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3,709 results for “urbanization.”
Data from: Metabarcoding of trap nests reveals differential impact of urbanization on cavity-nesting bee and wasp communities
<p><span>Urbanization is affecting arthropod communities worldwide, for example by changing the availability of food resources. However, the strength and direction of a community's response are species-specific and depend on the species' trophic level. Here, we investigated interacting species at different trophic levels in nests of cavity-nesting bees and wasps along two urbanization gradients in four German cities using trap nests. We analyzed bee and wasp diversity and their trophic interaction partners by metabarcoding the DNA of bee pollen and preyed arthropods found in wasp nests. We found that the pollen richness increased with increasing distance from city centers and at sites characterized by a high percentage of impervious and developed surfaces, while the richness of pollinators was unaffected by urbanization. In contrast, species richness of wasps, but not their arthropod prey, was highest at sites with low levels of urbanization. However, the community structure of wasp prey changed with urbanization at both local and regional scales. Throughout the study area, the community of wasps consisted of specialists, while bee species were generalists. Our results suggest that Hymenoptera and their food resources are negatively affected by increasing urbanization. However, to understand the distribution patterns of both, wasps and bees in urban settings other factors besides food availability should be considered.</span></p>
Fig. 2 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment
Fig. 2. Changes in the number of salamander larvae and rainfall. The bold black continuous line shows the mean number of salamander larvae detected during the surveys in the three 10 day intervals of months in Hűvös-ér stream, 2011–2014. The bar graph shows the mean amount (and SD) of precipitation (mm) during the three 10-day intervals of months
Fig. 3 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment
Fig. 3. Mean density of salamander larvae (number of larvae/m2) detected in the 16 segments during surveys every 10 days in "Hűvös-ér" stream, 2011–2014 (2011: thin line, 2012:
Fig. 5 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment
Fig. 5. Mean number of salamander larvae detected per a year in the "releasing" 2–6 upper segments (continuous bold line), in the "strong collector" middle segments: 7–9 (dashed line) and the "weak collector" lower segments: 10–13 (dotted line) during surveys every 10 days in "Hűvös-ér" stream between 2011–2014. Data from segment 1 have not been plotted because larvae were present at only one time point
Fig. 1 in Diet Composition Of The Austral Pygmy Owl In A Peri-Urban Protected Area In South-Central Chile
Fig. 1. Trophic isoclines for Austral Pygmy Owl, Glaucidium nana, in the study area: A. l. — Abrothrix longipilis; A. o. — Abrothrix olivaceus; Art — Arthropods; Bd. — Birds; D. g. — Dromiciops gliroides; R. n. — Rattus norvegicus; R. r. — Rattus rattus.
The impact of small-scale green infrastructure on the affective wellbeing associated with urban sites
<p>The database contains participants' reported affective perceptions of 18 images of street images with different levels of green coverage.</p>
Fig. 1 in Larval Development And Habitat Usage Of Stream-Breeding Fire Salamanders In An Urban Environment
Fig. 1. Segments of "Hűvös-ér" stream, where Salamandra salamandra larvae were surveyed. (Numbers indicate individual stream segments, bold meandering line = main branch of the stream, thin branch- ing line = tributaries of the stream, straight lines = segment boundaries, four-pointed stars at segment boundaries and in the stream bed = water steps, double line = main road between Budapest and Solymár, P = "Paprikás"-stream)
Analyses for: Genome-wide parallelism underlies contemporary adaptation in urban lizards
<p>R scripts and data files for all analyses and visualizations in "Genome-wide parallelism underlies contemporary adaptation in urban lizards" (Winchell et al., 2023, PNAS)</p> <p>R scripts as R-markdown code files in 3 parts are executable with files in datafiles compressed folder. R markdown files also exported as PDF's in 3 parts with code output.</p>
Supplementary Material - Marine animal forests in turbid environments are overlooked seascapes in urban areas
<p>Figures S1, S2, and S3 of the manuscript "Marine animal forests in turbid environments are overlooked seascapes in urban areas" accepted in the open-access journal Ocean and Coastal Research (Soares et al. 2023)</p>
Datasets of sap flow, meteorological, leaf gas measurements in urban green areas in Helsinki
<p>Datasets of sap flow, meteorological, leaf gas measurements used in the manuscript “Sap flow and leaf gas exchange response to drought and heatwave in urban green spaces in a Nordic city”. Data contains cleaned half-hourly sap flow data and half-hourly meteorological datasets (Tair, Tsoil, RH, soil temperature, soil moisture) at four different urban green areas in Helsinki.</p> <p>Manual measurements of leaf gas exchanges using GFS instruments. Datasets contains mainly the Amax parameters derived from curve fitting and instantaneous values of G and E at PAR 1100 W m<sup>-2</sup>.</p> <p>Folders contain:</p> <ul> <li>Leaf gas exchange data <ul> <li>Leaf_gas_data_all_v2.csv</li> <li>Metadata_leaf gas exchange data.csv</li> </ul> </li> <li>Meteo data <ul> <li>Meteo_Forest_data_30min.csv</li> <li>Meteo_Orchard_data_30min.csv</li> <li>Meteo_Park_data_30min.csv</li> <li>Meteo_Street_data_30min.csv</li> <li>Metainfo_meteo.xlsx</li> </ul> </li> <li>Sap flow data <ul> <li>Sap_Forest_30min_cleaned.csv</li> <li>Sap_Orchard_30min_cleaned.csv</li> <li>Sap_Park_30min_cleaned.csv</li> <li>Sap_Street_30min_cleaned.csv</li> <li>Metadata_info_sap.csv</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Dataset for publications "Willingness to pay for urban agriculture in Oslo" and "The Value of Urban Farming in Oslo, Norway: Community Gardens, Aquaponics and Vertical Farming"
<p>Dataset for publications “(Willingness to pay for urban agriculture in Oslo)[https://zenodo.org/record/6510590#.Y851cXbMLfs]" and “The Value of Urban Farming in Oslo, Norway: Community Gardens, Aquaponics and Vertical Farming”. The data was collected as a contingent valuation study of urban agriculture in Oslo, Norway.</p>
An Urban Scheme for the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System: Global Forecasts and Residential CO2 Emissions - Dataset
<p>These data support the journal article : An Urban Scheme for the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System: Global Forecasts and Residential CO2 Emissions (Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems).</p> <p>The files provided are as follows:</p> <p>SITE_RMSE* - These files provided the computed RMSE values for SYNOP site evaluation using the control IFS and the urban IFS. Results are given for different forecast lead times, different seasons and for both 2 m and 10 m wind speed. </p> <p>DIURNAL* - These files provide the diurnal 2 m temperature output from the model and the comparison of those with observations.</p> <p>For more information please contact or access to alternative data related to the publication please contact: joe.mcnorton@ecmwf.int</p> <p> </p>
Urban tree pests can support biological control services in landscape shrubs
<p>Scale insects are common tree pests in urban ecosystems. Although severe scale infestations can worsen tree condition, trees can tolerate moderate scale densities. Scale insects are prey for many arthropod natural enemies that also feed on plant pests throughout urban landscapes. Because scale-infested trees support natural enemy communities, they may support biological control services on nearby plants and function analogously to banker plants in greenhouse production systems. In this study, we tested if sentinel insect prey were more likely to be removed on shrubs below scale-infested trees compared to scale-uninfested trees. We conducted several biological control experiments from 2019–2021 using fruit flies, aphids, and caterpillars in potted and planted holly shrubs below scale-infested and scale-uninfested oak trees. We found that caterpillars in potted shrubs and fruit flies in planted landscape shrubs were more likely to be removed underneath scale-infested trees compared to scale-uninfested trees. Caterpillars were also more likely to be removed from landscape <em>Ilex</em> <em>vomitoria</em> shrubs compared to <em>I</em>. <em>cornuta</em> shrubs. In all other experiments, we found no effect of scale infestation status or shrub species on prey removal. Our results suggest that scale-infested trees can support biological control services in shrubs below them but that this effect can vary depending on prey and shrub species. The natural enemy communities in urban trees and shrubs appear to be linked and tolerating tree pests can favor conservation biological control services in urban landscapes.</p>
Fig. 1 in Nest Entry Shape Change May Cause Nest Abandonment In Urban Cavity-Nesting Species: A Case Study Of The Tree Sparrow Passer Montanus
Fig. 1. Location of the study area (left) and examples of Tree Sparrow nests at the study sites (right). Site 1: Agricultural Practical Training Center, Chonnam National University,
Scale insects contribute to spider conservation in urban trees and shrubs
<p>Urbanization filters arthropod communities and selects for species tolerant of urban conditions. Spiders are key generalist predators in urban ecosystems, but certain spider families are rare in cities compared to rural areas. The unique arthropod communities found in different tree species likely affect their ability to conserve spiders by providing different prey resources. If arthropods disperse from trees to plants growing below trees, the conservation benefits of the arthropod communities found in trees may also extend to plants growing beneath them. Certain urban tree species can host high densities of scale-insects and other arthropods that may provide important prey resources for spiders. To assess the conservation value of different arthropod communities in urban trees, we collected spiders from scale-infested and scale-uninfested trees and from shrubs under these trees. We used hanging cup traps to collect spiders that fell from both tree types. Spider abundance was greater within, and in shrubs below, scale-infested compared to scale-uninfested trees. Scale-infested trees hosted more orb web weaving spiders than scale-uninfested trees. Shrubs under scale-infested trees hosted more hunting, orb web weaving, and space web weaving spiders than shrubs under uninfested trees. Our findings suggest that scale-infested urban trees, and the robust arthropod communities they support, conserve certain spider guilds, and these benefits extend to other plants in the landscape.</p> <p><strong>Implications for insect conservation:</strong> The ability of urban trees to conserve spider communities is in part attributable to the abundance of potential prey available within trees. Therefore, tolerating pests such as scale insects in urban trees can conserve spider communities both within trees and in shrubs planted below these trees.</p>
Urban cloud patterns and environmental factors dataset supporting for paper: "How do Cities Modify Local Cloud Patterns?" Vo T.T., Hu L., Xue L., Li Q., Chen S. (2023)
<p> </p> <p>The dataset supporting for the publication: "How do Cities Modify Local Cloud Patterns?" Vo T.T., Hu L., Xue L., Li Q., Chen S. (2023), PNAS. </p> <ul> <li>The data format is in tabular form (.csv, comma delimited). Each row is the <strong>monthly </strong>aggregated <span class="math-tex">\(\Delta_{CloudCover}\)</span> for <strong>each </strong>city for daytime and nighttime, associated with the environmental factors used to study the relationship in the research. More specifically, the description of each factor associated with its unit formatted in the table are listed as follows: <ul> <li>the spatial differences in cloud coverage (in percent) between urban and adjacent background domain (<span class="math-tex">\(\Delta_{CloudCover}\)</span>): <strong>cldmeand </strong>(in percent) </li> <li>the city size (<span class="math-tex">\(log_{10}A\)</span>, A in km<sup>2</sup>) as an indicator of surface roughness and anthropogenic emission: <strong>CitySize </strong>(in <span class="math-tex">\(log_{10}(km^{2})\)</span>)</li> <li>the differential urban-background surface heating measured by land surface temperature (<span class="math-tex">\(\Delta LST\)</span>): <strong>Tempdiff </strong>(in K)</li> <li>the moisture availability measured by annual precipitation (P): <strong>precipannualbackground </strong>(in mm)</li> <li>the energy availability measured by mean annual temperature (<span class="math-tex">\(\overline{T}\)</span>): <strong>tempannualbackground </strong>(in <span class="math-tex">\(^{o}C\)</span>)</li> <li>the longitudes and latitudes for the defined city: <strong>xcoords </strong>(longitudes, in meters) and <strong>ycoords </strong>(latitudes, in meters)</li> </ul> </li> <li>Other columns: <ul> <li><strong>NAME10</strong>: the name of urban domain or city defined in the study (CENSUS 2010)</li> <li><strong>time</strong>: daytime (around 13 LT) or nighttime (around 1 LT). </li> <li><strong>monthtext</strong>: specifies the month (January to December)</li> <li><strong>urban_type</strong>: the geographical location of the defined urban area (either inland, coastal or mountainous city) </li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Dataset: GNSS PPP-RTK Tightly Coupled with Low-cost Visual Inertial Odometry aiming at Urban Canyons
<p>GNSS can provide high-precision positioning worldwide and is the preferred positioning method in autonomous driving and intelligent transportation etc. However, in complex urban environments, due to serious signal occlusion, the positioning performance of GNSS deteriorates sharply, and it even provides incorrect positioning information. To obtain robust navigation, GNSS is usually integrated with inertial measurement unit (IMU) to form a GNSS/INS integrated system. But in complex scenarios, the performance of GNSS/INS is closely related to IMU. For low-cost MEMS IMU, though it can facilitate GNSS positioning to a certain extent, it still cannot stably provide reliable positioning information. Visual sensors and IMUs can be combined to form a VINS system, which can obtain accurate local pose estimation. Therefore, adding visual information to MEMS IMU-based GNSS/INS systems can effectively suppress the divergence of MEMS IMU errors, and provide precise and reliable positioning services in GNSS-challenging environments.</p>
Rapid decline of aerosol absorption coefficient and aerosol optical properties effects on radiative forcing in urban areas of Beijing from 2018 to 2021
<p>data for Rapid decline of aerosol absorption coefficient and aerosol optical properties effects on radiative forcing in urban areas of Beijing from 2018 to 2021</p>
Dataset from: Ultraviolet refractive index values of organic aerosol extracted from deciduous forestry, urban and marine environments
<p>The refractive index values of atmospheric aerosols are required to address the large uncertainties in the magnitude of atmospheric radiative forcing and measurements of the refractive index dispersion with wavelength of particulate matter sampled from the atmosphere are rare over ultraviolet wavelengths. An ultraviolet-optimized spectroscopic system illuminates optically-trapped single particles from a range of tropospheric environments to determine the particle’s optical properties. Aerosol from remote marine, polluted urban, and forestry environments is collected on quartz filters, and the organic fraction is extracted and nebulized to form micron-sized spherical particles. The radius and the real component of refractive index dispersion with wavelength of the optically trapped particles are determined to a precision of 0.001 µm and 0.002 respectively over a near-ultraviolet-visible wavelength range of 0.320–0.480 µm. Remote marine aerosol is observed to have the lowest refractive index (n=1.442 (λ=0.350 µm)), with above-canopy rural forestry aerosol (n=1.462–1.481 (λ=0.350 µm)) and polluted urban aerosol (n=1.444–1.485 (λ=0.350 µm)) showing similar refractive index dispersions with wavelength. In-canopy rural forestry aerosol is observed to have the highest refractive index value (n=1.508 (λ=0.350 µm)). The study presents the first single particle measurements of the dispersion of refractive index with wavelength of atmospheric aerosol samples below wavelengths of 0.350 µm. The Cauchy dispersion equation, commonly used to describe the visible refractive index variation of aerosol particles, is demonstrated to extend to ultraviolet wavelengths below 0.350 µm for the urban, forestry, and atmospheric aerosol water-insoluble extracts from these environments. A 1D radiative-transfer calculation of the difference in top-of-the-atmosphere albedo between atmospheric core-shell mineral aerosol with and without films of this material demonstrates the importance of organic films forming on mineral aerosol.</p> <p>The raw experimental spectra collected and analysed in this study are provided, as well as files for the calibrated wavelengths.</p>
Social justice implications of smart urban technologies: an intersectional approach
<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p> <p>Techno-optimistic visions around smart buildings, homes, cities, grids, healthcare etc. have become ubiquitous over the past decade. Utilizing variations of machine learning and artificial intelligence, smart urbanism (SU) envisions an efficient, digital society. However, research shows that smart technologies reinscribe inequalities by prioritizing the interests of the free market, technology-centric governance, and data monetization. Although there has been a growing concern over the injustices SU perpetuates, there is a lack of systematic engagement with power systems such as capitalism or heterosexism that underpin SU visions. In this paper, we develop a novel framework which situates intersectional justice at the heart of SU. A mapping of 70 cases of ‘trouble’ with the promises of SU is carried out to address three core research questions: (i) What are the ‘troubles’ with SU? (ii) To what extent are they intersectional? and (iii) What can intersectionality add to the development of a just SU? Our analysis shows how SU politics play out in relation to how users are understood and engaged, how different actors institutionalise SU, and how dominant power systems are challenged. We find that intersectional justice concerns are addressed only marginally - 1 of the 70 cases explicitly mentioned the term intersectionality, 16 did not engage with any intersectional approach, and 31 cases did not address social justice concerns directly.</p> <p><strong><em>Practice Relevance:</em></strong> (i) <em>citizen-led initiatives</em> against SU should commit to intersectionality’s radical core to dismantle power structures to ensure local smart urban projects do not entrench global business-as-usual neoliberal agendas. Intersectional thinking can create spaces for deliberative dialogues between civil society groups and build alliances across groups that seek to challenge the hegemony of exclusionary urban policies, (ii) <em>urban planners and local governments</em> which are at the forefront of SU applications should decenter technologies and rather focus efforts on working out how smart technologies can work <em>in conjunction </em>with other kinds of urban interventions, such as social, economic and environmental policy changes, collaborative planning, community development, etc to herald more just urban futures and (iii) <em>designers of smart urban technologies</em> should apply intersectional approaches to further challenge <em>homoeconomicus</em> (rational, white, technophilic, able-bodied) as the primary user-type and to replace it with diverse user archetypes that express humanity, justice, and generosity.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.