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opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Stranger danger: A meta-analysis of the dear enemy hypothesis

The dear enemy hypothesis predicts that territorial individuals will be less aggressive toward known neighbors than to strangers. This hypothesis has been well studied and there is a wealth of data demonstrating its prevelance among some taxa. However, a quantitative synthesis is needed to test the generality of the phenomenon, identify key mechanisms driving the behavior, and guide future research. Here we made a comprehensive collection of Dear Enemy data from 138 studies representing 105 species spread over eight taxonomic classes. The associated paper finds that Dear Enemy is a common phenomenon but drivers of this phenomenon are still understudied and current knowledge is unable to disentangle competing hypotheses of drivers of this behavior.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Dataset and codes for reformulation of Trivers-Willard hypothesis

The dataset represents fitness functions and corresponding optimization results used for the reformulation of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. The MATLAB codes used to derive the results are included.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

DNA barcoding reveals generalization and host overlap in hummingbird flower mites: implications for the Mating Rendezvous Hypothesis

Hummingbird flower mites are assumed to monopolize single host plant species due to sexual selection for unique mating rendezvous sites. We tested the main assumption of the Mating rendezvous hypothesis -extreme host specialization- by reconstructing interactions among tropical hummingbird flower mites and their host plants using DNA barcoding and taxonomic identifications. We collected 10,654 mites from 489 flowers. We extracted DNA from 1928 mite specimens and amplified the cytochrome c oxidase I (CO1) DNA barcode. We analyzed the network structure to assess the degree of generalization or specialization of mites to their host plants. We recorded 18 species of hummingbird flower mites from three genera (Proctolaelaps, Rhinoseius and Tropicoseius) interacting with 14 species of plants. We found that generalist mites are common, and congeneric mite species often share host plants. Our results challenge the assumption of strict specialization that supports this system as an example of mating rendezvous evolution.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

A new phylogenetic hypothesis for Cereinae (Cactaceae) points to a monophyletic subtribe

Cereinae comprises 14 genera distributed in Neotropical dry forest formations such as in the Caatingas of Northeastern or in rocky outcrops in the north of Southeastern Brazil. Historically, the taxonomy of the group has been very controversial, especially regarding generic circumscriptions, and phylogenetic relationships within the group are still poorly understood. To investigate the delimitation of the subtribe and infra-subtribal relationships, we performed a phylogenetic analysis including 50 taxa representing 13 genera using one nuclear (PhyC) and four cpDNA (petL-psbE, trnL-trnT, trnS-trnG, and rpl16) regions. Our results show a monophyletic Cereinae with high support in Bayesian, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood analyses based on combined matrices. Although our results expand the knowledge of generic relationships, we emphasize the need for further molecular phylogenetic studies combined with ecological evidence to clarify relationships at the more inclusive nodes of the subtribe.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Dataset for the research article "Direct evidence supporting Darwin's hypothesis of cross-pollination promoted by sex organ reciprocity"

Data for experimental populations of Narcissus papyraceus exposed to two different pollination environments: SSR genotypes for parental individuals and seedlings Number of seeds produced by each combination of mating individuals, and spatial distance between individuals Data on floral traits and female and male fitness of parental individuals Data on floral traits measured at two flowers within each inflorescence, in a control group of 71 inflorescences.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Data for: An alternative hypothesis for the evolution of sexual segregation in endotherms

Aim: Patterns of separation among males and females, known as sexual segregation, traditionally correlate with elevation or latitude in animals. Alternatively, in humans, spatial and behavioural segregation are driven by inherent sex-based differences in thermal preference, although their cause and adaptive value of these differences remain unclear. Here, we explore whether, similar to humans, ambient temperature can explain patterns of separation among males and females in endotherms. Location: Israel. Time period: 1981 – 2018. Major taxa studied: Migratory sexually dimorphic birds (13 species) and bats (18 species). Methods: We calculated the proportion of males and females at each sampling site for each bird or bat species. We used general linear mixed models (GLMM) to quantify the variance explained by elevation, latitude, body size and ambient temperature, and corrected for phylogeny, site and year. We employed model averaging over the best models by comparing corrected Akaike information criterion. Results: We found a correlation between geographic separation and temperature that accounts for variance in the data that is not explained by elevation and latitude. We show that temperature was negatively correlated with the proportion of males in bats and birds, whereas body size only explained this response in birds. Main conclusions: <a>Our findings suggest that females are found in higher ambient temperatures. </a>We term this Differential Sex-related Thermal Preference (DSTP) and propose that it is a broad phenomenon common in many endotherms, acting as a significant force shaping dispersal, sociality, and behaviour of animals and should be explored from this wide perspective.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: a cross-taxa test of the Forage Maturation Hypothesis

The Forage Maturation Hypothesis (FMH) states that energy intake for ungulates is maximized when forage biomass is at intermediate levels. Nevertheless, metabolic allometry and different digestive systems suggest that resource selection should vary across ungulate species. By combining GPS relocations with remotely-sensed data on forage characteristics and surface water, we quantified the effect of body size and digestive system in determining movements of 30 populations of hindgut fermenters (equids) and ruminants across biomes. Selection for intermediate forage biomass was negatively related to body size, regardless of the digestive system. Selection for proximity to surface water was stronger for equids relative to ruminants, regardless of body size. To be more generalizable, we suggest that the FMH explicitly incorporate contingencies in body size and digestive system, with small-bodied ruminants selecting more strongly for potential energy intake, and hindgut fermenters selecting more strongly for surface water.

opencc-by-4.0May 2021View details →

Data for article "Why do red/purple young leaves suffer less insect herbivory: tests of the warning signal hypothesis and the undermining of insect camouflage hypothesis"

This data is associated with the manuscript titled “Why do red/purple young leaves suffer less insect herbivory: tests of the warning signal hypothesis and the undermining of insect camouflage hypothesis”. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-022-09924-x

FIGURE 77. Strict consensus tree resulting from 82 in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 77. Strict consensus tree resulting from 82 most parsimonious trees using implied weights (k=2–6) (Lf=115, Ci=0.44, Ri=0.72), with unambiguous character optimizations shown for every branch. Empty and filled hashmarks represent homoplasious and non–homoplasious transformations respectively, with characters on top and states below. Numbers above branches with colored background are Jackknife percentages (left) and Bremer support values in units of fit (right). Jackknife values below 60 % were omitted.

FIGURE 76 in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 76. Strict consensus tree resulting from six most parsimonious trees using equal weights (L=99, Ci=0.51, Ri=0.79) with unambiguous character optimizations shown for every branch. Empty and filled hashmarks represent homoplasious and non–homoplasious transformations respectively, with characters on top and states below. Numbers above branches with colored background are Jackknife percentages (left) and BS values (right). Jackknife values below 50 % and BS values below 2 steps were omitted. Bold branches represent the hypothesis for Nopinae congruent in all mpt obtained under equal and implied weights (k=2–13) analysis. Images on left side of cladogram show a Nopinae leg drawing (tarsus and metatarsus), where the main characters of the nopine legs are indicated.

FIGURE 74 in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 74. Nops variabilis Keyserling; A–C male (Bogotá: AMNH); D–F female (Bogotá: AMNH). A habitus, dorsal view. B left palp, prolateral view. C left palp, retrolateral view. D habitus, dorsal view. E external genital area, ventral view. F internal genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ap—anterior plate, ess—sclerotization around spiracles, go—genital opening, pp—posterior plate, re—posterior receptaculum, ue—uterus externus. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, D), 0.5 mm (B–C, E–F).

FIGURE 73 in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 73. Nops sublaevis Simon; A–F male (Aragua: AMNH); G–L female (Aragua: AMNH). A left palp, prolateral view. B tip of left embolus, prolateral view. C same, retrolateral oblique view. D left tibial brush, prolateral view. E tip of left embolus, ventral view. F left stridulatory pick, prolateral view. G internal genitalia, dorsal view. H receptaculum, dorsal view. I pretarsus on leg I, ventral view. J tarsus on left leg IV, prolateral view. K pretarsal claws on left leg IV, prolateral oblique view. L same, anterior oblique view. Abbreviations: ar—arolium, CwL—claw lever, CwS—claw slit sensilla, ete—embolar tip extensions.

FIGURE 72 in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 72. Nops sublaevis Simon; A–D male (Aragua: AMNH); E–G female (Aragua: AMNH). A habitus, dorsal view. B left palp, prolateral view. C left palp, ventral view. D left palp, retrolateral view. E habitus, dorsal view. F external genital area, ventral view. G internal genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ap—anterior plate, ess—sclerotization around spiracles, go—genital opening, pp—posterior plate, re—receptaculum, ue—uterus externus. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, E), 0.5 mm (B–D, F–G).

FIGURE 71. A–F in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 71. A–F Nops quito Dupérré n. comb.; A–C male (QCAZ); E–F female (QCAZ); G–L Nops variabilis Keyserling; G–I male (Bogotá: AMNH); J–L female (Bogotá: AMNH). A left palp, ventral view. B tip of left embolus, ventral view. C same, prolateral view. D internal genitalia, dorsal view. E detail of receptaculum, dorsal view. F pretarsal claws on left leg IV, anterior oblique view. G left palp, prolateral view. H tip of left embolus, prolateral view. I same, ventral view. J internal genitalia, dorsal view. K pretarsal claws on left leg I, prolateral view. L pretarsal claws on left leg, anterior oblique view. Abbreviations: ar—arolium, ap—anterior plate, re—posterior receptaculum, ue—uterus externus.

FIGURE 67. Nops pocone n in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 67. Nops pocone n. sp.; A–D male (holotype); E–G female (paratype). A habitus, dorsal view. B left palp, prolateral view. C left palp, ventral view. D left palp, retrolateral view. E habitus, dorsal view. F external genital area, ventral view. G internal genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ap—anterior plate, ess—sclerotization around spiracles, go—genital opening, pp—posterior plate, re—posterior receptaculum, ue—uterus externus. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, E), 0.5 mm (B–D, F–G).

FIGURE 68. Nops pocone n in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 68. Nops pocone n. sp.; A–I male (IBSP 121596); J–L female (IBSP 121599). A pretarsal claws on left leg IV, anterior view. B same, prolateral oblique view. C unpaired claw on left leg IV, prolateral oblique view. D crista and gladius on left leg I, ventral view. E left palp, prolateral view. F left tarsal brush, prolateral view. G tip of left embolus, prolateral view. H same, dorsal view. I left stridulatory pick, prolateral view. J internal genitalia, dorsal view. K detail of receptaculum, dorsal view. L internal genitalia, anterior view. Abbreviations: ap—anterior plate, ca—crista, CwL—claw lever, CwS—claw slit sensilla, gl—gladius, ete—embolar tip extensions, re—posterior receptaculum, ue—uterus externus.

FIGURE 66 in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 66. Nops nitidus Simon; A–G female (holotype); H–K female (Manaus: INPA). A, H habitus, dorsal view. B, I habitus ventral view. C cephalothorax, dorsal view. D cephalothorax, ventral view. E habitus, lateral view. F left palp, prolateral view. G left palp, retrolateral view. J external genital area, ventral view. K spinnerets, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–B, E, H–I), 0.5 mm (C–D, F–G, J–K).

FIGURE 70 in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 70. Nops quito Dupérré n. comb.; A–D male (QCAZ); E–G female (QCAZ). A habitus, dorsal view. B left palp, prolateral view. C left palp, ventral view. D left palp, retrolateral view. E habitus, dorsal view. F external genital area, ventral view. G internal genitalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: ap—anterior plate, ess—sclerotization around spiracles, lep—lateral extensions of posterior plate, pp—posterior plate, re—posterior receptaculum, ue—uterus externus. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, E), 0.5 mm (B–D, F–G).

FIGURE 61 in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 61. Nops meridionalis Keyserling; male (MCTP 27792). A spinnerets posterior view. B same dorsal view. C ALS and PMS, dorsal oblique view. D minor ampullate gland spigot and aciniform gland spigots on left PMS, dorsal view. E minor ampullate gland spigot on right PMS, dorsal view. F anal tubercle, dorsal view. G left leg I, prolateral view. H left tarsus I, prolateral view. I left trochanter I, prolateral view. J left tarsus III, retrolateral view. K left pretarsal claws III, anterior oblique view. L tarsal organ on left tarsus III, dorsal oblique view. Abbreviations: aj—adesmatic joints, ar—arolium, ca—crista.

FIGURE 57 in A revision of the Neotropical spider genus Nops MacLeay (Araneae: Caponiidae) with the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the Nopinae genera

FIGURE 57. Nops maculatus Simon; A–E male (Trinidad: AMNH); F female (Trinidad: MCZ 128291). A left palp, prolateral view. B left palpal tibia, prolateral view. C stridulatory pick, prolateral view. D tip of embolus, retrolateral view. E same, anterior view. F internal genitalia, dorsal view. G distribution of Nops maculatus Simon (circles), Nops flutillus Chickering (star), Nops ursumus Chickering (diamond), Nops coccineus Simon (square) and Nops variabilis Keyserling (triangles).