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13,864 results for “staging”
Data from: Speciation genomics and a role for the Z chromosome in the early stages of divergence between Mexican ducks and mallards
Speciation is a continuous and dynamic process, and studying organisms during the early stages of this process can aid in identifying speciation mechanisms. The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Mexican duck (A. [p.] diazi) are two recently diverged taxa with a history of hybridization and controversial taxonomy. To understand their evolutionary history, we conducted genomic scans to characterize patterns of genetic diversity and divergence across the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, 3523 autosomal loci and 172 Z-linked sex chromosome loci. Between the two taxa, Z-linked loci (ΦST = 0.088) were 5.2 times more differentiated than autosomal DNA (ΦST = 0.017) but comparable to mtDNA (ΦST = 0.092). This elevated Z differentiation deviated from neutral expectations inferred from simulated data that incorporated demographic history and differences in effective population sizes between marker types. Furthermore, 3% of Z-linked loci, compared to <0.1% of autosomal loci, were detected as outlier loci under divergent selection with elevated relative (ΦST) and absolute (dXY) estimates of divergence. In contrast, the ratio of Z-linked and autosomal differentiation among the seven Mexican duck sampling locations was close to 1:1 (ΦST = 0.018 for both markers). We conclude that between mallards and Mexican ducks, divergence at autosomal markers is largely neutral, whereas greater divergence on the Z chromosome (or some portions thereof) is likely the product of selection that has been important in speciation. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature indicating elevated divergence on the Z chromosome and its likely importance in avian speciation.
Data from: Host and parasite thermal acclimation responses depend on the stage of infection
1. Global climate change is expected to alter patterns of temperature variability, which could influence species interactions including parasitism. Species interactions can be difficult to predict in variable-temperature environments because of thermal acclimation responses, i.e. physiological changes that allow organisms to adjust to a new temperature following a temperature shift. 2. The goal of this study was to determine how thermal acclimation influences host resistance to infection and to test for parasite acclimation responses, which might differ from host responses in important ways. 3. We tested predictions of three, non-mutually exclusive hypotheses regarding thermal acclimation effects on infection of green frog tadpoles (Lithobates clamitans) by the trematode parasite Ribeiroia ondatrae with fully replicated controlled-temperature experiments. Trematodes or tadpoles were independently acclimated to a range of 'acclimation temperatures' prior to shifting them to new 'performance temperatures' for experimental infections. 4. Trematodes that were acclimated to intermediate temperatures (19–22 °C) had greater encystment success across temperatures than either cold- or warm-acclimated trematodes. However, host acclimation responses varied depending on the stage of infection (encystment vs. clearance): warm- (22–28 °C) and cold-acclimated (13–19 °C) tadpoles had fewer parasites encyst at warm and cold performance temperatures, respectively, whereas intermediate-acclimated tadpoles (19–25 °C) cleared the greatest proportion of parasites in the week following exposure. 5. These results suggest that tadpoles use different immune mechanisms to resist different stages of trematode infection, and that each set of mechanisms has unique responses to temperature variability. Our results highlight the importance of considering thermal responses of both parasites and hosts when predicting disease patterns in variable-temperature environments.
Data from: Maternal effects influence phenotypes and survival during early life stages in an aquatic turtle
Offspring phenotypic variation can be substantially influenced by non-genetic factors such as maternal effects, which ultimately can influence organismal fitness. For oviparous organisms that lack parental care, oviposition-site choice and egg size are maternal effects that can greatly affect offspring traits. Yet, few studies examine the consequences of these traits in the wild. We manipulated the contents of natural painted turtle nests such that offspring spent two life stages (incubation and hibernation) in either maternally-selected nest sites or randomly-selected nest sites, and quantified treatment differences in environmental parameters and offspring phenotypes. Additionally, we tracked the fates of individual eggs and hatchlings, which allowed us to quantify the strength and form of selection acting on egg size during incubation and, for the first time, body size during hibernation. Maternally-selected nest sites were warmer and produced offspring that were longer and hatched earlier than their siblings emerging from cooler, randomly-selected nests. Treatments did not affect any measured traits during hibernation. We detected no selection on egg size during the incubation stage, but significant linear selection favoring larger hatchlings during hibernation. Our results suggest that nest-site choice allows mothers to partially control the environment of their incubating eggs, but is less effective at controlling hatchling environments during hibernation. Additionally, we provide novel support for the "bigger-is-better" hypothesis in turtles by showing a positive relationship between size and survival during the hibernation stage.
Data from: The genetic covariance between life-cycle stages separated by metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis is common in animals, yet the genetic associations between life cycle stages are poorly understood. Given the radical changes that occur at metamorphosis, selection may differ before and after metamorphosis, and the extent that genetic associations between pre- and post-metamorphic traits constrain evolutionary change is a subject of considerable interest. In some instances, metamorphosis may allow the genetic decoupling of life cycle stages, whereas in others, metamorphosis could allow complementary responses to selection across the life cycle. Using a diallel breeding design, we measured viability at four ontogenetic stages (embryo, larval, juvenile and adult viability), in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and examined the orientation of additive genetic variation with respect to the metamorphic boundary. We found support for one eigenvector of G (gobsmax), which contrasted larval viability against embryo viability and juvenile viability. Target matrix rotation confirmed that while gobsmax shows genetic associations can extend beyond metamorphosis, there is still considerable scope for decoupled phenotypic evolution. Therefore, although genetic associations across metamorphosis could limit that range of phenotypes that are attainable, traits on either side of the metamorphic boundary are capable of some independent evolutionary change in response to the divergent conditions encountered during each life cycle stage.
Data from: Keeping pace with climate change: stage-structured moving-habitat models
Life cycles can limit the abilities of species to track changing climatic conditions. We combined age or stage structure and a moving-habitat model to explore the effects of life history on the persistence of populations in the presence of climate change. We studied four dissimilar plant species in moving patches and found that (1) population growth rates, (2) elasticities with respect to the survival (stasis and shrinkage) components of the projection matrix, and (3) the evenness of the elasticities with respect to the components of the projection matrix all decreased as we increased the translational speeds of the patches. In addition, the value of long-distance dispersal increased with patch speed for three of the four species. Our analyses confirm that rapid growth, high fecundity, and long-distance dispersal can benefit species in moving patches. Thus, species with long generation times and limited dispersal ability are especially vulnerable to habitat movement. Stage-structured moving-habitat models can easily incorporate spatial complexity and can help us predict the effects of shifting climatic conditions.
Data from: Illness beliefs in end stage renal disease and associations with self-care modality choice
Background: Interest in self-care haemodialysis (HD) has increased because it improves patients'clinical and quality-of-life outcomes. Patients who undertake self-management for haemodialysis may hold illness beliefs differently to those choosing institutional care at the time of making the modality choice or moulded by their illness and dialysis treatment experience. Illness perceptions amongst predialysis patients and in those undertaking fully-assisted and self-care haemodialysis are being investigated in a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Study Design: The study data are derived from the BASIC-HHD study, a multicentre observational study on factors influencing home haemodialysis uptake. 535 patients were enrolled into three groups: Predialysis CKD-5 group, prevalent 'in-centre' HD and self-care HD groups (93% at home). We explore illness perceptions in the cross-sectional analyses of the three study groups, using the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). Predialysis patients' illness beliefs were reassessed prospectively, typically between 4 and 12 months after dialysis commencement. Results: Illness belief subscales are significantly different between in-centre and self-care HD groups. In a step-wise hierarchical regression analysis, after adjustment for age, education, marital status, diabetes, dialysis vintage, depression, anxiety scores, and IPQ-R subscales, personal control (p = 0.01) and illness coherence (p = 0.04) are significantly higher in the self-care HD group. In the predialysis group, no significant associations were found between illness representations and modality choices. In prospectively observed predialysis group, scores for personal control, treatment control, timeline cyclical and emotional representations reduced significantly after commencing dialysis and increased significantly for illness coherence. Conclusions: Illness beliefs differ between hospital and self-care haemodialysis patients. Patient's affect and neurocognitive ability may have an important role in determining illness beliefs. The impact of modality upon illness representations may also be significant and remains to be explored.
FIGURE 1 in (Heteroptera: Rhyparochromidae: Myodochini), and description of eggs and immature stages
FIGURE 1. Paromius procerulus (Berg) new combination, habitus.
FIGURE 1 in First survey of Simuliidae (Diptera) from the North of Ceará State, Brazil, with description of a new species and identification keys for the immature stages
FIGURE 1. Map of Ceará State, Brazil, showing the points of sampling.
FIGURE 5. Euphoria precaria, adults. a–d in Description of immature stages of three species of American Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)
FIGURE 5. Euphoria precaria, adults. a–d, males, e–i, females. Scale line = 1 cm.
FIGURES 162–164 in South American Caenis Stephens (Ephemeroptera, Caenidae), new species and stage descriptions
FIGURES 162–164. Nymph, general view: 162, C. tenella; 163, C. plaumanni; 164, C. uruzu.
FIGURE 8. Hyrtanella pascalae. Larva, abdominal tergum 8 in A new species and first stage associations in Crinitella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae: Ephemerellinae)
FIGURE 8. Hyrtanella pascalae. Larva, abdominal tergum 8 gill cavity, dorsal view.
FIGURES 1–2 in Description of the preimaginal stages of Enochrus (Hugoscottia) variegatus (Steinheil, 1869) and E. (Methydrus) vulgaris (Steinheil, 1869) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae), with emphasis on larval morphometry and chaetotaxy
FIGURES 1–2. Egg cases of Enochrus: 1, E. variegatus; 2, E. vulgaris. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
FIGURES 1–2 in Morphological and molecular identification of all developmental stages of four whitefly species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) commonly intercepted in quarantine
FIGURES 1–2. General morphology of a whitefly. 1, first-larval instar; 2, second-larval instar.
FIGURE 2. C. janeirica, adult. A. Male. B in Immature stages of Calycopis bellera (Hewitson) and C. janeirica (Felder) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini): Taxonomic significance and new evidence for detritivory
FIGURE 2. C. janeirica, adult. A. Male. B. Female. Abbreviations: d, dorsal; v, ventral.
FIGURE 1. C. bellera, adult. A. Male. B in Immature stages of Calycopis bellera (Hewitson) and C. janeirica (Felder) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini): Taxonomic significance and new evidence for detritivory
FIGURE 1. C. bellera, adult. A. Male. B. Female. Abbreviations: d, dorsal; v, ventral.
FIGURES 2–4. Gonioctena koryeoensis. 2 in Gonioctena koryeoensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae), a new species from Korea, with a description of immature stages
FIGURES 2–4. Gonioctena koryeoensis. 2. Antenna; 3. Fore tibia; 4. Aedeagus. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Description of the immature stages of Culex (Culex) ameliae Casal and Culex (Culex) articularis Philippi (Diptera: Culicidae)
FIGURE 1. Photograph of the mesopostnotum (Mpn) of the female of Culex (Culex) ameliae Casal.
FIGURE 2 in Immature stages of Homophileurus tricuspis Prell (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini) with notes on natural history and distribution in Colombia
FIGURE 2. Epipharynx of Homophileurus tricuspis, third instar.
FIGURE 14 in Immature stages of Homophileurus tricuspis Prell (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini) with notes on natural history and distribution in Colombia
FIGURE 14. (b–d) Pupae and larvae in situ in the termite nest.
FIGURE 2. L in The scentless plant bug, Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae): Description of immature stages and notes on its life history
FIGURE 2. L. hyalinus, dorsal view; fourth instar (a), fifth instar (b), scale line: 0.5mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.