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Figure 5 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 5 - Annotated illustrations of fore- and hindwing venation and structures in Mantoida maya Saussure & Zehntner, 1894 (A–C) and Mantis religiosa (D–F). A, D forewing B, E hindwing C, F detail of the arculus as located on B, E respectively (enlargement 1.5×; black arrow indicates the arculus). Abbreviations: AA = anterior Analis; AA1 = first anterior Analis; AA2 = second anterior Analis; CuA = anterior Cubitus; CuP = posterior Cubitus; M = Media; ppa = plica prima anterior; ppp = plica prima posterior; RA = anterior radius; RP = posterior radius; ScP = posterior subcostal; color coded areas: gray = stigma (sti); purple = preplicatum; turquoise = plicatum; yellow = plicatulum.
Figure 4 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 4 - Annotated illustrations of fore- and hindwing venation and structures in Metallyticus splendidus Westwood, 1835 (A–C) and Chaeteessa sp. (D–F). A, D forewing B, E hindwing (in E, º indicates Iaa1-aa2) C, F detail of the arculus as located on B, E respectively (enlargement 1.5×; black arrow indicates the arculus). Abbreviations: AA = anterior Analis; AA1 = first anterior Analis; AA2 = second anterior Analis; CuA = anterior Cubitus; CuP = posterior Cubitus; M = Media; ppa = plica prima anterior; ppp = plica prima posterior; RA = anterior radius; RP = posterior radius; ScP = posterior subcostal; color coded areas: gray = stigma (sti); purple = preplicatum; turquoise = plicatum; yellow = plicatulum.
Figure 3 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 3 - Annotated illustrations of cranial structures. Omomantis sp. ♂ cranium A anteroventral view; B lateral view. Tenodera sinensis Saussure, 1871 C disarticulated components of mouthparts. Illustrations by Josh Maxwell. Abbreviations: hpx = hypopharynx; lbp = labial palp; mr = molar ridge; mxp = maxillary palp; pg = paraglossa; prmt = prementum.
Figure 27 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 27 - Prothoracic leg and spine measurement standards. Solid black lines indicate approximate location to take length and width measurements. Sphodromantis sp. prepared foreleg measurements (A–D): A forecoxal length B forefemoral length C forefemoral width D foretibial length; line 1 measures foretibial length from the proximal bend (pb) to the foretarsal insertion site; line 2 accounts for tibial spur length, but does not account for total spur length nor its angle; dashed black lines demonstrate approximate measurement endpoints. Sphodromantis sp. E unprepared foretibial length measurement (see note). Sphodromantis specimens presented in F–L are positioned for optimal viewing for the reader, not for obtaining accurate measurements. Ensure that structures are arranged appropriately before obtaining measurements. Prepared forefemoral spine length measurements (F–H): F anteroventral femoral spine length G discoidal spine length H posteroventral femoral spine length. Unprepared spine length measurements (I–J) (see note): I posteroventral spine length J anteroventral and posteroventral tibial spine lengths. K Prepared posteroventral tibial spine length measurements L close up view of approximate endpoints to obtain spine length measurements. Note: in unprepared specimens, obtaining certain measurements might be impossible, necessitating the remounting of such specimens. Asterisks (*) represent areas where specimen damage has occurred and sectional signs (§) represents potential areas where overlap can occur and re-mounting is needed to take measurements. Black arrow indicates cuticular margin abutting spine base. Abbreviations: avfs = anteroventral femoral spines; avts = anteroventral tibial spines; ds = discoidal spines; pb = proximal bend in the tibia; pvfs = posteroventral femoral spines; pvts = posteroventral tibial spines.
Figure 26 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 26 - Wing length and width measurement standards. Solid black lines indicate approximate location to take length and width measurements. Sphodromantis sp. A prepared specimen fore- and hindwing length B unprepared specimen forewing length. Note: in unprepared specimens, hindwing length and fore- and hindwing width is impossible to measure without first relaxing and re-mounting the specimen C prepared specimen fore- and hindwing width. Asterisks (*) represent potential areas where specimen damage (e.g., wing tip damage) may result in an inability to take an accurate measurement. Sectional sign (§) represents potential area where wing overlap can occur and either great care or re-mounting is needed to take wing width measurements. Black arrows indicate the pterostigma. Abbreviations: fw = forewing; hw = hindwing.
Figure 29 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 29 - Coxosternite 7/9 (= ♀/♂ subgenital plate) length and width measurement standard. Solid black lines indicate approximate location to take length and width measurements. Dashed black lines demonstrate approximate locations for measurement endpoints. Omomantis sp. ♂ CS9, ventral view (A–B): A length B width. Sphodromantis sp. ♀ CS7, ventral view (C–D) C length with inset showing approximate location for length measurement endpoint D width. Abbreviations: ce = cercus; gpal8 = apical lobe of gonapophysis 8; CS = coxosternite; CS7 = ♀ coxosternite 7; CS9 = ♂ coxosternite 9; si = spiracle; sl9 = stylus.
Figure 28 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 28 - Meso- and metathoracic leg measurement standards. Solid black lines indicate approximate location to take length and width measurements. Dashed black lines demonstrate approximate locations for measurement endpoints. Prepared Ilomantis ginsburgae Brannoch & Svenson, 2016 meso- and metathoracic leg length measurements, ventral view (A–E): A meso- and metathoracic coxal length B meso- and metathoracic femoral length C meso- and metathoracic tibial length D tarsal length measurements with lines 1–5 indicating contiguous tarsomere measurements E approximate location of endpoints for the meso- and metathoracic femora and tibiae measurements. F Unprepared I. ginsburgae, ventral view, meso- and metathoracic leg length measurements. Note: in unprepared specimens, obtaining certain measurements might be impossible due to appendage overlap, thus necessitating the relaxing and re-mounting of such specimens. Sectional sign (§) represents potential area where overlap can occur and relaxation and re-mounting is needed to take accurate measurements. Abbreviations: cx = coxa; fe = femur; pb = proximal bend in the tibia ta = tarsus; ti = tibia; tr = trochanter.
Figure 25 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 25 - Body and pronotal measurement standards. Solid black lines indicate approximate location to take length and width measurements. Sphodromantis sp. prepared specimen: A body length measurement method 1; B body length measurement method 2, with measurements designated 1 and 2 indicating the first and second measurements needed for the body length measurement, which, when summed together result in total body length C Sphodromantis sp. unprepared specimen D Stagmomantis nahua Saussure, 1869 unprepared brachypterous specimen with the sum of measurements designated 1 and 2 equaling total body length. Sphodromantis sp. pronotal measurements E length F width. Asterisks (*) represent potential areas where specimen damage may result in an inability to take an accurate measurement (e.g., wing tip damage). Abbreviations: fw = forewing; h = head; hw = hindwing; pn = pronotum.
Figure 22 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 22 - Mantis collecting techniques. A Sweeping vegetation with an insect net for the collection of grass-dwelling mantises B metal halide light trap set up to collect flight-capable mantises C scanning bark with the aid of an insect net for the collection of bark mantises D scanning the ground and leaf litter for ground-dwelling mantises E passive light trap set up to be suspended in tree canopies for the collection of canopy-dwelling mantises F field preparation of collected specimens secured with insect pins inside a Schmitt Box. It is recommended to thoroughly dry out preserved specimens in the sun, being mindful of ants and other scavengers, prior to travel back to home institutions.
Figure 23 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 23 - Pinning demonstration of a relaxed Sphodromantis sp. specimen. Blue arrows indicate approximate locations to arrange and/or pin specimen. A Pin specimen to the right of the midline in the mesothorax, just above the forewings B insert pins across the prozone and abdomen to support the specimen while pinning C position and secure the forecoxae D position and secure the forefemora E position and secure the foretibiae and foretarsi F–I position and secure the left mid- and hindleg as well as the right hindleg; the right midleg needs to be arranged but not secured with pins to accommodate the wings (see J) J position and secure the right forewing K position and secure the right hindwing L if needed, make further adjustments to the position of the head, antennae, and right mesothoracic leg to ensure bilateral symmetry. Due to the morphological diversity of praying mantises, some modifications to this method might need to be employed to minimize specimen damage.
Figure 19 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 19 - Morphological variation of cerci. A Amorphoscelis sp. ♂ in ventral view B Heterochaeta bernadii ♂ in dorsal view C Metallyticus splendidus ♀ in dorsal view D Toxodera maculata ♀ left cercus in dorsal view E Ciulfina sp. ♂ right cercus in lateral view F Acanthops sp. ♀ left cercus in dorsal view. Arrow indicates apical notch in distal cercomere. A–D reproduced and adapted from Wieland (2013). Abbreviations: ce = cercus; CEa = distal cercomere; CS7 = coxosternite 7 (= female subgenital plate); CS9 = coxosternite 9 (= male subgenital plate); gpal8 = apical lobe of gonapophysis 8; TG10 = tergite 10 (= supraanal plate). Not to scale.
Figure 15 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 15 - Annotated illustrations of the female Sphodromantis sp. postabdomen and genitalia for morphological use. A genital region, most parts in internal view. Posterior parts (segments VIII, IX) are bent 180° dorsally and to the anterior compared to anterior parts (of segment VII), along the axis marked by arrows X. The lower half of the illustration shows part of the dorsal wall of the ventral fold 7 ("subgenital lobe") and genital fold area in ventral view; the upper half of the picture shows the ventral sides of segments VIII and IX in dorsal view. Right gonoplac 9 cut open B accessory gland with some structures surrounding its opening C gonapophyses 9 and structures around their base in dorsal view, left gonapophysis 9 cut near base (accessory gland not included) D gonapophyses 9 and structures around their base in ventral view, left gonapophysis 9 cut near base, outlet tubes of accessory gland (aglt, agrt) cut near base E base of gonapophyses 9 (right gonapophysis 9 cut open) together with central apodeme and adjacent parts of coxa 9 sclerotizations and gonoplacs 9. Thick black lines are (virtual) cutting lines. Continuous thin black lines are freely visible edges (= lines along which the cuticle bends away from the observer's view). Dashed thin black lines are (parts of) edges hidden beneath other cuticle. Thick gray lines are internal ridges. Dashed gray line labeled cap+ in (A) (left side only) indicating maximum size of central apodeme cap in other specimens. Membranous cuticle in very light gray, sclerotized cuticle in medium to darker gray (darker = more strongly sclerotized); cuticle shaded darker where it dives beneath other cuticle. For meaning of black arrows and black, white, and gray arrowheads see text. For abbreviations see text, glossary, or Suppl. material 2: Extended abdominal glossary.
Figure 11 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 11 - Annotated illustrations of the right phallomere in male genitalia for morphological use. A–C Male postabdomen, right phallomere of Sphodromantis sp. A dorsal view of intact right phallomere B dorsal view of right phallomere with many parts removed C ventral view of intact right phallomere. Chaeteessa caudata Saussure, 1871 right phallomere D ventral view, intact. Thick black lines are (virtual) cutting lines. Continuous thin black lines are freely visible edges (= lines along which the cuticle bends away from the observer's view). Dashed thin black lines are (parts of) edges hidden beneath other cuticle. Dashed gray line indicating outline of process afa of left phallic complex as it is placed in association with the right phallomere. Membranous cuticle in very light gray, sclerotized cuticle in darker gray; cuticle shaded darker where it goes underneath other cuticle. For abbreviations see text, glossary, or Suppl. material 2: Extended abdominal glossary.
Figure 21 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 21 - Oothecae of Stagmatoptera supplicaria Burmeister, 1838 and Callibia diana Stoll, 1813. Stagmatoptera supplicaria oothecae (A–G): A–B dorsal view C lateral view D frontal view E lateral view of ootheca attached to substrate F ventral view G rear view showing attachment site. Callibia diana oothecae (H–N): H–I lateral view; J–K dorsal view L lateral view demonstrating approximate substrate position M–N ventral view. Callibia diana oothecae collected and imaged herein did not retain the attachment substrate. In these situations, we recommend illustrating a line to indicate substrate position. In those oothecae with extensive outer coating, it is suggested to remove part of the coating to reveal relevant details of the external wall, such as color and/or texture; in this case J shows regions where the outer wall is exposed. Asterisks (*) indicate points of attachment to substrate. Photographs courtesy of Hiromi Yagui.
Figure 10 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 10 - Annotated illustrations of male Sphodromantis sp. genitalia for morphological use. Male postabdomen, left phallic complex A–D dorsal view. From A (showing intact left complex) to D dorsal and peripheral parts are removed step by step. Thick black lines are (virtual) cutting lines. Continuous thin black lines are freely visible edges (= lines along which the cuticle bends away from the observer's view). Dashed thin black lines are (parts of) edges hidden beneath other cuticle. Membranous cuticle in very light gray, sclerotized cuticle in darker gray; cuticle shaded darker where it goes underneath other cuticle. For abbreviations see text, glossary, or Suppl. material 2: Extended abdominal glossary.
Figure 20 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 20 - General ootheca morphology. A–E Annotated illustrations of a generic ootheca: A dorsal view B rear view C frontal view D lateral view E ventral view F internal view of a bisected egg case, species unknown. Example of interspecific variation of ootheca morphology (G–I) G Choeradodis rhombicollis Latreille, 1833 H Choeradodis stalii Wood-Mason, 1880 I Choeradodis columbica Beier, 1931. Illustrations and photographs courtesy of Hiromi Yagui.
Figure 1 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 1 - Carbon dust illustrations of Sphodromantis sp. dorsal and ventral habitus, from left to right respectively. Illustrations by Rebecca Konte. Abbreviations: fw = forewing; hw = hindwing.
Figure 2 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 2 - Annotated illustrations of cranial structures. Omomantis Saussure, 1899 ♂ head capsule A anterior view B dorsal view. Generalized mantis head capsule C oblique anterior view demarcating regions where cranial process can arise; colored triangles indicate approximate locations of cuticular projections: light gray triangle = fastigial process; black triangles = juxtaocular processes; blue triangle = vertical process; white triangle = postocellar process; yellow triangle = medial ocellar process; gray triangle = ocellar process. Various compound eye shapes (D–F): D approximately globular in Orthodera Burmeister, 1838 E Heterochaeta sp. with a non-visual elongation F anteriorly elongate in Schizocephala bicornis Linné, 1758. Illustrations A–B by Josh Maxwell. Abbreviations: cs = coronal sulcus; ey = compound eye; fp = fastigial process; jop = juxtaocular process; mop = medial ocellar process; nve = non-visual elongation; op = ocellar process; pfs = postfrontal sulcus; pop = postocellar process; vp = vertical process.
Figure 13 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 13 - Annotated illustrations of Sphodromantis sp. male genitalia for taxonomic use. Intact genital complex A dorsal view B ventral view. Disarticulated genital complex to isolate the individual phallomeres C–E: C left phallomere (of the left phallic complex), dorsal view D ventral phallomere (of the left phallic complex), dorsal view E right phallomere, ventral view. Blue text refers to major sclerotizations. Abbreviations: afa = anterior process (left phallomere); an = anterior extension of sclerite R3 (anterior apodeme); bm = dextral extension (right phallomere); fda = main posterior lobe (right phallomere); L4A = sclerite extending over the ventral wall (left phallomere); L4B = sclerite extending over the dorsal wall (left phallomere); loa = posteromesal (left phallomere); paa = posterior process (left phallomere); pda = posterior process (ventral phallomere); pia = process posterolateral to pva (right phallomere); pva = process anteromesal to pia (right phallomere); R3 = anteriorly extending sclerite (right phallomere).
Figure 14 from: Brannoch SK, Wieland F, Rivera J, Klass K-D, Béthoux O, Svenson GJ (2017) Manual of praying mantis morphology, nomenclature, and practices (Insecta, Mantodea). ZooKeys 696: 1-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.696.12542
Figure 14 - Annotated illustrations of the female Sphodromantis sp. postabdomen and genitalia for morphological use. A left gonapophysis 8 with adjoining parts of coxa 8 and laterocoxa 9 in dorsal view B lateral parts of terminal abdomen in ventral view, with focus on base of cercus (enlarged 2.5× from C) C entire genital region, most parts in external view. Posterior parts (segments VIII–XI) are bent 180° dorsally and to the anterior compared to anterior parts (of segment VII), along the axis marked by arrows X. The lower half of the illustration shows the ventral fold 7 ("subgenital lobe") and the genital fold area in dorsal view; the upper half of the illustration shows the ventral sides of segments VIII–XI in ventral view. Left gonapophysis 8 removed. Thick black lines are (virtual) cutting lines. Continuous thin black lines are freely visible edges (= lines along which the cuticle bends away from the observer's view). Dashed thin black lines are (parts of) edges hidden beneath other cuticle. Thick gray lines are internal ridges. Dashed gray line next to fold mvtf7 in C giving outline of area where dorsal and ventral walls of ventral fold 7 are firmly connected by columellae. Membranous cuticle in very light gray, sclerotized cuticle in medium to darker gray (darker = more strongly sclerotized); cuticle shaded darker where it goes underneath other cuticle. For abbreviations see text, glossary, or Suppl. material 2: Extended abdominal glossary.
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