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1,112 results for “canals”
Fig. 13 in New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile)
Fig. 13. Scopalina cribrosa Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 32; MSGN 61498). A. The holotype in life. B. Styles. C. Magnification of the style ends.
Fig. 14 in New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile)
Fig. 14. Rhizaxinella strongylata Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 65; MSGN 61499). A. The holotype in life. B. Tylostyles I. C. Tylostyles II. D. Strongyloid styles.
Fig. 12 in New sponge species from Seno Magdalena, Puyuhuapi Fjord and Jacaf Canal (Chile)
Fig. 12. Spicules of Biemna typica Bertolino, Costa & Pansini sp. nov., holotype (CILE 28; MSGN 61495). A. Styles I. B. Styles II. C. Styles III, sometimes modified to rhabdostyles. D. Raphids I. E. Raphids II. F. Sigmas I. G. Sigmas II.
Data from: Directional selection reduces developmental canalization against genetic and environmental perturbations in Drosophila wings
Natural selection may enhance or weaken the robustness of phenotypes against genetic or environmental perturbations. However, important aspects of the relationship between adaptive evolution and canalization remain unclear. Recent work showed that the evolution of larger wing size in a high altitude natural population of Drosophila melanogaster was accompanied by decanalized wing development – specifically a loss of robustness to genetic perturbation. But this study did not address environmental robustness, and it compared populations that may have numerous biological differences. Here, we perform artificial selection on this same trait in D. melanogaster (larger wing length) and directly test whether this directional selection resulted in decanalization. We find that in general, size-selected replicates show greater frequencies of wing defects than control replicates both after mutagenesis (genetic perturbation) and when subjected to high temperature stress (environmental perturbation), although the increase in defect frequency varies importantly among replicates. These results support the hypothesis that directional selection may result in the loss of both genetic and environmental robustness – offering a rare window into the relationship between adaptation and canalization.
Data from: Semicircular canals in Anolis lizards: ecomorphological convergence and ecomorph affinities of fossil species
Anolis lizards are a model system for the study of adaptive radiation and convergent evolution. Greater Antillean anoles have repeatedly evolved six similar forms or ecomorphs: crown-giant, grass-bush, twig, trunk, trunk-crown and trunk-ground. Members of each ecomorph category possess a specific set of morphological, ecological and behavioural characteristics which have been acquired convergently. Here we test whether the semicircular canal system—the organ of balance during movement—is also convergent among ecomorphs, reflecting the shared sensory requirements of their ecological niches. As semicircular canal shape has been shown to reflect different locomotor strategies, we hypothesized that each Anolis ecomorph would have a unique canal morphology. Using three-dimensional semilandmarks and geometric morphometrics, semicircular canal shape was characterized in 41 Anolis species from the Greater Antilles and the relationship between canal shape and ecomorph grouping, phylogenetic history, size, head dimensions, and perch characteristics was assessed. Further, canal morphology of modern species was used to predict the ecomorph affinity of five fossil anoles from the Miocene of the Dominican Republic. Of the covariates tested, our study recovered ecomorph as the single-most important covariate of canal morphology in modern taxa; although phylogenetic history, size, and head dimensions also showed a small, yet significant correlation with shape. Surprisingly, perch characteristics were not found to be significant covariates of canal shape, even though they are important habitat variables. Using posterior probabilities, we found that the fossil anoles have different semicircular canals shapes to modern ecomorph groupings implying extinct anoles may have been interacting with their Miocene environment in different ways to modern Anolis species.
Data from: Within-individual canalization contributes to age-related increases in trait repeatability: a longitudinal experiment in red knots
Abstract: Age-related increases in the repeatable expression of labile phenotypic traits are often assumed to arise from an increase in among-individual variance due to differences in developmental plasticity or by means of state-behaviour feedbacks. However, age-related increases in repeatability could also arise from a decrease in within-individual variance as a result of stabilizing trait expression, i.e. canalization. Here we describe age-related changes in within- and among-individual variance components in two correlated traits, gizzard mass and exploration behavior, in a medium-sized shorebird, the red knot (Calidris canutus). Increased repeatability of gizzard mass came about due to an increase in among-individual variance, unrelated to differences in developmental plasticity, together with decreases in within-individual variance, consistent with canalization. We also found canalization of exploration, but no age-related increase in overall repeatability, which suggests that showing predictable expression of exploration behaviour may be advantageous from a very young age onward. Contrasts between juveniles and adults in the first year after their capture provide support for the idea that environmental conditions play a key role in generating among-individual variation in both gizzard mass and exploration behavior. Our study shows that stabilization of traits occurs under constant conditions: with increased exposure to predictable cues, individuals may become more certain in their assessment of the environment allowing traits to become canalized.
Data from: No relationship between canalization and developmental stability in the skull of a natural population of Mastomys natalensis (Rodentia: Muridae)
The aim of the present work was to investigate the relationship between canalization and developmental stability under varying environmental conditions. Three different cohorts of Mastomys natalensis (Rodentia, Muridae), displaying different growth trajectories, were analyzed by means of Geometric morphometrics. A set of 23 landmarks was digitalized on the dorsal skull of 292 specimens from Morogoro (Tanzania). Patterns of among- and within-individual (measured as fluctuating asymmetry) variation were assessed and compared among and within the three groups in order to test for the presence of a common mechanism between canalization and developmental stability. Results showed that there was no congruence between canalization and developmental stability: 1) levels of FA and among-individual variation varied in a discordant fashion, 2) no correspondence between variance-covariance matrix of among- and within individual variation was found, 3) environmental effects were able to alter the covariance structure of among- individual variation living patterns associated with fluctuating asymmetry unaffected. These findings support the view of multiple mechanisms underlying developmental buffering of shape variation.
Data from: Metabolic rate is canalized in the face of variable life history and nutritional environment
Despite its central importance in organismal physiology, we have poor understanding of how metabolic rate is influenced by two key factors – food nutritional content and an organism's physiological characteristics. We examined how variation in nutrients and physiological aspects of life history affect standard metabolic rate in Gryllus firmus cricket morphs that differ dramatically in flight capability and early-age fecundity. Newly moulted female morphs were fed one of 13 diets that differed in concentrations of protein and carbohydrate. Carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratios (RERs), nutrient intake and mass and lipid levels were measured. CO2 production and RERs increased to a similar degree in both morphs as food macronutrient content increased. In contrast, no difference in whole-organism O2 consumption was observed across the protein–carbohydrate landscape or between morphs. Both morphs similarly increased food intake as nutrient concentration – particularly protein – decreased, but differed in mass and lipid gains, across the diets. Modulation of the substrate used for respiration coupled with compensating aspects of morph-specific metabolism appears to buffer the effects of variable nutrient intake and life history on standard metabolic rate. That is, respiration rate can be highly canalized in the face of dramatic variation in both the external nutritional environment and internal aspects of intermediary metabolism.
FIGURE 9 in Caprellidae (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda) from the Red Sea and Suez Canal, with the redescription of Metaprotella africana and Paradeutella multispinosa
FIGURE 9. Mouthparts of male "a" of Paradeutella multispinosa.
FIGURE 8 in Caprellidae (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda) from the Red Sea and Suez Canal, with the redescription of Metaprotella africana and Paradeutella multispinosa
FIGURE 8. Lateral view figures of male "a" and female "b" (ZMB 21555) of Paradeutella multispinosa
FIGURE 3 in Caprellidae (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda) from the Red Sea and Suez Canal, with the redescription of Metaprotella africana and Paradeutella multispinosa
FIGURE 3. Lateral view figures of a male and female of Hemiaegina minuta.
FIGURE 5 in Caprellidae (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda) from the Red Sea and Suez Canal, with the redescription of Metaprotella africana and Paradeutella multispinosa
FIGURE 5. Mouthparts of male (MNHN Am-5252) of Metaprotella africana.
FIGURE 2 in Caprellidae (Crustacea: Peracarida: Amphipoda) from the Red Sea and Suez Canal, with the redescription of Metaprotella africana and Paradeutella multispinosa
FIGURE 2. Lateral view figures of a male and female of Pseudocaprellina pambanensis.
3D-visualization of archaeocyaths with canals
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Figure 9 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 9 Turquoise-colored larvae of Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) next to a dead caterpillar of Melitara cf. nephelepasa (Pyralidae) (zebra worm), inside an opened Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) pad. The blue-turquoise color of the wasp larvae indicates feeding on caterpillar hemolymph, which has a similar color. The arrow indicates the caterpillar's characteristic whitish stripes.
Figure 8 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 8 Maximum likelihood (1000 reps) tree for Apanteles mimoristae and related species. Arrows indicate Apanteles mimoristae, A. esthercentenoae, A. alexanderi and A. opuntiarum.
Figure 7 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 7 Bayesian tree for Apanteles mimoristae and related species. Arrows indicate Apanteles mimoristae, A. esthercentenoae, A. alexanderi and A. opuntiarum.
Figure 5 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 5 Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck, female A T1, dorsal view, rough surface and posterior margin with two latersal depressions B metasoma dorsal view C metasoma lateral view, lateral setae on second and third tergite D ovipositor sheaths. Arrows in A–C indicate smooth surface of T2.
Figure 3 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 3 Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck A–C head A frontal view B dorsal view C ocelli D, E mesosoma D dorsal view E lateral view F–H legs F anterior G medium H posterior.
Figure 10 from: Villegas-Luján R, Plowes R, Gilbert LE, Rodríguez JC, Canales-del-Castillo R, Gallegos-Morales G, España-Luna MP, Fernández-Triana J, Sanchez-Peña SR (2024) Redescription of Apanteles mimoristae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), a parasitoid of the native pyralid cactus moth Melitara cf. nephelepasa in central Mexico. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 97: 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.97.117514
Figure 10 Adults of Apanteles mimoristae Muesebeck recently emerged from the irregular mass of cocoons (center). Both sexes emerged from a single caterpillar of the zebra worm, Melitara cf. nephelepasa (Pyralidae) feeding on Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) commercial plots from Milpa Alta, Mexico City, MX. The mass of cocoons in the center of the Petri dish shows compact, oval cocoons made up of tightly arranged silk threads.
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