promimomys sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13203; e–i – Mimomys cf. hajnackensis: e, f – Hoyhoytepe 2, m1–m2 from the same mandibular tooth row: e – m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13204; f – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13205; g, h – Mercan 1: g – M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13206; h – M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13207; i – Hoyhoytepe 3, M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13208; j – Mimomys ex gr. stehlini-hintoni from Mercan 2, M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13209 in lingual view (j2) and labial (j3) views. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 3. Arvicolids from Plio-Pleistocene sites of Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). a–c – Promimomys cf. insuliferus from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13200; b – fragmentary M2 sin., EUNHM PV-13201; c – M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13202; d – Promimomys sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13203; e–i – Mimomys cf. hajnackensis: e, f – Hoyhoytepe 2, m1–m2 from the same mandibular tooth row: e – m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13204; f – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13205; g, h – Mercan 1: g – M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13206; h – M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13207; i – Hoyhoytepe 3, M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13208; j – Mimomys ex gr. stehlini-hintoni from Mercan 2, M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13209 in lingual view (j2) and labial (j3) views. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm.
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). The regional stratigraphy follows Kahraman (2018). Stars mark the positions of vertebrate localities. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). The regional stratigraphy follows Kahraman (2018). Stars mark the positions of vertebrate localities.
Text-fig. 7. Temporal distribution of the described taxa from the Plio-Pleistocene localities of Turkey. The described localities are marked in red. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 7. Temporal distribution of the described taxa from the Plio-Pleistocene localities of Turkey. The described localities are marked in red.
Text-fig. 6. Squamates: a – vertebra of Amphisbaenia indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in dorsal (a1), ventral (a2), lateral (a3), anterior (a4), and posterior (a5) views, EUNHM PV-13238; b – right maxilla of Lacertidae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13239; c – cervical vertebra of Natrix sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, in dorsal (c1), ventral (c2), lateral (c3), anterior (c4), and posterior (c5) views, EUNHM PV-13240; d – trunk vertebra of Natricinae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in dorsal (d1), ventral (d2), lateral (d3), anterior (d4), and posterior (d5) views, EUNHM PV-13241; e – vertebra of cf. Colubrinae indet. from Yenişarbademli, in ventral (e1), dorsal (e2), and anterior (e3) views, EUNHM PV-13262. Scale equals 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 6. Squamates: a – vertebra of Amphisbaenia indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in dorsal (a1), ventral (a2), lateral (a3), anterior (a4), and posterior (a5) views, EUNHM PV-13238; b – right maxilla of Lacertidae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13239; c – cervical vertebra of Natrix sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, in dorsal (c1), ventral (c2), lateral (c3), anterior (c4), and posterior (c5) views, EUNHM PV-13240; d – trunk vertebra of Natricinae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in dorsal (d1), ventral (d2), lateral (d3), anterior (d4), and posterior (d5) views, EUNHM PV-13241; e – vertebra of cf. Colubrinae indet. from Yenişarbademli, in ventral (e1), dorsal (e2), and anterior (e3) views, EUNHM PV-13262. Scale equals 1 mm.
FIG. 6 in Albanerpetontid Amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America
FIG. 6. — Frontals of Albanerpeton nexuosus Estes, 1982 and A. galaktion Fox & Naylor, 1981, lower Campanian (Aquilan in age), Alberta; A-E, A. nexuosus; A, B, UALVP 39996, fused frontals lacking anterior and posterior ends, A, dorsal view, B, ventral view; C, UALVP 39983, anterior part of fused frontals, dorsal view; D, UALVP 39989, posterior part of left frontal, ventral view; E, UALVP 39987, fragmentary fused frontals, ventral view; F-K, A. galaktion; F, G, UALVP 16216, fused and incomplete frontals missing anteri- or end of bone and posterior end of both ventrolateral crests, F, dorsal view, G, ventral view; H, UALVP 39946, anterior part of fused frontals, dorsal view; I, J, UALVP 39945, posterior one-half of fused frontals missing posterior end of both ventrolateral crests, I, dorsal view, J, ventral view; K, UALVP 39951, right posterior part of fused frontals, ventral view. All specimens are from the Milk River Formation. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIG. 3 in Albanerpetontid Amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America
FIG. 3. — Maxillae of Albanerpeton nexuosus Estes, 1981 and A. galaktion Fox & Naylor, 1982; Campanian and Maastrichtian (Aquilan to Lancian in age), North American Western Interior; A-H, A. nexuosus; A, B, UALVP 16242, incomplete right maxilla; A, labial view, B, lingual view; C, UALVP 39973, incomplete right maxilla, lingual view; D, OMNH 60245, incomplete right maxilla, labial view; E, UALVP 39977, incomplete right maxilla, labial view; F, OMNH 60239, anterior part of left maxilla, lingual view; G, H, UALVP 16239, anterior part of right maxilla, G, lingual view, H, dorsal view; I-N, A. galaktion; I-K, UALVP 16240, incomplete right maxilla, I, labial view, J, lingual view, K, dorsal view; L-N, UALVP 16241, incomplete right maxilla, L, labial view, M, lingual view, N, dorsal view. Provenances: A-C, E, G-N, UALVP specimens, Milk River Formation, lower Campanian (i.e. Aquilan in age), Alberta; D, OMNH 60245, Kaiparowits Formation, Utah; F, OMNH 60239, Aguja Formation, Texas, both middle Campanian (i.e. Judithian in age). Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIG. 2 in Albanerpetontid Amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America
FIG. 2. — Dentaries of Albanerpeton nexuosus Estes, 1981 and A. galaktion Fox & Naylor, 1982, Campanian and Maastrichtian (Aquilan to Lancian in age), North American Western Interior; A-I, A. nexuosus; A, B, UCMP 49540, topotypic right mandible consisting of incomplete dentary and anterior tip of angular, A, lingual view, B, occlusal view; C, UCMP 49535, incomplete topotypic right dentary, lingual view; D, E, UCM 38714, incomplete left dentary, D, labial view, E, lingual view; F, RTMP 96.78.152, anterior part of left dentary, lingual view; G, UALVP 16238, anterior part of right dentary, labial view; H, UALVP 40014, anterior part of right dentary, labial view; I, UALVP 40032, posterior part of left dentary missing posteriormost end of area for attachment of postdentary bones, lingual view; J-M, A. galaktion; J, UALVP 16221, incomplete small, left dentary, lingual view; K-M, UALVP 16217, incomplete large, right dentary, K, labial view, L, lingual view, M, occlusal view. Provenances: A-C, UCMP specimens, Lance Formation, Wyoming; D, E, UCM specimen, Laramie Formation, Colorado, all upper Maastrichtian (i.e. Lancian in age); F, RTMP specimen, Oldman Formation, middle Campanian (i.e. Judithian in age), Alberta; G-M, UALVP specimens, Milk River Formation, lower Campanian (i.e. Aquilan in age), Alberta. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIG. 8 in Albanerpetontid Amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America
FIG. 8. — Frontals of Albanerpeton gracilis n. sp. and atlas of indeterminate albanerpetontid genus and species, Campanian (Judithian and Aquilan in age), Alberta; A-E, A. gracilis n. sp.; A, B, RTMP 86.194.8, fused and nearly complete frontals, A, dorsal view, B, ventral view; C, RTMP 96.78.135, fused and nearly complete frontals with medial end of right prefrontal (arrow) preserved in articulation, ventral view; D, E, RTMP 95.181.67, fused frontals missing anterior part, D, dorsal view, E, ventral view; F-H, genus and species indeterminate; F, G, UALVP 16234, nearly complete atlas missing part of left wall of neural arch, F, anterior view, G, posteri- or view; H, right lateral view, with arrows indicating foramen on right side for exit of first spinal nerve. Provenances: A, B, D, E, A. gracilis n. sp., Dinosaur Park, C, Oldman formations, middle Campanian (i.e. Judithian in age); F-H, genus and species indeterminate, Milk River Formation, lower Campanian (i.e. Aquilan in age). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 1 in Albanerpetontid Amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America
FIG. 1. — Map showing locations of important Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) albanerpetontid-bearing sites in the North American Western Interior. Inset map in upper right shows areas (shaded) of provinces in Canada and states in the United States depicted in larger map. Localities and formations: 1, KUA-1, Red Deer River Valley, Scollard Formation; 2, RTMP L0406, L0411, and L0413, Oldman Formation, and RTMP L0051, L0054, L0086, L0410 (holotype locality of Albanerpeton gracilis n. sp.), L1108, L1118-L1120, Dinosaur Park Formation, all in Dinosaur Provincial Park; 3, Scabby Butte, near Lethbridge, St. Mary River Formation; 4, UALVP MR-2, -4, -6 (holotype locality of A. galaktion Fox & Naylor, 1982), -8, -9, -12, -20, Verdigris Coulee, Deadhorse Coulee Member, Milk River Formation; 5, RTMP L1124, Foremost Formation, and RTMP L1127, L1128, L1131, L1137, and L1141, Oldman Formation, all near Manyberries; 6, Woodpile Creek, near Willow Creek, Oldman or Dinosaur Park formations; 7, Wounded Knee, Frenchman River Valley, Frenchman Formation; 8, Gryde, Frenchman River Valley, Frenchman Formation; 9, Clambank Hollow, Chouteau County, Judith River Formation; 10, Bug Creek Anthills, McCone County, Hell Creek Formation; 11, UCMP V-5620 (holotype locality of A. nexuosus Estes, 1981) and -5711, Niobrara County, Lance Formation; 12, UW V-79032, Sweetwater County, Lance Formation; 13, UCM locality 77062, Weld County, Laramie Formation; 14, OMNH V5, V6, and V61, Garfield and Kane counties, Kaiparowits Formation; 15, OMNH V2, V11, and V16, Kane County, Wahweap Formation; 16, KUVP NM-37, upper Fruitland Formation or lower Kirtland Formation, KUVP NM-18, lower Kirtland Formation, and localities in Fruitland Formation listed by Armstrong-Ziegler (1980), all San Juan Basin; 17, OMNH V58/TMM 43057, Brewster County, Aguja Formation. Locality information from Clemens et al. (1979), Carpenter (1979), Breithaupt (1982), Cifelli (1990), Rowe et al. (1990), Storer (1993), and D. Miao (pers. comm. 1999).
FIG. 7 in Albanerpetontid Amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America
FIG. 7. — Jaws of Albanerpeton gracilis n. sp., middle Campanian (Judithian in age), North American Western Interior; A, B, RTMP 95.181.70 (holotype), incomplete left premaxilla; A, labial view; B, lingual view; C-E, RTMP 96.78.191, nearly complete right premaxilla; C, labial view; D, lingual view; E, occlusal view; F, OMNH 60321, incomplete right premaxilla, lingual view; G, OMNH 60242, incomplete left premaxilla, lingual view; H, RTMP 96.78.196, incomplete right premaxilla, lingual and slightly occlusal view; I, RTMP 95.180.64, incomplete left premaxilla, lateral view; J-L, RTMP 95.157.73, nearly complete left maxilla; J, lingual view; K, dorsal view; L, occlusal view; M, N, RTMP 95.177.80, incomplete left maxilla; M, lingual view; N, dorsal view; O, RTMP 96.78.103, anterior part of left dentary, lingual view; P, Q, RTMP 95.181.68, medial part of left dentary; P, labial view; Q, lingual view. Provenances: A, B, J-L, P, Q, RTMP specimens, Dinosaur Park; C-E, H, I, M-O, RTMP specimens, Oldman formations, all from Alberta; F, OMNH specimens, Kaiparowits Formation, Utah; G, Aguja Formation, Texas. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 4 in Albanerpetontid Amphibians from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) of North America
FIG. 4. — Premaxillae of Albanerpeton galaktion Fox & Naylor, 1982, Campanian (Aquilan and Judithian in age), North American Western Interior; A, B, UALVP 16203, holotype, nearly complete left premaxilla; A, labial view; B, lingual view; C, D, UALVP 16204, nearly complete right premaxilla; C, labial view; D, lingual view; E, F, RTMP 95.177.81, nearly complete right premaxilla; E, labial view; F, lateral and slightly dorsal view; G, H, UALVP 16212, left premaxilla missing dorsal part of pars dorsalis; G, lingual view; H, occlusal view; I, RTMP 96.78.124, left premaxilla, occlusal view. Provenances: A-D, G, H, UALVP specimens, Milk River Formation, lower Campanian (i.e. Aquilan in age); E, F, I, RTMP specimens, Oldman Formation, middle Campanian (i.e. Judithian in age), all from Alberta. Arrows: 1, palatal foramen; 2, unnamed foramen in junction between pars palatinum and pars dentalis. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 5 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)
FIG. 5. — Varanus sp., trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 54), in anterior (a), dorsal (d), left lateral (l), posterior (p), and ventral (v) views. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 4. — A, B in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)
FIG. 4. — A, B, Pseudopus laurillardi (Lartet, 1851); A, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 39); B, posterior part of a braincase (Béon 2004 LT 38); C, Ophisaurus sp., left dentary (Béon 2004 LT 49). Dorsal (d), left lateral (l), medial (m), and right lateral (r) views. Abbreviations: dr, dorsal ridge; pms, posteromedial surface of paroccipital process; vb, ventral border of trigeminal notch. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm; C, 2 mm.
FIG. 2 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)
FIG. 2. — Latonia cf. L. ragei Hossini, 1993; A, left premaxilla (Béon 2004 LT 11); B, right maxilla (Béon 2004 LT 12); C, right oticoccipital (Béon 2004 LT 14); D, sacral vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 16); E, left humerus of a male (Béon 2004 LT 18); F, right ilium (Béon 2004 LT 20). Anterior (a), dorsal (d), medial (m), posterior (p), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 1 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)
FIG. 1. — Caudata; A, cf. Chelotriton sp., trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 1); B, Triturus aff. T. helveticus (Razoumowsky, 1789), trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 2); C, Triturus cf. T. marmoratus (Latreille, 1800), trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 5). Dorsal (d), left lateral (l), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 3. — A-C in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)
FIG. 3. — A-C, Rana sp. synkl. R. esculenta Linnaeus, 1758; A, left humerus of a female (Béon 2004 LT 24); B, right humerus of a female (Béon 2004 LT 25); C, right ilium (Béon 2004 LT 27); D, gekkonid lizard, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 28); E, lacertid lizard, unidentified genus and species 1, left dentary (Béon 2004 LT 30); F, lacertid lizard, unidentified genus and species 2, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 32). Medial (m), posterior (p), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 5 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"
FIG. 5. — Criteria for choosing calibration points and determining their minimum and maximum ages (after Raaum et al. 2005: fig. 2) exemplified by the origin of Bombinanura (i.e. the cladogenesis in which Discoglossoidea and Pipanura originated). Known stratigraphic ranges shown by thick lines. The minimum age is the age of the oldest known bombinanuran fossil, the discoglossoid Eodiscoglossus oxoniensis (circled). The maximum age is more difficult to constrain, but is probably close to the bottom of the interval marked by the double arrow, from which bombinanurans are not known, even though closely related and presumably eco- logically similar salientians (Prosalirus and Vieraella) were present. That fossils of the Mesophryne lineage older than Eodiscoglossus have not been discovered, and that Amphicoela (Ascaphus and Leiopelma) lacks a known pre-Pleistocene fossil record altogether, is unfortunate, but has little relevance for the above argument. The root of this tree extends down to the approximate age of the oldest known salientians, Triadobatrachus and Czatkobatrachus. The authors of all taxon names are listed in Appendix 11.
FIG. 2 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"
FIG. 2. — Time-calibrated trees showing Romer's and Carroll's Gaps. Names of extant taxa in bold. Known stratigraphic ranges, including uncertainties, are shown by thick lines. The timescale follows Gradstein et al. (2004); the unlabeled stage is the Serpukhovian, which began 326.4 ± 1.6 Ma ago. Mississi., Mississippian. A, a phylogeny of early limbed vertebrates and extant amphibians. The "microsaurs" are likely paraphyletic with respect to Lysorophia; their gray extension consists of the undescribed possible representatives from the mid-late Permian of Russia and the Late Early Triassic of China (see text). The undescribed possible branchiosaurid from the late Early Triassic of China (Gao et al. 2004) is not shown, because Tungussogyrinus has about the same age. The position of Gerobatrachus in a trichotomy follows FrÖbisch & Reisz (2008) and Marjanović & Laurin (2008b, 2009); that of Tungussogyrinus is taken from Werneburg (2009); the oldest known "microsaur" is Kirktonecta, named and described by Clack (2011). Note that all lepospondyls, amphibamids, or lissamphibians from Carroll's Gap are restricted to four or possibly five representatives from the Early Triassic,with the single exception of the purported Russian "microsaur"; their age range is shown as a bleached zone in Carroll's Gap. "Gymnophiona" includes Gymnophiona and all fossils that either belong to it or represent its closest known relatives; see Marjanović & Laurin (2007: fig. 3, as "Apoda") and Rage & Pickford (2011). The Roman numerals represent possible origins of Lissamphibia or parts thereof, placed as high in the geological section as possible: I, Lissamphibia (TH), Batrachia (PH), or Salientia (PH); II, Batrachia (PH); III, Gymnophionomorpha (PH); IV, Lissamphibia (TH) or Caudata (PH); V, Lissamphibia (TH), Batrachia (PH), or Salientia (PH); VI, Lissamphibia (LH); VII, basal split between the extant amphibians (PH). B, Time-calibrated phylogeny of Lissamphibia showing stratigraphic estimates of the age of that clade. The rectangles 1 to 4 represent the confidence intervals on the origin of Lissamphibia calculated under four different assumptions on the presumed severity of the impact of mass extinction events (Permian-Triassic,Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Paleogene boundaries) on lissamphibian diversity.The bottom of each rectangle shows the older limit of the 75% confidence interval, the black bar the older limit of the 50% confidence interval. Note that none of the rectangles extends beyond the base of Carroll's Gap, while the PH predicts a date within Romer's Gap (VII in A) for the split between Gymnophionomorpha and Salientia. From Marjanović & Laurin (2007: fig. 9b; 2008a: fig. 4C). The authors of all taxon names are listed in Appendix 11.
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DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.