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FIGURE 1 in Four new species of the spider genus Pinelema (Araneae, Telemidae) from caves in South China

FIGURE 1. Pinelema curcici sp. nov., male holotype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Tip of embolus, apical view; C. Right palp, retrolateral view; D. Right palp, prolateral view.

FIGURE 2 in Four new species of the spider genus Pinelema (Araneae, Telemidae) from caves in South China

FIGURE 2. Pinelema curcici sp. nov., female paratype. A. Habitus, dorsal view; B. Habitus, ventral view; C. Spermatheca, dorsal view.

FIGURE 15 in Four new species of the spider genus Pinelema (Araneae, Telemidae) from caves in South China

FIGURE 15. Pinelema yaosaensis sp. nov., male holotype. A. Palp, prolateral view; B. Palp, retrolateral view. C. Chelicera, posterior view; D. Colulus, ventral view; E. Embolus tip, apical view. Scale bars: 0.10 mm.

Figure 2 in Duvalius bozidari, a new cave-dwelling species of trechine ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae) from western Serbia

Figure 2. The distribution of Duvalius (Neoduvalius) bozidari sp. n. (black circles) and D. (N.) guidononveilleri Janák & Moravec, 2008 (black star) in Serbia.

Figure 1 in Duvalius bozidari, a new cave-dwelling species of trechine ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae) from western Serbia

Figure 1. Duvalius (Neoduvalius) bozidari sp. n. from the Jovanjska Pećina Cave, village of Jovanje, near Valjevo, western Serbia: a - holotype male, habitus (dorsal view); b - holotype male, aedeagus (lateral view); c - holotype male, aedeagus (dorsal view); d - holotype male, abdominal sternite IX (urite); e - paratype female, genitalia. Scales = 2.00 mm (a) and 0.20 mm (b–e).

FIGURE 2 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 2. Specimen GS 26-1. Root of a right lower M1 of a senile individual of Ursus ingressus from Gamssulzen cave (Lower Austria). 2.1. Comparison between 3D volume rendering of µ-CT and OCT (ƛc=850 nm) data. 2.2. - 2.4. Axial cross sections of the mesial root by µ-CT at position i)-iii) as depicted in 2.1. The regions marked in red show the area scanned by OCT presented in Figure 3.

FIGURE 1 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 1. Orientation of measurement planes with respect to the tooth. The red area signifies the surface area scanned by OCT.

FIGURE 7 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 7. Specimen GS 108-2, right lower m1 of a young adult individual of Ursus ingressus from Gamssulzen cave (Lower Austria). Comparison between 7.1. transmitted pulse amplitude, 7.2. time delay of THz measurement and 7.3. µ-CT.

FIGURE 4 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 4. Specimen GS 26-1. 4.1. Volume rendering of the 3D µ-CT. The red area marks the region scanned by OCT. 4.2. Sectional view of 3D OCT data. Quicktime format video file of animated OCT scan. 4.3. µ-CT axial crosssectional scans and 4.4. µ-CT en-face scan. Quicktime format video file of animated µ-CT scan.

FIGURE 3 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 3. Specimen GS 26-1.Comparison between axial cross-sectional µ-CT and OCT (ƛc=850 nm) images on the distal root at position i-iii, as depicted in Figure 1. 3.1. The cross section close to the collum dentis shows enamel but no annuli. 3.2.-3.3. The cross-sectional images ii) and iii) show annuli.

FIGURE 5 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 5. Axial cross-sectional OCT image (ƛc=1300 nm) in the lower third of the tooth radix of specimen. 5.1. GS 26-1 (distal). 5.2. GS 108-1 (mesial). 5.3. GS 108-2 (mesial). The camera images on the left show the OCT scanning region. The OCT images have a lateral dimension of 4 mm. The depth scale bar is stretched according to a refractive index of 1.6, leading to an image depth of about 1mm. The microscope images are 1x1 mm² in true aspect ratio. The depth scale of OCT images and microscope image is identical.

FIGURE 6. 6.1-2 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 6. 6.1-2: Comparison between the commercial system at 1300 nm (6.1) and the Lab system at 800 nm (6.2), exemplified by cross-sectional images of the specimen GS 26-1. The arrow in 6.2 indicates a fine structure that cannot be resolved by the 1300 nm system. 6.3-4: Comparison between the commercial system (6.3) and the PS-OCT system at 1500 nm, exemplified by by cross-sectional images of the specimen GS 108-2. 6.4. shows the reflectivity image, and 6.5. the retardation image. The arrow in 6.3 indicates an annual ring, while the arrows in 6.5 indicate birefringence of the tooth.

FIGURE 18 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 18. Reconstruction of Crocuta spelaea in the vicinity of Los Aprendices Cave, feeding on the carcass of a specimen of Capra pyrenaica (illustration by Gianfranco Mensi).

FIGURE 13. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 13. 1, Analysis of the breakage of the long bones from the skeleton of Crocuta spelaea from Los Aprendices, showing the abundance of each type of fracture according to the criteria analysed: angle, delineation and edge of the breaks. 2, Analysis of the breakage of the diaphyses in terms of circumference (C1, C2, C3) and length (L1, L2, L3, L4) for the skeleton of Crocuta spelaea from Los Aprendices.

FIGURE 15 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 15. Palaeogeographic and diachronic distribution of the Crocuta in the Iberian Peninsula. The numbers refer to the sites listed in Appendix 7.

FIGURE 11. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 11. 1, Graph representing total length of radius versus distal width of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements (in mm) have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; García, 2003; Diedrich, 2011e; and J.M.-M personal commun., 2015. 2, Total length of third metacarpus versus smallest breadth of the diaphysis (SD) of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements (in mm) have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; García, 2003; Fourvel, 2012, and J.M.-M personal commun., 2015. Confidence ellipses with confidence interval (0.95) are figured.

FIGURE 14 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 14. Photographs of the various types of marks (indicated by white arrows) present on the skeleton of Crocuta spelaea from Los Aprendices. 1, detailed image of the proximal epiphysis of the right humerus (MPZ 2014/672). 2, humerus in cranial view (MPZ 2014/672). 3, humerus in lateral view (MPZ 2014/672). 4, right ulna (MPZ 2014/676) showing "furrowing" on the proximal epiphysis, as well as a "puncture". 5, left ulna (MPZ 2014/610) showing "furrowing" on the proximal epiphysis. 6, right tibia (MPZ 2014/681) showing "furrowing" on the proximal epiphysis. 7-8, lateral and dorsal views of a left calcaneus (MPZ 2014/677) showing "furrowing" and grooves on the calcaneal tuberosity. 9, rib (MPZ 2014/591) showing a "puncture". 10, lumbar vertebra (MPZ 2014/582) in caudal view showing "furrowing" on the vertebral body. 11, lumbar vertebra (MPZ 2014/582) in ventral view showing three pits, corresponding to the incisors of a medium-sized carnivore. 12-13, lateral and caudal views of a dorsal vertebra (MPZ 2014/674) showing how the vertebral body has been torn off by a bite.

FIGURE 17 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 17. Means (square) and standard deviations (DS) of the values for the width (1) and the length (2) of pits on the epiphyses of long bones for various modern-day carnivores, together with the data from Los Aprendices (arrows). Key to the data: "Selvaggio and Wilder, 2001; ' Domínguez-Rodrigo and Piqueras, 2003; ^ Delaney-Rivera et al., 2009; * Saladié, 2009.

FIGURE 1. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 1. 1, Metapodials of Crocuta spelaea in anatomical semi-connection. 2, Cranium of Crocuta spelaea. 3, Filtering the excavation grid. 4, Excavation of various Crocuta spelaea remains from the hyena level.

FIGURE 5 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 5. Photograph of the cranium (1-4, MPZ 2014/657) and hemi-mandible (5-7, MPZ 2014/593) of Crocuta spelaea: 1-2, lateral view; 3, dorsal view; 4, occlusal view; 5, buccal view; 6, lingual view; 7, occlusal view.