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2,021 results for “valley”
McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER: Landscape Albedo in Taylor Valley, Antarctica from 2015 to 2019
This data package contains reflectance data and associated aerial images collected using a helicopter-suspended "albedo box," in which a shortwave radiometer and camera where mounted facing downward. The purpose of this study was to measure how surface reflectance varies within and across landscape types (glaciers, lakes, and soils) over the course of a single field season as well as across multiple field seasons. We made five flights in the 2015-2016 field season (20 November 2015, 7 December 2015, 24 December 2015, 5 January 2016, and 12 January 2016), five flights in the 2016-2017 field season (11 November 2016, 3 December 2016, 14 December 2016, 3 January 2017, 23 January 2017), four flights in the 2017-2018 field season (22 November 2017, 7 December 2017, 27 December 2017, 13 January 2018), and two flights in the 2018-2019 field season (23 November 2018, 9 January 2019). Flights originated from Lake Hoare field camp, flew down-valley over Canada Glacier, Lake Fryxell, and Commonwealth Glacier, then turned around and flew up-valley to Taylor Glacier Meteorological Station, after which they returned to Lake Hoare field camp. Flights took roughly one hour and were flown at approximately 25.72 m s-1 (50 knots) and 91.44 m (300 ft) above the ground surface. These data can be normalized to incoming solar radiation (measured in-situ at meteorological stations) to calculate landscape albedo. When collected several times throughout a season, these results can show how snow distribution and physical changes to glacier and lake ice impact the amount of incoming radiation that is absorbed, while also tracking the influence of deposited sediment on ice surfaces. Moreover, these data are important for quantifying the long-term changes in energy connectivity between the atmosphere and the landscape (i.e., addressing Hypothesis 1 of the MCM V funding cycle).
McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER: Nutrient tracer injection experiments in supraglacial streams on Canada Glacier, Antarctica, January 2019
This dataset contains a series of grab samples collected from nutrient tracer injection experiments conducted in supraglacial streams on Canada Glacier in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. The purpose of these experiments was to measure potential nutrient uptake in supraglacial stream networks. We chose three reaches and co-injected nutrient tracer(s) and a conservative tracer (NaCl). Tracers were injected at the top of each reach, allowed to mix with the stream water, and move downstream. Grab samples in this dataset were collected at the base of the reach over the course of these tracer experiments, which ran from 14-19 January 2019.
McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER: Dissolved oxygen measurements in supraglacial streams on Canada Glacier, Antarctica, January 2019
We installed dissolved oxygen sensors in three locations on a supraglacial stream network on Canada Glacier in Taylor Valley, Antarctica in conjunction with a series of nutrient tracer injection experiments. This data collection was intended to provide context for respiration and primary productivity via dissolved oxygen dynamics during our nutrient tracer injections. Sensors were deployed a day before the start of the tracer series and collected on the last day of experiments. Over the course of their deployment, two of the three locations had issues with freezing around the sensor and produced large artifacts (swings) in the data.Â
McMurdo Dry Valleys LTER: Nutrient addition incubation experiments using sediments from supraglacial streams in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, December 2017
We used sediment incubations to quantify and compare nutrient uptake rates from biota living in sediment across glaciers in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Hughes Glacier is located towards the polar plateau on the western edge of the valley and flows from the southern Kukri Hills north into the valley. Canada and Commonwealth glaciers flow south into the valley from the Asgard range. Commonwealth glacier is located closest to the ocean on the east end of the valley. Canada glacier is located mid-valley, between Hughes and Commonwealth glaciers. Sediment was brought to the lab and incubated with added nutrient solutions. Solutions were then analyzed to determine change in nutrient concentration.Â
Spatial coverage and inter-annual persistence of cryoconite holes on Canada and Commonwealth glaciers, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (2014-2015)
This data package includes measurements pertaining to the spatial distribution and multi-annual persistence of cryoconite holes on Canada and Commonwealth Glaciers in Taylor Valley, Antarctica during two consecutive austral summers (2013-14 and 2014-15). Four circular sampling zones were established on each glacier and multiple measurements of the surface shape and absolute location of all cryoconite holes within the sampling zones were recorded. These measurements can be used to generate spatial maps and analyze the persistence of cryoconite holes from one summer to the next by tracking individual holes and identifying the number lost, gained, and persistent on a multiannual scale. The physical state of each cryoconite hole (liquid-filled, fully frozen, or drained/dry) was also recorded in order to assess the capacity for drained columns to re-initiate downward melting later in the austral summer or during the following year. The glacial surface coverage (GSC) of liquid-filled cryoconite holes can be used in order to assess the contribution of these columns to total glacial melt and drainage. A detailed description for how to use these data in subsequent analyses to spatially map and ‘track’ cryoconite holes over time is available in Water Resources Research: A.Q. Mass and D.M. McKnight (2021) The inter-annual persistence and contribution of cryoconite holes in Taylor Valley, Antarctica to the hydrologic cycle of the McMurdo Dry Valleys under a new climate regime.
Chemical and sediment characteristics of ice cores collected from the ablation zones of Canada, Commonwealth, Howard, Hughes, and Seuss Glaciers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica from 2015 to 2019
This data package contains chemical and sediment characteristics of ice cores collected from the ablation zones of five glaciers in Taylor Valley, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica, during the 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, and 2018-19 austral summers. Specifically, shallow ice cores were collected from the ablation zones of Hughes, Howard, Seuss, Commonwealth, and Canada Glaciers in order to characterize the spatial and temporal evolution of ice chemistry and sediment concentration across Taylor Valley. Cores were collected in triplicate from each sampling location and measured 79 mm in diameter and up to 1 m in depth. Cores were sectioned in 5 cm (0-25 cm depth) and 25 cm increments (25 cm to the maximum depth of the core) prior to analyzing chemical and sediment characteristics.
Chemical characteristics of supraglacial stream water on Canada Glacier, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica during the 2015-2016 austral summer
This data package contains chemical characteristics of water samples collected along four supraglacial streams on Canada Glacier, located in Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Samples were collected during the 2015-16 and 2016-17 austral summers in order to characterize the spatial and temporal evolution of glacial meltwater as it travels over and off Canada Glacier. Samples from the 2015-16 austral summer have been fully analyzed and those data are included here. Samples from the 2016-17 austral summer have been stored frozen since collection and have not been analyzed. This package may be amended in the future if analysis of the 2016-17 samples occurs.
Chemical characteristics of terminal waterfalls along the Canada and Suess Glaciers in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica in January of 2018 and 2019
This data package contains chemical and other relevant characteristics for several waterfalls situated along the terminus of two glaciers in Taylor Valley, located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys region of Antarctica, during the 2017-18 and 2018-19 austral summers. Specifically, water samples were collected from terminal waterfalls along Canada and Seuss Glaciers as part of a larger study characterizing the geochemical evolution of glacier ice to meltwater. Samples were collected from just above the base of each waterfall and processed using similar protocols developed and used by the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research program.
Chemical characteristics of snow in the ablation zone of Canada Glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica during the 2016-2017 austral summer
This data package contains chemical characteristics of snow in the ablation zone of Canada Glacier, located in Taylor Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica during the 2016-17 austral summer. Specifically, snow samples were collected from the ablation zones of Canada and Commonwealth Glaciers to characterize the chemistry of recent snowfall in the ablation zones of these glaciers. Samples were collected in triplicate near mass balance stakes on the same date ice cores were collected as part of a larger study characterizing the spatial and temporal geochemical evolution of glacial meltwater. A subset of snow samples collected from Canada Glacier have been analyzed and are included here. This package may be amended in the future if analysis of the remaining samples from both Canada and Commonwealth Glaciers occurs.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Chlorophyll-A Responses to Short-Term Soil Manipulation Experiment
A short-term soil manipulation experiment has been conducted as part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project. The chlorophyll-a concentration of soil samples was determined. Samples were taken on November 13, 1995, November 17, 1995, November 24, 1995 and December 11, 1995.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Soil Depth Effects on Soil Biota
Investigation of the effect of soil depth on soil biota and properties was part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project. The number of soil organisms (nematodes, rotifers and tardigrades), divided by species, sex and maturity was monitored at various soil depths in Taylor Valley in order to accomplish this. The study began in the austral summer of 1993/1994. Samples were taken on 20-Dec-1993, 6-Jan-1994, 21-Nov-1994 and 26-Dec-1994.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Soil Depth Effects on Anhydrobiosis of Nematodes
Investigation of the effect of soil depth on soil biota and properties was part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project. The proportion of soil nematodes found in an anhydrobiotic survival state was monitored at various soil depths in Taylor Valley to help accomplish this. Samples were taken on 21-Nov-1994 and 26-Dec-1994.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Soil Depth Effects on Chlorophyll-a Concentrations
Investigation of the effect of soil depth on soil biota and properties was part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project. Chlorophyll-a concentrations from soil samples collected for organism extraction and identification was monitored at various soil depths in Taylor Valley in order to accomplish this. Samples were taken on 21-Nov-1994 and 26-Dec-1994.
McMurdo Dry Valleys High Nutrient Influences on Soil Biota
Investigation of the effect of penguins (high C and N inputs) on soil biota was part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project. The number of soil organisms (nematodes, rotifers and tardigrades), divided by species, sex and maturity was monitored at Cape Crozier in order to accomplish this. Samples were gathered on December 5, 1997 from Cape Crozier.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Human Disturbances Effects on Chlorophyll-A
Concerns over environmental disturbance in the McMurdo Dry Valleys are increasing with increasing foot traffic from tourists and scientist. The effect of pedestrian disturbance was monitored by comparing the species composition, depth distribution and soil properties between adjacent high-, low- and no- traffic sites. This study began in the austral summer 1995/1996.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Human Disturbance Effects on soils - Soil Moisture
Concerns over environmental disturbance in the McMurdo Dry Valleys are increasing with increasing foot traffic from tourists and scientist. The effect of pedestrian disturbance were monitored by comparing the species composition, depth distribution and soil properties between adjacent high-, low- and no- traffic sites. This study began in the austral summer 1995/1996.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Human Disturbance Effects on soils - Soil Organism
Concerns over environmental disturbance in the McMurdo Dry Valleys are increasing with increasing foot traffic from tourists and scientist. The effect of pedestrian disturbance were monitored by comparing the species composition, depth distribution and soil properties between adjacent high-, low- and no- traffic sites. This study began in the austral summer 1995/1996.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Soil Moistures for Soil Biota Distribution Experiment
Investigation of the variation in soil biota and soil properties across the McMurdo Dry Valleys was part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project.  The moisture content of soil samples collected for organism extraction and identification was determined.   The study began in the austral summer of 1993/1994. Samples were taken on:    * December 31, 1993  * January 3, 8, 10 and 13, 1994,  * December 12 and 22, 1994,  * January 6 and 9, 1995,  * November 1, 8, 16 and 27, 1995,  * December 5 and 7, 1995, and  * January 12, 1998. Â
McMurdo Dry Valleys Biota Found in Soil Biota Distribution Experiment
 Investigation of the variation in soil biota and soil properties across the McMurdo Dry Valleys was part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project.  The number of soil organisms (nematodes, rotifers and tardigrades), divided by species, sex and maturity was monitored at sampling sites throughout the region in order to accomplish this.    The study began in the austral summer of 1993/1994. Samples were taken on:      * December 31, 1993   * January 3, 8, 10 and 13, 1994,   * December 12 and 22, 1994,   * January 6 and 9, 1995,   * November 27, 1995,   * December 5, 7 and 10, 1995, and   * January 12, 1998. Â
McMurdo Dry Valleys Chlorophyll-a Concentrations for Soil Biota Distribution Experiment
 Investigation of the variation in soil biota and soil properties across the McMurdo Dry Valleys was part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) project. Chlorophyll-a concentrations from soil samples collected for organism extraction and identification  was determined. Chlorophyll-a samples were gathered on the following dates:   * December 12 and 22, 1994,  * January 9, 1995,  * November 8, 1995,  * December 7, 1995, and  * January 12, 1998. Â
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