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Figure 5 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 5. Character states DFST, AXRB and UEPW. Adult specimens of (A) L. n. sp. W, (B) L. n. sp. F, (C) L. n. sp. K, (D) L. n. sp. J showing the aperture in side view and (E) an apertural view of an adult L. n. sp. W. In A-D the trajectory of the suture tends to deviate downwards in comparison to the trajectory of the spiral cord of the previous whorl immediately above the suture (DFST). A and D also show the loss of, or irregularities in the appearance of axial sculpture (AXRB). In E, arrowheads show the undulations formed at the edge of the parietal side of the aperture (UEPW). Scale bar = 0.2 cm.
Figure 2 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 2. Character states WGPW and APLT. An adult specimen of L. n. sp. A (left) and a juvenile (right). The adult shows a thickened (APLT) and opaque (WGPW) inner surface of the apertural lip in comparison to the juvenile. Scale bar = 0.2 cm.
Figure 1 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 1. Eight species used in this study, apertural and side views of adult specimens. (A) Lavigeria new species N. (B) L. n. sp. F. (C) L. n. sp. J. (D) L. n. sp. X. (E) L. n. sp. K. (F) L. n. sp. W. (G) L. n. sp. A. (H) L. n. sp. U. C-H all belong to the same clade. A and B belong to different clades within the genus. Scale bar = 0.2 cm.
Figure 4 in Adulthood and phylogenetic analysis in gastropods: character recognition and coding in shells of Lavigeria (Cerithioidea, Thiaridae) from Lake Tanganyika
Figure 4. Character state APDT. An adult specimen of L. n. sp. J (left) and a juvenile on the right. Notice in the adult how the parietal side of the apertural lip is completely detached from the previous whorl and a false umbilicus has developed. Scale bar = 0.2 cm.
Figure 3. Shell ontogeny. A in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions
Figure 3. Shell ontogeny. A, Chesacardium laqueatum (FMNH UC7082), B, Chesacardium laqueatum (FMNH PE3523). C, D, Planicardium virginianum (UNC 11856). All scale bars = 10 mm.
Figure 6 in Systematics, shell structure and affinities of the Palaeozoic Problematicum Cornulites
Figure 6. Shell structures in Cornulites cellulosus sp. nov. A, B, BU 4378, ×60. Longitudinal section through apertural version of shell showing continuity between lamellae (lam) in the shell wall and partitions bounding cellulae (cel): selected lamellae are highlighted in B, 'ag' indicates the apertural groove. The pattern of overlap in the lamellae shows that growth occurred in the direction indicated by the arrows.
Figure 5 in Systematics, shell structure and affinities of the Palaeozoic Problematicum Cornulites
Figure 5. Shell structures in Cornulites cellulosus sp. nov. A–C, BU 4371, pseudopuncta. A, transverse view, ×45, B, longitudinal view, ×45. C, ESEM image of transverse section (scale bar = 20 µm), shell interior towards top in all images. D, BU 4371, ESEM image of transverse section across mid-region shell wall, showing bipartite structure within lamellae, scale bar = 10 µm. E, BMNH A455, transverse section across apertural region showing concentric lamellae and apertural groove filled with cellulae, ×4. F, G, BMNH A459. F, transverse section close to aperture, ×3.25. G, close-up of concentric lamellae, separated by zones of cellulae, ×4.
Figure 9 in Systematics, shell structure and affinities of the Palaeozoic Problematicum Cornulites
Figure 9. Development of cellulae in Cornulites cellulosus sp. nov. A, B, BU 4378, ×60. Longitudinal section through annulation in apertural region of shell, showing stacking of cellulae (cel) and lamellae (lam). Lamellae deposited at selected time intervals t0–t5 are highlighted in B; black arrows represent growth directions within and between cellulae. L1 and L2 are thickened series of lamellae without cellulae, and represent later shell layers that closed off and overgrew the lamellae and cellulae of an earlier growth stage.
Figure 3. Cornulites scalariformis Vine, 1882 in Systematics, shell structure and affinities of the Palaeozoic Problematicum Cornulites
Figure 3. Cornulites scalariformis Vine, 1882, Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Dudley. A, B, four specimens attached to brachiopod BU 4373. A, ×2.25, B, ×3. C, three specimens attached to brachiopod BU 4374, ×3. D, NHM A847, ×0.75.
Olivas nas Costas do Pacífico da América Central / Olive Shells on Pacific Coasts of Central America
<p> </p> <p>Marine snails of the family Olividae (Caenogastropoda) are dominant elements of the intertidal invertebrate communities on many sandy beaches of the Central American west coast. Especially the predatory <em>Agaronia propatula</em> and its main prey, the suspension-feeding <em>Olivella</em> (or <em>Pachyoliva</em>) <em>semistriata</em>, are being studied as an exemplary case of a complex predator-prey relationship among gastropods (Cyrus<em> et al.</em>, 2012; Robinson & Peters, 2018; Veelenturf & Peters, 2020).</p> <p> </p> <p>In 2015 and 2016, the <em>Museu do Mar Rei D. Carlos</em> (https://museumar.cascais.pt/) in Cascais, Portugal, presented a temporary exhibition focusing on the olive shells (Olividae) in the collection of the museum (https://museumar.cascais.pt/oliva.html). I was invited to contribute a video showing some of the predatory and defensive behaviors of these animals, which we study in Central America. A slightly shortened version of this video is made available here. It is just over five minutes long, has no sound but captions in Portuguese and English. </p> <p> </p> <p>Some of the footage used in this video was later also included in <em>Killer Surfing Snails</em>, part of the series <em>True Facts</em> by Ze Frank (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVWQCd5j_ec).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: How long does a brachiopod shell last on a seafloor? Modern mid-bathyal environments as taphonomic analogues of continental shelves prior to the Mesozoic Marine Revolution
<p class="MsoNormal">Carbonate skeletal remains are altered and disintegrate at yearly to decadal scales in present-day shallow-marine environments with intense bioerosion and dissolution. Present-day brachiopod death assemblages are invariably characterized by poor preservation on continental shelves, and abundant articulated shells of brachiopods with well-preserved brachidia are thus not expected to be preserved if not rapidly buried. However, such preservation is paradoxically observed in shallow-water Paleozoic and Mesozoic brachiopod assemblages. Here, we show that a bathyal death assemblage time-averaged to several millennia (Adriatic Sea) consists of sediment-filled articulated shells of <em>Gryphus</em> <em>vitreus</em> with complete brachidia. Postmortem age distributions indicate that disintegration half-lives exceed several centuries (~500-1,700 years). The high frequency of articulated but centuries-old shells (>50%) and the fitting of taphonomic models to postmortem ages indicate that disarticulation half-life is unusually long (~200 years). Rapid sediment filling of shells (1) inhibited disarticulation, loop fragmentation and colonization by coelobites and (2) induced precipitation of ferromanganese oxides at redox fronts within shells. Sediment-filled articulated shells, however, still resided at the sediment-water interface as indicated by encrusters and sponges that infested them after death. Sediment-filled shells disintegrated through bioerosion and wear when residence time in the taphonomically active zone exceeded ~2,000 years. We suggest that the articulation paradox is driven by the Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR) that escalated predation, bioturbation and organic matter recycling, all intensifying shell disintegration. A scenario with slow disarticulation in bathyal environments can be an analogue of conditions leading to preservation of articulated shells in shallow-water assemblages prior to the MMR.</p>
Dataset of the paper "Numerical Study of the Optical Response of ITO-In2O3 Core-Shell Nanocrystals for Multispectral Electromagnetic Shielding"
<p>This dataset provides the raw data of the paper "Numerical Study of the Optical Response of ITO-In2O3 Core-Shell Nanocrystals for Multispectral Electromagnetic Shielding"</p>
Text-fig. 4. Taphonomic features of the studied localities of ammonoids. a: Sandstone slab with fragmentary remains of productid and spiriferid brachiopods, orthocerids, coiled nautiloids and ammonoids (stratigraphic level No. 3). b: Shell debris cluster and fragment of crushed ammonoid conch (stratigraphic level No. 1). c: Epibionts on the surface of an ammonoid conch (stratigraphic level No. 5). d: Cluster of bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods remains in a siderite nodule (stratigraphic level No. 5). e: Fragment of an ammonoid conch (stratigraphic level No. 3). f: Fragment of an ammonoid conch (?) with terminal aperture and brachiopod valve (stratigraphic level No. 3). g: Specimen of?Anthracoceratites sp. with conch injuries (shown by arrows) (stratigraphic level No. 8). h, i: Bioerosion trace fossils Cyclopuncta girtyi ELIAS, 1958 on the fragments of cephalopod conchs (stratigraphic level No. 5). j: Limonitized conchs of the ammonoid (stratigraphic level No. 7). k: Fragment of an ammonoid conch (stratigraphic level No. 5). Scale bars 10 mm. in Late Bashkirian Ammonoids From The Mospyne Formation Of The Donets Basin, Ukraine
Text-fig. 4. Taphonomic features of the studied localities of ammonoids. a: Sandstone slab with fragmentary remains of productid and spiriferid brachiopods, orthocerids, coiled nautiloids and ammonoids (stratigraphic level No. 3). b: Shell debris cluster and fragment of crushed ammonoid conch (stratigraphic level No. 1). c: Epibionts on the surface of an ammonoid conch (stratigraphic level No. 5). d: Cluster of bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods remains in a siderite nodule (stratigraphic level No. 5). e: Fragment of an ammonoid conch (stratigraphic level No. 3). f: Fragment of an ammonoid conch (?) with terminal aperture and brachiopod valve (stratigraphic level No. 3). g: Specimen of?Anthracoceratites sp. with conch injuries (shown by arrows) (stratigraphic level No. 8). h, i: Bioerosion trace fossils Cyclopuncta girtyi ELIAS, 1958 on the fragments of cephalopod conchs (stratigraphic level No. 5). j: Limonitized conchs of the ammonoid (stratigraphic level No. 7). k: Fragment of an ammonoid conch (stratigraphic level No. 5). Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 16 in A new species of pheasant shell from the south-western Indian Ocean (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Phasianellidae: Tricolia)
Fig. 16. Scanning electron micrographs of the external surface of operculum of Tricolia retrolineata sp. n., showing distinct peripheral groove underlying labral margin, paratype, maximum diameter 2.9 mm, NMSA E2476/T2241.
Figs 14, 15 in A new species of pheasant shell from the south-western Indian Ocean (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Phasianellidae: Tricolia)
Figs 14, 15. Apices of Tricolia elongata (Krauss, 1848) and T. retrolineata sp. n.: (14) T. elongata showing white, subsutural spots on second teleoconch whorl, NMSA W4769, Cape Agulhas, Western Cape; (15) T. retrolineata sp. n. lacking spots on apical region, NMSA L5938/T2238, Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique.
Fig. 13 in A new species of pheasant shell from the south-western Indian Ocean (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Phasianellidae: Tricolia)
Fig. 13. Tricolia elongata (Krauss, 1848), length 12.7 mm, width 6.9 mm, NMSA W4769, Cape Agulhas, Western Cape.
Figs 1–12 in A new species of pheasant shell from the south-western Indian Ocean (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda: Phasianellidae: Tricolia)
Figs 1–12. Tricolia retrolineata sp. n., variation in shell colour and pattern: (1, 2) holotype, length 6.5 mm, width 3.5 mm, NMSA L5938/T2238, Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique; (3–12) paratypes: (3, 4) length 5.8 mm, width 3.3 mm, NMSA S2851/T2242, between Bhanga Nek and Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal; (5, 6) length 7.1 mm, width 3.8 mm, NMSA L7357/T3339, Ponta do Ouro, Mozambique; (7, 8) length 6.0 mm, width 3.4 mm, NMSA L6904/T2240, Malongane, Mozambique; (9, 10) length 6.5 mm, width 3.4 mm, NMSA W1935/T2243, Mzamba, Eastern Cape; (11, 12) length 7.4 mm, width 4.1 mm, NMSA E2476/T2241, Leadsman Shoal, KwaZulu- Natal.
On the use of antibiotics in plasticity research: gastropod shells unveil a tale of caution
<p>1) Through phenotypic plasticity, individual genotypes can produce multiple phenotypes dependent on the environment. In the modern world, anthropogenic influences such as man-made pharmaceuticals are increasingly prevalent. They might alter observable patterns of plasticity and distort our conclusions regarding the adaptive potential of natural populations.</p> <p>2) Antibiotics are nowadays nearly ubiquitous in aquatic environments and prophylactic antibiotic use is also becoming more common to optimize animal survival and reproductive output in artificial settings. In the well-studied plasticity model system <em>Physella acuta</em>, prophylactic erythromycin treatment acts against gram-positive bacteria and thereby reduces mortality.</p> <p>3) Here, we study its consequences for inducible defence formation in the same species. In a 2×2 split-clutch design, we reared 635 <em>P. acuta</em> in either the presence or absence of this antibiotic, followed by 28-day exposure to either high or low predation risk as perceived through conspecific alarm cues.</p> <p>4) Under antibiotic treatment, risk-induced increases in shell thickness, a well-known plastic response in this model system, were larger and consistently detectable. Antibiotic treatment reduced shell thickness in low-risk individuals, suggesting that in controls, undiscovered pathogen infection increased shell thickness under low risk. Family variation in risk-induced plasticity was low, but the large variation in responses to antibiotics among families suggests different pathogen susceptibility between genotypes. Lastly, individuals that developed thicker shells had reduced total mass, which highlights resource trade-offs.</p> <p>5) Antibiotics thus have the potential to uncover a larger extent of plasticity, but might counterintuitively distort plasticity estimates for natural populations where pathogens are a part of natural ecology.</p>
(new version data) Probing the atomically diffuse interfaces in core-shell nanoparticles in three dimensions
<p><strong>Deciphering the three-dimensional atomic structure of solid-solid interfaces in core-shell nanomaterials is the key to understand their remarkable catalytical, optical and electronic properties. Here, we probe the three-dimensional atomic structures of palladium-platinum core-shell nanoparticles at the single-atom level using atomic resolution electron tomography. We successfully quantify the rich structural variety of core-shell nanoparticles with heteroepitaxy in 3D at atomic resolution. Instead of forming an atomically-sharp boundary, the core-shell interface is atomically diffuse with an average thickness of 4.2 Å, irrespective of the particle's morphology or crystallographic texture. We observed dissolved free Pd and Pt single atoms and sub-nanometer clusters using cryogenic electron microscopy. The high concentration of Pd in the diffusive interface is highly related to the free Pd atoms dissolved from the Pd seeds. These results advance our understanding of core-shell structures at the fundamental level, providing potential strategies into precise nanomaterial manipulation and chemical property regulation.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>The data and source codes for the paper "Probing the atomically diffuse interfaces in core-shell nanoparticles in three dimensions" are posted below.</p> <p><strong># Repositary Contents</strong></p> <p><strong>### 1. Experiment Data</strong></p> <p>Folder: [Measured_data](./1_Measured_data)</p> <p>This folder contains denoised and aligned ADF-STEM projections and corresponding finalized tilt angles for three Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles. Three particles are named PB (pentagonal bipyramid shaped), EPB (elongated pentagonal bipyramid shaped) and TO (truncated octahedron shaped), respectively.</p> <p><strong>### 2. Reconstructed 3D Volume</strong></p> <p>Folder: [Final_reconstruction_volume](./2_Final_reconstruction_volume)</p> <p>This folder contains 3D tomographic reconstruction volumes of three particles. For the source code of RESIRE algorithm used in these reconstructions, please see the [source code](https://github.com/AET-MetallicGlass/Supplementary-Data-Codes/tree/master/2_RESIRE_package) of Yao Yang's paper on github.</p> <p><strong>### 3. Atom Tracing and Classification</strong></p> <p>Folder: [Tracing_and_classification](./3_Tracing_and_classification)</p> <p>This folder contains the source code to trace and classify atoms in the 3D volume.</p> <p><strong>### 4. Experimental Atomic Models</strong></p> <p>Folder: [Final_coordinates](./4_Final_coordinates)</p> <p>This folder contains the final coordinates of three nanoparticles.</p> <p><strong>### 5. Analysis of core-shell interface and others</strong></p> <p>Folder: [Analysis_of_interface](./5_Analysis_of_interface)</p> <p>This folder contains the codes to analyse the pair distribution function (PDF), the core-shell interface, the local coordination structure (PTM), the displacement and strain map of three nanoparticles.</p>
Fig. 2. Shell morphometric variables. A in Morphology and taxonomic assessment of eight genetic clades of Mercuria Boeters, 1971 (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with the description of five new species
Fig. 2. Shell morphometric variables. A. Image of a specimen of Mercuria similis (Draparnaud, 1805) indicating the landmarks (red) and semilandmarks (blue) used for the geometric morphometric analysis (PCA). B–C. Drawings of shells of Mercuria Boeters, 1971, showing the linear measurements made on the shell and protoconch.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.