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Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e).

Text-fig. 11. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. Scale bars 5 mm. a: isolated maxilla, cleithrum and supracleithrum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64661; b: left posttemporal in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64664; c: right operculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64883; d: anal fin, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4529; e: dorsal fin, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Mx – maxilla, Scl – supracleithrum. in Actinopterygians Of The Broumov Formation (Permian) In The Czech Part Of The Intra-Sudetic Basin (The Czech Republic)

Text-fig. 11. Paramblypterus cf. rohani. Arrows indicate directio cranialis. Scale bars 5 mm. a: isolated maxilla, cleithrum and supracleithrum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64661; b: left posttemporal in dorsal view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64664; c: right operculum in lateral view, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", P 64883; d: anal fin, locality Otovice "Stěnava", DP 4529; e: dorsal fin, locality Otovice "Chmelnice", NM-M 4916. Abbreviations: Cl – cleithrum, Mx – maxilla, Scl – supracleithrum.

Text-fig. 3. Tendency of changes in IPM and PE width indicators in different types of enamel of the Equidae species of the "tarpan" group. I–III – types of enamel. a: IPM; b: PE. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 3. Tendency of changes in IPM and PE width indicators in different types of enamel of the Equidae species of the "tarpan" group. I–III – types of enamel. a: IPM; b: PE.

Text-fig. 6. Shallowing pattern during the Middle Miocene to Late Miocene/Pliocene due to increasing magmatic activity as an external parameter. a: palaeobathymetry map during the Middle Miocene to Pliocene; b: sea level change curve indicating a shallowing pattern; c: relative changes of sea level and magmatic activity curve (Haq et al. 1987, Soeria-Atmadja et al. 1998, Muljana 2012). in Lithofacies And Ichnofacies Of Turbidite Deposits, West Java, Indonesia

Text-fig. 6. Shallowing pattern during the Middle Miocene to Late Miocene/Pliocene due to increasing magmatic activity as an external parameter. a: palaeobathymetry map during the Middle Miocene to Pliocene; b: sea level change curve indicating a shallowing pattern; c: relative changes of sea level and magmatic activity curve (Haq et al. 1987, Soeria-Atmadja et al. 1998, Muljana 2012).

Text-fig. 3. Outcrop cross section of the turbidite facies distribution in the Majalengka, correlated northwest to southeast. The progradation pattern indicated by thickening of sandstone into the basin area are shown. F1 – heterolithic sandstone-mudstone 1; F2 – heterolithic sandstone-mudstone 2; F3 – mudstone facies; F4 – heterolithic fine sand and mudstone; F5 – conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies (Muljana 2012). in Lithofacies And Ichnofacies Of Turbidite Deposits, West Java, Indonesia

Text-fig. 3. Outcrop cross section of the turbidite facies distribution in the Majalengka, correlated northwest to southeast. The progradation pattern indicated by thickening of sandstone into the basin area are shown. F1 – heterolithic sandstone-mudstone 1; F2 – heterolithic sandstone-mudstone 2; F3 – mudstone facies; F4 – heterolithic fine sand and mudstone; F5 – conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies (Muljana 2012).

Text-fig. 4. a: Conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies 1, facies A are composed of Andesit (AF), Clay (CF) and Sandstone (SF) fragments lain on medium-sandstone. b: Conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies, outcropping of massive sandstone facies comprises of fine to medium grain size of grey to yellowish sandstone. c: Heterolithic sandstone-mudstone facies, intercalation of fine sand with silt and shale as type form of heterolithic sandstone mudstone as indicated by a high sand/shale ratio. d: Example outcrops of heterolithic sandstone-mudstone 2 indicated by low sand/shale ratio. e: Heterolithic fine sand and mudstone and mudstone facies, intercalation of thin sandstone and shale. f: Representative of slump deposits outcrops belong to conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies, which is indicated by the intercalation of sandstone and shale and some disturbed beds or layers as seen in slump deposits. The facies type is normally deposited within the basin floor, channel margin or as a product of the overbank deposits. In this figure the slump deposit is shown as internal bedding, some occurred on the bedding-plane. Trend slope measurement of the fold-axis revealed values N 135°E and N 108°E. in Lithofacies And Ichnofacies Of Turbidite Deposits, West Java, Indonesia

Text-fig. 4. a: Conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies 1, facies A are composed of Andesit (AF), Clay (CF) and Sandstone (SF) fragments lain on medium-sandstone. b: Conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies, outcropping of massive sandstone facies comprises of fine to medium grain size of grey to yellowish sandstone. c: Heterolithic sandstone-mudstone facies, intercalation of fine sand with silt and shale as type form of heterolithic sandstone mudstone as indicated by a high sand/shale ratio. d: Example outcrops of heterolithic sandstone-mudstone 2 indicated by low sand/shale ratio. e: Heterolithic fine sand and mudstone and mudstone facies, intercalation of thin sandstone and shale. f: Representative of slump deposits outcrops belong to conglomeratic to massive sandstone facies, which is indicated by the intercalation of sandstone and shale and some disturbed beds or layers as seen in slump deposits. The facies type is normally deposited within the basin floor, channel margin or as a product of the overbank deposits. In this figure the slump deposit is shown as internal bedding, some occurred on the bedding-plane. Trend slope measurement of the fold-axis revealed values N 135°E and N 108°E.

Text-fig. 11. Permian ichthyofaunas from the French Massif Central. Preliminary comparisons based on total accounts of individuals (see text for explanations). Sharks in green, Acanthodes sp. in yellow, Actinopterygians in blue, Dipnoi in white (not visible but present at Autun; see Tab. 1 for details). Each circle is proportional to the total number of specimens recovered. Permian outcrops in black. Hercynian basement indicated by vertical lines. Map modified from Gand and Durand (2006). in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 11. Permian ichthyofaunas from the French Massif Central. Preliminary comparisons based on total accounts of individuals (see text for explanations). Sharks in green, Acanthodes sp. in yellow, Actinopterygians in blue, Dipnoi in white (not visible but present at Autun; see Tab. 1 for details). Each circle is proportional to the total number of specimens recovered. Permian outcrops in black. Hercynian basement indicated by vertical lines. Map modified from Gand and Durand (2006).

Text-fig. 4. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: photograph and drawing of the parasphenoid in dorsal view, GMC 15, whitened, scale bars 5 mm; c: maxillary plate in medial view with horizontal lamina along the ventral edge of the bone, segment of the lower jaw with assembly of large slender teeth of the inner row and coronoids with small teeth, GMC 15, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: detail of the sculpture on the maxilla and dentalosplenial, GMC 126, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; e: detail of the teeth of the inner and outer row and coronoids on the lower jaw, the frame delineates the area illustrated in (f) at higher magnification, GMC 15, scale bar 2 mm; f: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical teeth, GMC 15, scale bar 100 µm; g: small fringing fulcra tightly attached to the anterior edge of a lepidotrichium, individual fulcral scales are indicated by arrows, GMC 18, scale bar 2 mm. Abbreviation: bhf – bucco-hypophysial foramen, Cor – coronoids, cp – corpus parasphenoidis, De – dentalosplenial, hl – horizontal lamina, mc – pores of the mandibular sensory canal, Mx – maxilla, paa – processus ascendens anterior, pap – processus ascendens posterior. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 4. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: photograph and drawing of the parasphenoid in dorsal view, GMC 15, whitened, scale bars 5 mm; c: maxillary plate in medial view with horizontal lamina along the ventral edge of the bone, segment of the lower jaw with assembly of large slender teeth of the inner row and coronoids with small teeth, GMC 15, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: detail of the sculpture on the maxilla and dentalosplenial, GMC 126, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; e: detail of the teeth of the inner and outer row and coronoids on the lower jaw, the frame delineates the area illustrated in (f) at higher magnification, GMC 15, scale bar 2 mm; f: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical teeth, GMC 15, scale bar 100 µm; g: small fringing fulcra tightly attached to the anterior edge of a lepidotrichium, individual fulcral scales are indicated by arrows, GMC 18, scale bar 2 mm. Abbreviation: bhf – bucco-hypophysial foramen, Cor – coronoids, cp – corpus parasphenoidis, De – dentalosplenial, hl – horizontal lamina, mc – pores of the mandibular sensory canal, Mx – maxilla, paa – processus ascendens anterior, pap – processus ascendens posterior.

Text-fig. 15. Photomicrographs of thin sections of holotype BP/16/1738, Sorindeioxylon gorongosense gen. et sp. nov. from Muaredzi site 5, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS, note the irregularly spaced and very narrow bands of parenchyma and mostly solitary vessel elements; b: TS at higher magnification with narrow rays; c: radial longitudinal section (RLS), rather oblique but shows the alternate, small-to-medium inter-vessel pits; d: tangential longitudinal section (TLS), rays are 1–3 cells wide but maintain the same width. Small arrow towards the right hand ray indicates a prismatic crystal in the ray cell; e: TLS rays with fibres in between; f: RLS showing mixed ray cells (upright, square and procumbent) poorly preserved. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 15. Photomicrographs of thin sections of holotype BP/16/1738, Sorindeioxylon gorongosense gen. et sp. nov. from Muaredzi site 5, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS, note the irregularly spaced and very narrow bands of parenchyma and mostly solitary vessel elements; b: TS at higher magnification with narrow rays; c: radial longitudinal section (RLS), rather oblique but shows the alternate, small-to-medium inter-vessel pits; d: tangential longitudinal section (TLS), rays are 1–3 cells wide but maintain the same width. Small arrow towards the right hand ray indicates a prismatic crystal in the ray cell; e: TLS rays with fibres in between; f: RLS showing mixed ray cells (upright, square and procumbent) poorly preserved.

Text-fig. 2. Moderately dipping Oligocene layers of the Mány Member in the eastern part of the Strázsa Hill quarry, SW of Zsámbék. The claymarl and siltstone layers cover sandstone and conglomerate. The arrow indicates the position of fossiliferous layers. Photo: László Fodor. in The Late Oligocene Macroflora Of Zsámbék, Central Hungary

Text-fig. 2. Moderately dipping Oligocene layers of the Mány Member in the eastern part of the Strázsa Hill quarry, SW of Zsámbék. The claymarl and siltstone layers cover sandstone and conglomerate. The arrow indicates the position of fossiliferous layers. Photo: László Fodor.

Text-fig. 7. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. Details of anatomy in transverse section on cut surfaces from bilocular fruit shown in Text-fig. 6i, V. 23013(3). a: Details of seed (S), locule (L), distinct endocarp planes of separation (arrows). b: Detail of endocarp adjacent to the locule, and surrounding mesocarp. Blue lines indicate thickness of sclerenchyma lining the locule. Note layer of horizontally oriented periclinal fibres a few cells thick, lining the locule (arrow). c: Enlargement showing parenchyma cells of the mesocarp decreasing in diameter toward the periphery. d: Enlargement showing fibres and sclereids of the endocarp. e: Sharp contact between endocarp and mesocarp. f, g: Detailed anatomy of endocarp including locule lining, and contact with mesocarp. Scale bars 2 mm in (a), (b), 1 mm in (c–g). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 7. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. Details of anatomy in transverse section on cut surfaces from bilocular fruit shown in Text-fig. 6i, V. 23013(3). a: Details of seed (S), locule (L), distinct endocarp planes of separation (arrows). b: Detail of endocarp adjacent to the locule, and surrounding mesocarp. Blue lines indicate thickness of sclerenchyma lining the locule. Note layer of horizontally oriented periclinal fibres a few cells thick, lining the locule (arrow). c: Enlargement showing parenchyma cells of the mesocarp decreasing in diameter toward the periphery. d: Enlargement showing fibres and sclereids of the endocarp. e: Sharp contact between endocarp and mesocarp. f, g: Detailed anatomy of endocarp including locule lining, and contact with mesocarp. Scale bars 2 mm in (a), (b), 1 mm in (c–g).

Text-fig. 8. Lanfrancia subglobosa E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–c, e–g: Holotype V. 23014. a: reflected light. b, c: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a, b: Lateral views with dorsal surface of locule facing forward and locule casts protruding in upper part. c: Apical view. d: Fruit showing two locule casts the dorsal surfaces of which face to the left and the right, V. 30417(1). e–g: Successive digital transverse sections showing four u to v to c-shaped locules from micro-CT data. h: Physical transverse section of specimen in (d). i–k: Physical transverse section, V. 30419 from Herne Bay, blue lines in K indicating limits of fibre layer lining the locule. l: Detail from (h), showing sclerenchyma composing the septa and central axis. m: Transverse section, enlargement from (i), showing anatomy of tissues adjacent to the dorsal infold. Blue lines indicate limits of the fibre layer lining the locule. n: Part of (m) recut, tangential section transecting the dorsal infold (central), both limbs of the locule cast, and peripheral parts of the pericarp on either side. o: Detail from (n), showing anatomy of the infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h) (a–g share the same bar), 3 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j–m), 0.5 mm in (n), 0.2 mm in (o). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 8. Lanfrancia subglobosa E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–c, e–g: Holotype V. 23014. a: reflected light. b, c: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a, b: Lateral views with dorsal surface of locule facing forward and locule casts protruding in upper part. c: Apical view. d: Fruit showing two locule casts the dorsal surfaces of which face to the left and the right, V. 30417(1). e–g: Successive digital transverse sections showing four u to v to c-shaped locules from micro-CT data. h: Physical transverse section of specimen in (d). i–k: Physical transverse section, V. 30419 from Herne Bay, blue lines in K indicating limits of fibre layer lining the locule. l: Detail from (h), showing sclerenchyma composing the septa and central axis. m: Transverse section, enlargement from (i), showing anatomy of tissues adjacent to the dorsal infold. Blue lines indicate limits of the fibre layer lining the locule. n: Part of (m) recut, tangential section transecting the dorsal infold (central), both limbs of the locule cast, and peripheral parts of the pericarp on either side. o: Detail from (n), showing anatomy of the infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h) (a–g share the same bar), 3 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j–m), 0.5 mm in (n), 0.2 mm in (o).

Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils.

Text-fig. 13. a, d–g: Acer aemilianum. b, c: Acer palmatum and A. sieboldianum modern leaves (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database). a: Oriolo MSF 661, 7-lobed leaf. b: Specimen U 1049, lobe detail showing finely serrate leaf margin. c: Specimen T 0246, 9-lobed leaf with coarsely serrate leaf margin. d: Oriolo MSF 645-1, 9-lobed leaf with two small additional lobes. e: Oriolo MSF 645. f: Oriolo MSF 660, 9-lobed specimen. g: Oriolo MSF 660-1. White arrows indicate position along lamina lobes where marginal serration starts. Scale bars 10 mm (a–c, f, g), 50 mm (d, e). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 13. a, d–g: Acer aemilianum. b, c: Acer palmatum and A. sieboldianum modern leaves (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database). a: Oriolo MSF 661, 7-lobed leaf. b: Specimen U 1049, lobe detail showing finely serrate leaf margin. c: Specimen T 0246, 9-lobed leaf with coarsely serrate leaf margin. d: Oriolo MSF 645-1, 9-lobed leaf with two small additional lobes. e: Oriolo MSF 645. f: Oriolo MSF 660, 9-lobed specimen. g: Oriolo MSF 660-1. White arrows indicate position along lamina lobes where marginal serration starts. Scale bars 10 mm (a–c, f, g), 50 mm (d, e).

Text-fig. 3. a–e: Berberis auriolensis sp. nov. a: Oriolo MSF 644, Holotype. b: Oriolo MSF 794, asterisks indicate position of teeth. c: Oriolo MSF 784. d: Oriolo MSF 789. e: Oriolo MSF 790. f–h: Modern leaves of Berberis. f: Berberis amurensis var. japonica modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 0454). g: Berberis koreana modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1646). h: Berberis canadensis modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1670). i: Epimedium cf. praeaspera Oriolo MSF 778, asterisk indicates position of tooth. j: Clematis aff. vitalba Oriolo MSF 630. Scale bars 10 mm (a–j). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 3. a–e: Berberis auriolensis sp. nov. a: Oriolo MSF 644, Holotype. b: Oriolo MSF 794, asterisks indicate position of teeth. c: Oriolo MSF 784. d: Oriolo MSF 789. e: Oriolo MSF 790. f–h: Modern leaves of Berberis. f: Berberis amurensis var. japonica modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 0454). g: Berberis koreana modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1646). h: Berberis canadensis modern leaf (NMNS Cleared Leaf Database specimen T 1670). i: Epimedium cf. praeaspera Oriolo MSF 778, asterisk indicates position of tooth. j: Clematis aff. vitalba Oriolo MSF 630. Scale bars 10 mm (a–j).

Text-fig. 1. Modern vegetation proxies as delivered by the Drudge 1 and 2 tools for Parschlug. Left column results from KovarEder et al. (2021) based on the floristic spectrum published by Kovar-Eder et al. (2004). The other three columns result from three variants using the enlarged floristic spectrum herein. Differences between variants 1–3 from this study are caused by differences in assignment of some taxa and morphotypes (see Appendix 1). European vegetation formations: Formation C – Subarctic, boreal and nemoral-montane open woodlands as well as subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation; Formation D – Mesophytic and hygromesophytic coniferous and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests; Formation F – Mesophytic broadleaved deciduous and mixed broadleaved/conifer forests; Formation G – Thermophilous mixed deciduous broadleaved forests; Formation J – Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and scrub; Formation K – Xerophytic coniferous forests, coniferous woodland and scrub. East Asian vegetation types: MCF China, Japan – Montane Coniferous Forests China, Honshu, Yakushima; BLDF N and NE Provinces, China – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forests of the Northern and Northeastern Provinces (China); BLDF Upper Yangtze, Honshu – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest, Upper Yangtze Provinces, Mt. Emei, and Honshu; MMF China – Mixed Mesophytic Forest, Lower Yangtze Provinces; BLEF China, Japan – Broad-leaved Evergreen Forests, China, Japan; Meili Snow Mt. high altitude SCL and BLF, China – Meili Snow Mt., Sclerophyllous and broad-leaved forest zone (2,580-3,650 m alt.). (Designations of European vegetation formations follow Bohn et al. (2004) and Asian ones follow Kovar-Eder et al. (2021). in Floristic, Vegetation And Climate Assessment Of The Early/Middle Miocene Parschlug Flora Indicates A Distinctly Seasonal Climate

Text-fig. 1. Modern vegetation proxies as delivered by the Drudge 1 and 2 tools for Parschlug. Left column results from KovarEder et al. (2021) based on the floristic spectrum published by Kovar-Eder et al. (2004). The other three columns result from three variants using the enlarged floristic spectrum herein. Differences between variants 1–3 from this study are caused by differences in assignment of some taxa and morphotypes (see Appendix 1). European vegetation formations: Formation C – Subarctic, boreal and nemoral-montane open woodlands as well as subalpine and oro-Mediterranean vegetation; Formation D – Mesophytic and hygromesophytic coniferous and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests; Formation F – Mesophytic broadleaved deciduous and mixed broadleaved/conifer forests; Formation G – Thermophilous mixed deciduous broadleaved forests; Formation J – Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests and scrub; Formation K – Xerophytic coniferous forests, coniferous woodland and scrub. East Asian vegetation types: MCF China, Japan – Montane Coniferous Forests China, Honshu, Yakushima; BLDF N and NE Provinces, China – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forests of the Northern and Northeastern Provinces (China); BLDF Upper Yangtze, Honshu – Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest, Upper Yangtze Provinces, Mt. Emei, and Honshu; MMF China – Mixed Mesophytic Forest, Lower Yangtze Provinces; BLEF China, Japan – Broad-leaved Evergreen Forests, China, Japan; Meili Snow Mt. high altitude SCL and BLF, China – Meili Snow Mt., Sclerophyllous and broad-leaved forest zone (2,580-3,650 m alt.). (Designations of European vegetation formations follow Bohn et al. (2004) and Asian ones follow Kovar-Eder et al. (2021).

Text-fig. A2. a: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium E00824885). b: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium E00824885). c: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium E00824885 detail of (a)). d, e: Ulmus elliptica K.KOCH, 1849 (herbarium E00034393). f, g: Ulmus lancifolia ROXB., 1814, nom. inval. (herbarium NMNH03413489). h: Ulmus lancifolia ROXB., 1814, nom. inval. (herbarium NMNH03413488). Asterisks indicate different types of asymmetric leaf base. Scale bars 50 mm (a, d, e, f), 10 mm (b, c, g, h). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. A2. a: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium E00824885). b: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium E00824885). c: Ulmus carpinifolia GLED., 1773 syn. of Ulmus minor MILL., 1768, (herbarium E00824885 detail of (a)). d, e: Ulmus elliptica K.KOCH, 1849 (herbarium E00034393). f, g: Ulmus lancifolia ROXB., 1814, nom. inval. (herbarium NMNH03413489). h: Ulmus lancifolia ROXB., 1814, nom. inval. (herbarium NMNH03413488). Asterisks indicate different types of asymmetric leaf base. Scale bars 50 mm (a, d, e, f), 10 mm (b, c, g, h).

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7).

Text-fig. 3. Litho- and biostratigraphic position of fossil floras treated herein, based on lithostratigraphic standard section of upper Oligocene and Miocene in central and eastern Germany (Standke et al. 2010, Escher et al. 2020); only exception from standard section: ** – Thierbach Member restricted to central Germany, replaces Branitz Member in eastern Germany; correlated to global scale of International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2022/02 (Cohen et al. 2013); maximum age ranges of sites/floras indicated by black bars; floristic complexes according to definitions by Mai and Walther 1991 for upper Oligocene, Mai 2000b, 2001b for Miocene; age range of MCO from Steinthorsdottir et al. 2021. in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 3. Litho- and biostratigraphic position of fossil floras treated herein, based on lithostratigraphic standard section of upper Oligocene and Miocene in central and eastern Germany (Standke et al. 2010, Escher et al. 2020); only exception from standard section: ** – Thierbach Member restricted to central Germany, replaces Branitz Member in eastern Germany; correlated to global scale of International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2022/02 (Cohen et al. 2013); maximum age ranges of sites/floras indicated by black bars; floristic complexes according to definitions by Mai and Walther 1991 for upper Oligocene, Mai 2000b, 2001b for Miocene; age range of MCO from Steinthorsdottir et al. 2021.

Text-fig. 2. Salicaceae (a–g), Cannabaceae (h–n), cf. Betulaceae (o–r). a–g: Saxifragispermum, USNM PAL 772341. Scale bar = 5 mm except as indicated. a–b: Lateral, c: apical, and d: basal views of fruit, reflected light, palladium coated; apex at top of (a, b). e: Equatorial transverse section reflected light; arrows indicate presumed seeds, scale bar = 2 mm. f: Detail of locule contents extracted from (e), transmitted light, scale bar = 200 Μm. g: Interwoven trichomes or fibers from locule, transmitted light, scale bar = 5 Μm. h–j: Celtis. h, i: USNM PAL 772342, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. h: Lateral view parallel with plane of dehiscence. i: Lateral view perpendicular to plane of dehiscence. j: DMNH EPI.47809, Celtis in lateral view; showing reticulate sculpture and the vertically-oriented, plane of dehiscence (arrow), scale bar = 5 mm. k–m: Aphananthe. USNM PAL 772344, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. k: Apical view, note triangular cross section and apical plug (arrow). l: Lateral view, apex up. m: Lateral view at 90° to (l). n: Detail of cellular pattern at surface of endocarp, scale bar = 0.5 mm. o–r: in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.

Text-fig. 2. Salicaceae (a–g), Cannabaceae (h–n), cf. Betulaceae (o–r). a–g: Saxifragispermum, USNM PAL 772341. Scale bar = 5 mm except as indicated. a–b: Lateral, c: apical, and d: basal views of fruit, reflected light, palladium coated; apex at top of (a, b). e: Equatorial transverse section reflected light; arrows indicate presumed seeds, scale bar = 2 mm. f: Detail of locule contents extracted from (e), transmitted light, scale bar = 200 Μm. g: Interwoven trichomes or fibers from locule, transmitted light, scale bar = 5 Μm. h–j: Celtis. h, i: USNM PAL 772342, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. h: Lateral view parallel with plane of dehiscence. i: Lateral view perpendicular to plane of dehiscence. j: DMNH EPI.47809, Celtis in lateral view; showing reticulate sculpture and the vertically-oriented, plane of dehiscence (arrow), scale bar = 5 mm. k–m: Aphananthe. USNM PAL 772344, reflected light, palladium coated, scale bar = 5 mm. k: Apical view, note triangular cross section and apical plug (arrow). l: Lateral view, apex up. m: Lateral view at 90° to (l). n: Detail of cellular pattern at surface of endocarp, scale bar = 0.5 mm. o–r: