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3,583 results for “elevations”
Community science data provides evidence for upward elevational range shifts by Eastern Himalayan birds
<p>The ongoing climate crisis is a significant threat to global biodiversity. As Earth warms, many species respond by shifting their geographical ranges either polewards, or in mountainous regions, upslope towards higher elevations, presumably to track suitable thermal environments. Upslope range shifts are of particular concern in tropical mountain ranges because: (a) tropical species are particularly thermally sensitive, (b) species moving upwards could become locally extirpated as they run out of habitable space, and (c) tropical mountains harbor a high fraction of Earth's terrestrial biodiversity. Rapid upslope shifts can therefore result in significant biodiversity losses. We used community science data over a 13-year period to evaluate whether 93 Eastern Himalayan bird species might be shifting to higher elevations. To do this, we analyzed changes in their occurrence probabilities in eBird checklists from birdwatching hotspots at fixed elevations. We found patterns consistent with upslope range shifts; species with elevational ranges primarily below hotspot elevations show increases in their occurrence probability over time, and those with most of their elevational ranges above a hotspot elevation decline in occurrence probability. Our findings are suggestive of rapid responses to climate change by Eastern Himalayan birds. We caution that Eastern Himalayan bird species might be at special risk from increasing global temperatures because of heightened thermal sensitivity coupled with high rates of warming in the region. To remain resilient in the face of climate change, Eastern Himalayan birds likely require undisturbed habitats spanning entire elevational gradients, to track rising temperatures by moving to higher elevations.</p>
Assessment of the stream invertebrate β-diversity along an elevation gradient using a bidimensional null model analysis
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> β-Diversity, commonly defined as the compositional variation among localities that links local diversity (α‐diversity) and regional diversity (γ‐diversity), can arise from two different ecological phenomena, namely the spatial species turnover (i.e. species replacement) and the nestedness of assemblages (i.e. species loss). However, any assessment that does not account for stochasticity in community assembly could be biased and misinform conservation management. In this study, we aimed to provide a better understanding of the overall ecological phenomena underlying stream β-diversity along elevation gradients, and at contributing to the rich debate on null model approaches to identify non-random patterns in the distribution of taxa.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Swiss Alpine region.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Based on presence-absence data of 78 stream invertebrate families from 309 sites, we analyzed the effect size of non-random spatial distribution of stream invertebrates on the β-diversity and its two components (i.e. turnover and nestedness). We used a modelling framework that allows exploring the complete range of existing algorithm sused in null model analysis, and to assess how distribution patterns vary according to an array of possible ecological assumptions.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Overall, the turnover of stream invertebrates and the nestedness of assemblages were significantly lower and higher, respectively, than the ones expected by chance. This pattern increased with elevation, and the consistent trend observed along the altitudinal gradient, even in the most conservative analysis, strengthened our findings.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> Our study suggests that deterministic distribution of stream invertebrates in the Swiss Alpine region is significantly driven by differential dispersal capacity and environmental stress gradients. As long as the ecological assumptions for constructing the null models and their implications are acknowledged, we believe that they still represent useful tools to measure the effect size of non-random spatial distribution of taxa on β-diversity.</p>
Supporting Information for "Geochemical evidence for diachronous uplift and synchronous collapse of the high elevation Variscan hinterland"
<p>Supplemental data for GLR manuscript submission.</p>
Genetic diversity and differentiation of populations of Anthyllis vulneraria along elevational and latitudinal gradients
<p>The abundant centre model (ACM) predicts that the suitability of environmental conditions for a species decreases from the centre of its distribution towards its range periphery and consequently its populations will become scarcer, smaller and more isolated, resulting in lower genetic diversity and increased differentiation. However, little is known about whether genetic diversity shows similar patterns along elevational and latitudinal gradients with similar changes in important environmental conditions. Using microsatellite markers we studied the genetic diversity and structure of 20 populations each of <em>Anthyllis vulneraria </em>along elevational gradients in the Alps from the valleys to the elevational limit (2500 m), and along a latitudinal gradient (2500 km) from Central Europe to the range margin in northern Scandinavia. Both types of gradients corresponded to a 11.5 °C difference in mean annual temperature. Genetic diversity strongly declined and differentiation increased with latitude in line with the predictions of the ACM. However, as population size did not decline with latitude and genetic diversity was not related to population size in <em>A. vulneraria</em>, this pattern is not likely to be due to less favourable conditions in the North, but due to serial founder effects during the post-glacial recolonization process. Genetic diversity was not related to elevation, but we found significant isolation by distance along both gradients, although the elevational gradient was shorter by orders of magnitude. Subarctic populations differed genetically from alpine populations indicating that the northern populations did not originate from high elevational Alpine ones. Our results support the notion that postglacial latitudinal colonization over large distances resulted in a larger loss of genetic diversity than elevational range shifts. The lack of genetic diversity in subarctic populations may threaten their long-term persistence in the face of climate change, whereas alpine populations could benefit from gene flow from low-elevation populations.</p>
Resting metabolic rate of Sceloporus grammicus at intermediate and native elevations
<p><span>Body maintenance energy requirements are measured as minimal metabolic rate (RMR) of inactive, postabsorptive individuals in the laboratory. For mountain-dwelling species, translocation to the laboratory can mean a change in elevation and thus oxygen pressure, which may affect metabolic rates. Here we present resting metabolic rate (RMR) of three populations of the Mesquite lizard (Sceloporus grammicus) at their native elevations (i.e., 2600, 3200 and 4100 m) and at an intermediate elevation (3100 m). Each lizard was tested at 15, 25, 30 and 35ºC. For each test RMR is given in VCO2 ml/min. Data also includes sex, snout vent length (SVL), body mass, and throat color morph.</span></p>
Leaf enzyme plays a more important role in leaf nitrogen resorption efficiency than soil properties along an elevation gradient
<p>1. Nitrogen (N) resorption is a strategy for plant N conservation through which plants withdraw N from senescing leaves prior to litterfall and its underlying mechanisms are important for better understanding of N cycling. However, most current studies focused on the impacts of soil and leaf nutrients on leaf N resorption efficiency (NRE), and plant physiological regulation that is species-dependent is still unclear.</p> <p>2. Here, we conducted a field experiment to investigate the variations of leaf NRE along an altitudinal gradient in a temperate forest of Northeastern China.</p> <p>3. Results showed that leaf NRE of Q. mongolica and F. mandshurica increased with altitude, while leaf NRE of T. amurensis, A. mono and A. pseudosieboldianum exhibited an opposite trend, although the relationships were not significant for F. mandshurica and A. mono. The inconsistent responses of leaf NRE of different species to increasing altitude were primarily due to the effect of leaf Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), an enzyme responsible for N translocation. Leaf GDH activity in senescing leaves explained the variation of NRE more than soil and climate factors did, suggesting that different plant species had different physiological regulation strategies for their N conservation under similar environment.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study highlights the role of leaf enzyme as a pivotal regulator of leaf NRE and helps us better understand and predict N cycling under climate change in forest ecosystems.</p>
Elevated temperature increases reproductive investment in less preferred mates in the invasive European corn borer moth
<p>Rapidly changing environments may weaken sexual selection and lead to indiscriminate mating by interfering with the reception of mating signals or by increasing the costs associated with mate choice. If temperature alters sexual selection, it may impact population response and adaptation to climate change. Here, we examine how differences in temperature of the mating environment influence reproductive investment in the European corn borer moth (<i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i>). Mate preference in this species is known to be related to pheromone usage, with assortative mating occurring between genetically distinct E- and Z-strains that differ in the composition of female and male pheromones. We compared egg production within and between corn borer lines derived from four different populations that vary in pheromone composition and other traits. Pairs of adults were placed in a mating environment that matched the pupal environment (ambient temperature) or at elevated temperature (5ºC above the pupal environment). At ambient temperature, we found that within-line pairs produced eggs sooner and produced more egg clusters than between-line pairs. However, at elevated temperature, between-line pairs produced the same number of egg clusters as within-line pairs. These results suggest that elevated temperature increased investment in matings with typically less preferred, between-line mates. This increased investment could result in changes in gene flow among corn borer populations in warming environments.</p>
A computational study of the structure and function of human Zrt and Irt-like proteins metal transporters: An elevator-type transport mechanism predicted by AlphaFold2
<p>Data produced and analyzed in the manuscript "A computational study of the structure and function of human Zrt and Irt-like proteins metal transporters: An elevator-type transport mechanism predicted by AlphaFold2" by Pasquadibisceglie et al.</p> <p><br> If you include these data in your manuscript, please cite: Pasquadibisceglie A, Leccese A and Polticelli F (2022) A computational study of the structure and function of human Zrt and Irt-like proteins metal transporters: An elevator-type transport mechanism predicted by AlphaFold2. <em>Front. Chem.</em> 10:1004815. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1004815</p>
Meta-analysis of elevational changes in the intensity of trophic interactions: similarities and dissimilarities with latitudinal patterns
<p>The premise that the intensity of biotic interactions decreases with increasing latitudes and elevations is broadly accepted; however, whether these geographical patterns can be explained within a common theoretical framework remains unclear. Our goal was to identify the general pattern of elevational changes in trophic interactions and to explore the sources of variation among the outcomes of individual studies. Meta-analysis of 226 effect sizes calculated from 136 publications demonstrated a significant but interaction-specific decrease in the intensity of herbivory, carnivory and parasitism with increasing elevation. Nevertheless, this decrease was not significant at high latitudes and for interactions involving endothermic organisms, for herbivore outbreaks or for herbivores living within plant tissues. Herbivory similarly declined with increases in latitude and elevation, whereas carnivory showed a fivefold stronger decrease with elevation than with latitude and parasitism increased with latitude but decreased with elevation. Thus, although these gradients share a general pattern and several sources of variation in trophic interaction intensity, we discovered important dissimilarities, indicating that elevational and latitudinal changes in these interactions are partly driven by different factors. We conclude that the scope of the latitudinal biotic interaction hypothesis cannot be extended to incorporate elevational gradients.</p>
GDP Exposure in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones of China
<p>GDP Exposure in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones of China</p> <p>Feixiang Li<sup>1</sup>, Liwei Mao<sup>2</sup>, Qian Chen<sup>1</sup>, Xuchao Yang<sup>1*</sup></p> <p><sup>1</sup> Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.</p> <p><sup>2</sup> Hangzhou City Planning and Design Academy, Hangzhou 310012, China</p> <p>Recommended citation</p> <p> Article citation will be added once the article is available</p> <p>Use of the dataset and full description</p> <p>Before using the dataset, please read this document and the article describing the methodology.</p> <p>The article will be referenced here as soon as it is published.</p> <p>Please notify us (yangxuchao@zju.edu.cn) if you use the dataset so that we can keep track of how it is used and take that into consideration when updating and improving the dataset.</p> <p>When using this dataset or one of its updates, please cite the DOI of the precise version of the dataset used and also the data description article which this dataset is supplement to (see above).</p> <p>Support</p> <p>If you encounter possible errors or other things that should be noted or need support in using the dataset or have any other questions regarding the dataset, please contact <a href="mailto:12034034@zju.edu.cn">yangxuchao@zju.edu.cn</a>.</p> <p> Abstract</p> <p>This dataset provides the GDP exposure of China's coastal areas and Low-elevation coastal zones (LECZs) in 2010 and 2019 based on the random forest algorithm and the integration of multi-source remote sensing data and geospatial big data, with a spatial resolution of 100m.</p> <p>Files included in the dataset</p> <p>The repository comprises several datasets. Each dataset coms in a TIIF file. The file name is constructed from dataset properties as follows: <Country><Source of the GDP><Region><Year></p> <p><Country></p> <p>The “Country” flag indicates the country represented by the data. In this data set, it is China</p> <p><Source of the GDP></p> <p>The “Source of the GDP” flag indicates the sector from which GDP comes.</p> <p>GDP1: The primary sector.</p> <p>GDP2: The secondary sector.</p> <p>GDP3: The tertiary sector.</p> <p>GDPall: The total GDP of the region usually includes primary, secondary and tertiary sector.</p> <p><Region></p> <p>The “Region” flag indicates the exact area of the country.</p> <p>Coastal: Coastal areas, in this data are the coastal provinces of China including Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are excluded because of their different political and economic status.</p> <p>LECZ: Low-elevation coastal zones (LECZ), which are areas below 10m above sea level and connected to the ocean</p> <p><Year></p> <p>The “Year” flag indicates the Year of data.</p> <p>Data format description</p> <p>Data format: GeoTIFF.</p> <p>Spatial resolution: 100m.</p> <p>Units: million CNY/ha.</p>
Bamboo climatic tolerances are decoupled from leaf functional traits across an Andean elevation gradient
Widespread changes in temperature and precipitation patterns present plant species with new and combined stresses that affect their performance and distribution. Functional traits are indicators of plant resource use-acquisition strategies and thus they are commonly used to understand the geographic distributions of plant species and species' potential responses to climate change. To date, most studies have targeted a few easy-to-measure leaf traits even though other traits, such as climatic tolerances, could provide valuable information directly related with species' current and future distributions. Here, we measured both leaf functional traits and indices of physiological tolerance to heat (T50) and drought (Cell Membrane Stability) in 28 woody bamboo populations from 22 narrow-ranged species along a > 3000 m elevation gradient in the southern Peruvian Andes. We found that bamboo leaf functional traits remain fairly constant with a combination indicative of an acquisitive strategy (low leaf mass area and high nitrogen per mass) along the elevation gradient, despite drastic changes in environment and fast species turnover. Heat and drought tolerances of bamboos varied widely along the gradient and were negatively correlated to each other. Drought tolerance of bamboo populations was positively related with elevation and with precipitation seasonality while heat tolerance decreased at higher, colder elevations. When analyzed for individuals within each species or for individuals within each elevation, the two metrics of climatic tolerances did not show a consistent relationship, contrasting with the expectation of a potential trade-off between heat and drought tolerance. We also found that the measured leaf functional traits were not good predictors of climatic tolerances. Our results illustrate the diversity and complexity of the relationships between functional strategies and environmental gradients and highlight the limitations of using basic (i.e., "soft") leaf traits to understand plant distributions and climatic tolerances.
Glaciers elevation change over Tibetan Plateau's endorheic basin during 1975-2000
<p>Glacier elevation changes over the endorheic basin of the Tibetan plateau with KH-9 in 1975-2000.</p>
Data_Changes in Tree Diversity, Structure and Functional Trait Identity Drive Biomass Increase along Elevational Gradients in Subtropical Forests of Southern China
<p>In this article "Changes in Tree Diversity, Structure and Functional Trait Identity Drive Biomass Increase along Elevational Gradients in Subtropical Forests of Southern China", these files contain community inventory data collected at our three study sites.</p>
Ecuadorian Plant-Hummingbird interactions over an elevation gradient in the Andes, sampled with camera traps in 11 localities
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Community ecologists have made great advances in understanding how natural communities can be both diverse and stable by studying communities as interaction networks. However, focus has been on interaction networks aggregated over time, neglecting the consequences of the seasonal organization of interactions, henceforth seasonal structure, for community stability. Here, we extended previous theoretical findings on the topic in two ways: (i) by integrating empirical seasonal structure of 11 plant-hummingbird communities into dynamic models, and (ii) by tackling multiple facets of network stability together. We show that, in a competition context, seasonal structure enhances community stability by allowing diverse and resilient communities while preserving their robustness to species extinctions. The positive effects of empirical seasonal structure on network stability vanished when using randomized seasonal structures, suggesting that eco-evolutionary dynamics produce stabilizing seasonal structures. We also show that the effects of seasonal structure on community stability are mainly mediated by changes in network structure and productivity, suggesting that the seasonal structure of a community is an important and yet neglected aspect in the diversity-stability and diversity-productivity debates.</span></p>
Dataset of Dipteran species observed along an elevational gradient from Ecuador.
<p>This dataset contains count data for Dipteran specimens collected at five elevations along an altitudinal gradient in the Eastern slope of tropical Andes, in Ecuador. Samples were collected to determine changes in forensically relevant Diptera community assembly as elevation changes.</p> <p>DipteraAltitudeEcuador_Data.csv is a file that contains the raw count data for species separated by both elevations of the identified specimens.</p> <p>DipteraAltitudeEcuador_Methods.docx is a summarized version of the sampling method relevant to interpreting the data.</p> <p>DipteraAltitudeEcuador_Descriptive.txt is a file describing the column headers in "DipteraAltitudeEcuador_Data.csv".</p>
Climate disequilibrium of fishes along elevation and latitudinal gradients: implications for climate tracking
<p>Aim: Differences in realized and fundamental thermal niches can reveal how temperature constrains species distributions. Because climate-induced range shifts assume that temperature influences distribution limits (i.e., climate equilibrium assumption), understanding the factors that determine the realized thermal niche of species is critical for understanding their climate tracking abilities.</p> <p>Location: Thermal niches were evaluated for two scales: Globally (n = 95 species) and across the Great Plains – Rocky Mountain region, U.S.A (n = 28 species)</p> <p>Taxon: Marine and freshwater fishes</p> <p>Results: First, freshwater species were not more likely than marine species to underfill their latitudinal cold-edge limit, despite restricted dispersal in freshwater environments from biogeographic barriers. Second, biological traits of dispersal ability were not associated with patterns of overfilling or underfilling along latitudinal gradients, aside from migratory species being more likely to overfill their cold-edge limits. Third, similar biological traits were not associated with freshwater fishes overfilling or underfilling their cold-edge, elevation limit with respect to their cold-edge latitudinal limit. Fourth, 78% of freshwater fish species (22 of 28) were observed underfilling their elevation limit relative to their latitudinal limit.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Our results reveal that the climate equilibrium assumption is not satisfied for half of marine and freshwater fishes along thermal-spatial gradients and is largely unrelated to dispersal and movement. Freshwater fishes appear particularly limited in their distribution potential along elevation gradients, given the strong patterns of elevation underfilling.</p>
Elevational range of mammals, birds, and amphibians in the Himalayas
<p><span>The lowest and highest elevations known for each species are used to delineate its elevational limits. We assume that species potentially exist between their elevational limits. For species that have a single elevational distribution record (resulting in an elevational range of zero) as well as those with elevational ranges less than 200 m, we adjusted their elevation ranges to 200 m. We verified all data for accuracy by experts within the region and any dubious outlying records were removed. Elevational limits were given for 1,488 species, including 314 mammals, 1027 birds, and 147 amphibians in the Himalayas.</span></p>
Context Camera digital elevation models for Aeolis Dorsa, Mars
<p>Mars topography dataset with Context Camera (CTX) digital elevation models produced using the Ames Stereo Pipeline at the Murray Lab at Caltech.</p>
Data from: Leaf litter breakdown along an elevational gradient in Australian alpine streams
<p>These data were generated to investigate the rate of leaf litter breakdown and how temperature and other factors such as microbial and and invertebrate activities were influenced over elevational and temporal gradients. Breakdown of allochthonous organic matter is a central step in nutrient cycling in stream ecosystems. There is concern that increased temperatures from climate change will alter the breakdown rate of organic matter with important consequences for ecosystem functioning of alpine streams. Dried leaves of Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) and cotton strips were deployed in coarse (6mm) and fine (50µm) mesh size bags along an 820 m elevation gradient. Loss of mass in leaf litter and cotton tensile strength per day (k per day), fungal biomass measured as ergosterol concentration, invertebrate colonization of leaf litter and benthic organic matter (mass and composition) were determined. Both microbial and macroinvertebrate activities were equally important in leaf litter breakdown with the abundance of shredder invertebrate taxa. The overall leaf litter breakdown rate and loss of tensile strength in cotton strips (both k per day) were greater during warmer deployment periods and at lower elevations with significant positive relationships between mean water temperature and leaf breakdown and loss of tensile strength rate, but no differences between sites, after accounting for the effects of temperature. Despite considerably lower amounts of benthic organic matter in streams above the tree line relative to those below, shredders were present in coarse mesh bags at all sites. Ergosterol concentration was greater on leaves in coarse mesh bags than in fine mesh bags, implying differences in the microbial communities. The importance of water temperatures on the rate of leaf litter breakdown suggests potential effects of climate change-induced temperature increases on ecological processes in such streams.</p>
Compensatory recruitment unlikely in high elevation amphibian populations challenged with disease
<p>Population-level variation in host responses to disease can be observed across a wide array of host-pathogen systems. Some host populations are extirpated, some persist at lower densities or abundances, and others rebound to pre-disease levels. Understanding the causes of this variation, and the mechanisms of successful persistence, can serve as vital information for species conservation. One such mechanism of population persistence that has gained support in the amphibian <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (Bd) host-pathogen system is the demographic process of compensatory recruitment. Host populations may persist by increasing recruitment to compensate for reduced survival due to infection, thus limiting the negative effects of the disease on population trajectories. However, high-elevation amphibian populations are inherently vulnerable to stochastic processes and may be limited in their ability to exhibit compensatory recruitment relative to lower-elevation populations.</p> <p>We use long-term mark-recapture data from five populations of boreal toads (<em>Anaxyrus boreas boreas</em>), across an elevational gradient in Colorado, before and after pathogen arrival to assess whether populations can persist with Bd via compensatory recruitment.</p> <p>Prior to Bd arrival, we found a life history tradeoff between survival and recruitment across elevations, where high-elevation toads have high survival but lower recruitment and vice versa at lower elevations.</p> <p>Bd arrival had a strong negative effect on apparent annual survival and recruitment, and led to negative population growth rates and dramatically reduced host abundances. The data did not support the occurrence of compensatory recruitment.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications. Our unique dataset suggests that demographic responses to pathogens may be environmentally (i.e., elevationally) context-dependent and highlights the value of long-term monitoring. We recommend that practitioners verify that potential persistence mechanisms occur across multiple populations and relevant environmental gradients to counter any assumptions of the mechanism existing species-wide. Quantifying any variation in population responses to disease will aid in understanding the bounds of such persistence mechanisms, and identify particularly vulnerable populations where mechanisms are non-existent.</p>
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OpenNeuro
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