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FIG. 5 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 5. Paleogene outcrops on the Houldjin escarpment and Wulanhuxiu (= Chimney Butte, 8 mi north of the Tukhum Lamasery): A, the yellow and gray, pebbly gravels of the Houldjin Formation on the Houldjin escarpment near the Erenhot Railway Station; B, the outcrops at Wulanhuxiu, showing a steep, upper "red member" and a gradual, lower "white member."

FIG. 4 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 4. Stratigraphic distributions of perissodactyl fossils and taxa in the Tukhum, Shara Murun, Ulan Gochu, and Baron Sog formations at Baron Sog Mesa. The profile of the section is based on the sketch at Xilin Nor North (= 4 mi north of Baron Sog Mesa) (Granger, 1925, see also Wang et al., 2012, fig. 2A). The superscripts in front of taxon names indicate the localities of the holotypes: numbers 1, and 2 refer to Ula Usu and 4 mi north of Baron Sog Mesa, respectively. Abbreviations: BS, Baron Sog Formation; Hyra., Hyracodontidae; P., Paraceratheriidae; T, Tukhum Formation; and UG, Ulan Gochu Formation.

FIG. 2 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 2. Cranial and mandibular reconstructions of typical Eocene perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China. tapiroid A, Lophialetes expeditus; B, Paracolodon fissus; paraceratheriid C, Pappaceras meiomenus; D, Juxia sharamurenensis; amynodontid E, Rostriamynodon grangeri; F, Sharamynodon mongoliensis; brontotheriid G, Protitan grangeri; H, Embolotherium andrewsi. Scale bar equals 10 cm.

FIG. 1 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 1. Paleogene fossil localities in the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China, and the related routes of Central Asiatic Expeditions during 1920s (modified from Jiang, 1983; Mao and Wang, 2012; Wang et al., 2012). 1, Houldjin; 2, Arshanto; 3, Irdin Manha; 4, Daoteyin Obo (= Overnight Camp, 5 mi east of Camp Margetts); 5, Duheminboerhe (= Camp Margettes); 6, Nuhetingboerhe (= 6 mi west of Camp Margetts); 7, Wulanboerhe; 8, Huheboerhe (= 7 mi west and southwest [235°] of Camp Margetts); 9, Chaganboerhe (= 10 mi southwest of Camp Margetts); 10, Bayan Ulan; 11, Nom Khong (= Holy Mesa); 12, Wulantaolegai (= Viper Camp, 4 mi north of Tukhum Lamasery); 13, Wulanhuxiu (= Chimney Buttes, 8 mi north of Tukhum Lamasery); 14, Erden Obo (= Urtyn Obo); 15, Ganggan Obo (= Ulan Shireh Obo); 16, Heretu (= Spring Camp); 17, Bayan Obo (= Twin Obos); 18, Jhama Obo; 19, Xilin Nor North (= 4 mi north of Baron Sog Lamasery); 20, Ulan Gochu (= 8 mi north of Baron Sog Lamasery); 21, Ula Usu. The black-and-white dashed line represents railway.

FIG. 7 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 7. Paleogene outcrops in the Shara Murun region: A, the outcrops at Ula Usu, where the Shara Murun Formation was named, showing an upper member dominated by white sandstones and a lower member dominated by sandy clays with varied colors; B, the outcrops at Xilin Nor North (= 4 mi north of Baron Sog Lamasery), showing the red clays of the Ulan Gochu Formation overlying the grayish white sandstones of the upper part of the Shara Murun Formation.

FIG. 6 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 6. Sketch profile from Wulanhuxiu (= Chimney Butte, 8 mi north of Tukhum Lamasery) at North Mesa (Granger, 1928: 6). The layers 3–5 are grouped into an upper "red member", and the layers 6–14 are grouped into a lower "white member."

FIG. 9 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 9. Paleogene outcrops at Erden Obo: A, the outcrops of the "Lower Red," "Lower White," and "Middle Red." The lower-right part of the photo is mainly the "Lower White," which overlies the "Lower Red" and is overlain by the "Middle Red" as shown by the hill, far left; B, the outcrops of the "Middle Red," "Middle White," "Upper Red," and "Upper White." The lower-right part of the photo is mainly the basal part of the "Upper Red," which overlies the "Middle White" and is overlain by the "Upper White (or yellow)." The top of the "Upper White" forms the Gobi surface.

FIG. 10 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 10. Stratigraphic distributions of perissodactyl fossils and taxa from Erden Obo. The profile of section is based on the sketch by Granger (1928) and modified from Li (2017). The asterisks in front of taxa indicate where the holotype occurred in the section. Abbreviations: Amyno., Amynodontidae; BR, Basal Red; BW, Basal White; Chali., Chalicotherioidea; LR, Lower Red; MW, Middle White; and UW, Upper White.

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Impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the taxonomic and functional diversity of forest plants in a mediterranean-type biodiversity hotspot

Aim Diversity-rich mediterranean-type sclerophyllous forests are home to 20% of described species on Earth. In the Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) forest of southwest of Western Australia diversity is being reduced by extensive human use and the introduction of the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. This study investigated the influence of P. cinnamomi infestation on the structure, taxonomic and functional diversity, and species composition of the forest. Location: Jarrah forest of southwestern Australia Methods Species abundance, understorey cover and canopy cover were assessed along 22, 30-m long transects which crossed infested and non-infested zones in five reserves in the jarrah forest. A trait database was assembled for 137 plants using 13 traits related to nutrient- and carbon acquisition, disturbance tolerance and reproduction. The responses of canopy cover, understorey cover, species richness, Shannon diversity, evenness, abundance, and functional diversity for trait groups, and all groups combined were modelled against reserve and zone as fixed effects and transect and transect section as random effects. To assess the species composition, NMDS ordination based on Bray Curtis resemblance and indicator species analyses were used. Results Significantly higher understorey cover, species richness, Shannon diversity and evenness were recorded in non-infested compared to infested zones, but there were no changes in the canopy cover and overall abundance. In non-infested zones, the functional diversity of nutrient acquisition and reproductive traits was higher, but the functional diversity of carbon acquisition traits was lower. No difference in functional diversity was recorded in disturbance tolerance and overall traits between the two zones. NMDS ordination and ANOSIM revealed a significant difference in the species composition between the two zones, and 11 indicator species significantly associated with infested and non-infested zones were identified. Conclusion Phytophthora cinnamomi has significantly affected the forest structure, taxonomic and functional diversity, and species composition. Contrasting responses of functional trait groups obscured overall trait responses to P. cinnamomi.

Fig. 2 in Species Diversity And Distribution Of Synanthropic Acarid Mites (Acariformes, Acaridia) In Transcarpathia

Fig. 2. Species diversity and the number of acarid mites in farm buildings in different zones of Transcarpathia.

Fig. 2, A in An Overview Of The Ecological Values Of Soumar Wetland On Waterbirds Diversity

Fig. 2, A — monthly trend of abundance and richness of waterbirds in the Soumar wetland (Setif, Algeria). Abundance = number of individuals and Taxa_S = number of species. B — cumulative effect between abundance and richness using the Gini measure of evenness (G').

Fig. 1 in Species Diversity And Distribution Of Synanthropic Acarid Mites (Acariformes, Acaridia) In Transcarpathia

Fig. 1. Map of acarid mites collection sites in Transcarpathian Region: a — map of Transcarpathian Region by altitudinal zonation; b — air temperature map of Transcarpathian Region; c — precipitation map of Transcarpathian Region.

Fig. 4 in An Overview Of The Ecological Values Of Soumar Wetland On Waterbirds Diversity

Fig. 4. Diversity profile of waterbirds alpha diversity for each month in the Soumar wetland (Setif, Algeria). α = 0 richness; α = 1 Shannon–Weaver index; α = 2 inverse Simpson index (1/D); and α = a high value approximates the Berger–Parker index.

Figure 16 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 16. Right otoccipital of LACM 23845 in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; quadrate process of the left pterygoid in lateral (C) and medial (D) views.

Figure 19 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 19. Diagram of the results of a quantitative reconstruction of a growth series of five Tyrannosaurus rex specimens.

Figure 15 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 15. Dorsal skull roof of LACM 23845. Left frontal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (E) views; right frontal in dorsal (D) view; parietals in rostral (F), left lateral (G), dorsal (H), and ventral (I) views; nuchal crest in right lateral (J), left lateral (K), caudal (L), and rostrodorsal (M) views.

Figure 11 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 11. Facial bones of LACM 23845. Left maxilla in lateral view (A); right lacrimal in dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views; left quadratojugal in lateral (E) and medial (F) views; squamosal process of right quadratojugal in lateral (G) and medial (H) views, and the jugal process of the right quadratojugal in lateral (I) and medial (J) views.

Figure 9 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 9. Nasals of LACM 23845 in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), and ventral (D) views.

Figure 10 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 10. Comparison of the lacrimonasal articulation of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912), PIN 551–1 after Maleev (1974), and CMN 8506 after Russell (1970).

Figure 12 in Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America

Figure 12. Comparison of the quadratojugal of LACM 23845 with other tyrannosaurids in left lateral view. AMNH 5027 modified after Osborn (1912) and PIN 551–2 after Maleev (1974).