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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Learning the Stress-Strain Fields in Digital Composites using Fourier Neural Operator

This is the dataset for the research paper "<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.03239 ">Learning the Stress-Strain Fields in Digital Composites using Fourier Neural Operator</a>"

When ancestors transmit their stress: Prenatal maternal stress transmission across generations in a precocial bird

Prenatal maternal stress (PMS) induces life-long effects in offspring. Accumulating evidence suggests that these effects can be transmitted across generations. Although multigenerational effects (F0 mother to F2 grand-offspring) of PMS have been demonstrated in different species, transgenerational transmission (F0 mother to F3 great-grand-offspring) has been less explored. We showed previously in the Japanese quail that PMS increased F1 offspring's emotional reactivity related to epigenetic marks levels in their brain and to modulation of testosterone concentrations in eggs from which they hatched. Here, we evaluated the multi- and transgenerational effects of PMS by analysing the emotional reactivity of the F2 and the F3 offspring. We also investigated the mechanisms potentially involved in the transmission of PMS across generations by analysing the hormonal composition of F1 and F2 eggs and by studying histone post-translational modifications in F3 brains. We showed that PMS increased the neophobia of F2 offspring and F3 females' offspring. We also observed modulations of androgens levels in F1 and F2 eggs but no modifications of the level of histone post-translational modification in F3 brains. Although the mechanisms involved in PMS transmission still need to be explored, our results demonstrate a multi- and transgenerational behavioural effect of PMS in birds.

Figure 9 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 9. Plumage development of a Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) chick from Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. (A) Camouflaged down plumage (Day 3); (B) appearance of dorsal pinfeathers and primaries (Day 7); (C) dorsal pinfeathers opened (Day 11); (D) primaries opened (Day 15); (E) completely developed immature plumage (Day 21). Photos: CO. BRA/INAU.

Figure 8 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 8. Mensural data of the single Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) chick surveyed in August-September 2015 that reached the fledging phase at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil (n = 1; accuracy = ± 0.01 cm). (A) Development of bill length (BL), bill width (BW), and tarsus length (TS) as a function of age (days). (B) Development of total body length (TL) and wing length (WL) as a function of age (days).

Figure 5 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 5. Developmental stages of a Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) clutch (nest 4S) at Praia doTotelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, from July to September 2015, with three fertilized eggs revealed by thermal imaging (right); with maximum (Max), minimum (Min), and mean temperature (Ds) inside the nest (white outline). Stages: (A) Day 8, (B) Day 14, and (C) Day 18 (two days before hatching). Note the well-camouflaged eggs inside the nest depression exhibiting some variation in shell pattern (left), with narrow corrugations caused by adults' bills when relocating the eggs. Photos by CO. BRA/INAU.

Figure 4 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 4. Mean surface temperatures (Te) of 25 eggs (n = 7 nests) of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, during incubation from July to September 2015; not all eggs reached hatching. Confidence intervals are indicated by bars; the regression line (dotted) represents a significant increase between Day 1 and hatching (R² = 0.098, p <0.01, LME).

Figure 3 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 3. Thermal images of a Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) nest (12N, white rectangles) at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, taken on the same day (6 September 2015) in the early (05:59 h, A) and late morning (11.45 h, B), showing the mean (Ds), minimum, and maximum nest temperature, surface ground temperature (crosses), and egg surface temperature (within rectangles). Scale on right: color scale associated with the respective temperatures. With a special optical filter water drops were visualized (Blue and red circles outside the nest and next to the three clutch contours) which were taken to the nest by both adults. Note in Fig. B the sand surface temperature of 53.7℃. Photos by CO.BRA/INAU.

Figure 2 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)

Figure 2. Egg mass development in three surveyed Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) nests (n = 7 eggs, 84 measurements) until hatching at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, throughout the incubation period in July- September 2015. Note that the number of eggs decreased to three toward the end of incubation due to predation. The regression line indicates a negative trend (R² = 0.043, p <0.05, LME) of egg mass over incubation time.

Sexual selection moderates heat stress response in males and females

1. A widespread effect of climate change is the displacement of organisms from their thermal optima. The associated thermal stress imposed by climate change has been argued to have a particularly strong impact on male reproduction but evidence for this postulated sex-specific stress response is equivocal. 2. One important factor that may explain intra- and interspecific variation in stress responses is sexual selection, which is predicted to magnify negative effects of stress. Nevertheless, empirical studies exploring the interplay of sexual selection and heat stress are still scarce. 3. We tested experimentally for an interaction between sexual selection and thermal stress in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum by contrasting heat responses in male and female reproductive success between setups of enforced monogamy versus polygamy. 4. We found that polygamy magnifies detrimental effects of heat stress in males but relaxes the observed negative effects in females. Our results suggest that sexual selection can reverse sex differences in thermal sensitivity, and may therefore alter sex-specific selection on alleles associated with heat tolerance. 5. Assuming that sexual selection and natural selection are aligned to favour the same genetic variants under environmental stress, our findings support the idea that sexual selection on males may promote the adaptation to current global warming.

Dataset for: Identification of genomic regions of wheat associated with grain Fe and Zn content under drought and heat stress using genome-wide association study

The study material in the GWAS panel with 282 advanced breeding lines of bread wheat genotypes from IARI stress breeding program was selected to map the genomic regions responsible for grain iron and Zinc content under drought and heat stress treatments. Phenotypic data: The GWAS panel was evaluated at IARI, New Delhi - DL (28.6550° N, 77.1888° E, MSL 228.61 m) under Irrigated (IR), Restricted Irrigated (RI) and Late sown (LS) treatment conditions with augmented RCBD design. Data was collected on Grain Iron and Grain zinc content along with thousand-grain weight. Around 20 g of grain sample from each of 282 genotypes from the GWAS panel under all three conditions were used for phenotyping GFeC and GZnC through high-throughput Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) machine (model X-Supreme 8000; Oxford Instruments plc, Abingdon, United Kingdom) calibrated with glass beads-based values. To record TGW, manual counting of grains was followed and the weight of the grains was recorded in grams with an electronic balance. Genotypic data: Genomic DNA of the GWAS panel was extracted from the leaves of seedlings by Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) method. The panel was genotyped using Axiom Wheat Breeder's Genotyping Array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, United States) having 35,143 genome-wide SNPs. The monomorphic, markers with minor allele frequency (MAF) of <5%, missing data of >20%, and heterozygote frequency >25% were removed from the analysis. The remaining set of 10546 high-quality SNPs was used in GWAS analysis.

opencc-byOct 2022View details →

Shadow Spaces for Water Stress Adaptation: Supplemental Irrigation Application in Rainfed Fig Production

Data Sources is a SPSS file. Common descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are used.

The time course of acclimation to the stress of triose phosphate use limitation

Triose-phosphate utilization (TPU) limits the maximum rate at which plants can photosynthesize. However, TPU is almost never found to be limiting photosynthesis under ambient conditions for plants. This, along with previous results showing adaptability of TPU at low temperature, suggest that TPU capacity is regulated to be just above the photosynthetic rate achievable under the prevailing conditions. A set of experiments were performed to study the adaptability of TPU capacity when plants are acclimated to elevated CO2 concentrations. Plants held at 1500 ppm CO2 were initially TPU-limited. After 30 hours, they no longer exhibited TPU limitations, but they did not elevate their TPU capacity. Instead, the maximum rates of carboxylation and electron transport declined. A time course of regulatory responses was established. A step increase of CO2 first caused PSI to be oxidized, but after 40 s, both PSI and PSII had excess electrons as a result of acceptor-side limitations. Electron flow to PSI slowed, and the proton motive force increased. Eventually, non-photochemical quenching reduced electron flow sufficiently to balance the TPU limitation. Over several minutes rubisco deactivated contributing to regulation of metabolism to overcome the TPU limitation.

Eco-evolutionary consequences of living with close relatives: Resistance to herbivores and climatic stress increases with investment into mycorrhiza in adult oaks

1. Mycorrhizas are known to increase plant resistance to herbivores and climatic stress. However, it is unknown if particularly hostile environments select for increased investment of plants into mycorrhiza. 2. We studied hostile biotic environments: phylogenetically proximate neighbourhoods known to increase herbivory and pedoclimatic stress. In a common garden, we studied the resistances, tri-trophic interactions and microclimate of 28-years-old oaks (Quercus petraea), descending from provenances of contrasting phylogenetic neighbourhoods. 3. We found that oaks descending from phylogenetically proximate neighbourhoods had increased ectomycorrhizal enzymatic activities without affecting mycorrhization rate of root tips. We also found that increased ectomycorrhizal enzymatic activity decreased damages by one group of specialist herbivores (leaf-miners), without affecting another (galls) or generalists (ectophages). Consistently, descendants from phylogenetically proximate neighbourhoods showed decreased damage by leaf miners. We finally found that oaks descending from phylogenetically proximate neighbourhoods were most capable of maintaining leaf chlorophyll under heat-induced drought, reflecting their increased ectomycorrhizal enzymatic activities. 4. Synthesis. Overall, oaks living with closely related neighbours can rapidly evolve increased investment into ectomycorrhizas and thereby resistances to herbivores and climatic stress, ultimately facilitating coexistence among closely related neighbours. While phylogenetically diverse forests remain essential for maintaining biodiversity, the selection regimes in less diverse forests can be used as a source of native genotypes resistant to future climate change, rather than using exotic populations and species as a source pool.

Positive interactions between corals and damselfish increase coral resistance to temperature stress

By the century's end, many tropical seas will reach temperatures exceeding most coral species' thermal tolerance on an annual basis. The persistence of corals in these regions will therefore depend on their abilities to tolerate recurrent thermal stress. Although ecologists have long recognized that positive interspecific interactions can ameliorate environmental stress to expand the realized niche of plants and animals, coral bleaching studies have largely overlooked how interactions with community members outside of the coral holobiont shape the bleaching response. Here, we subjected a common coral, Pocillopora grandis, to 10 days of thermal stress in aquaria with- and without the damselfish Dascyllus flavicaudus (yellowtail dascyllus), which commonly shelter within these corals, to examine how interactions with damselfish impacted coral thermal tolerance. Corals often benefit from nutrients excreted by animals they interact with and prior to thermal stress, corals grown with damselfish showed improved photophysiology (Fv/Fm) and developed larger endosymbiont populations. When exposed to thermal stress, corals with fish performed as well as corals maintained at ambient temperatures without fish. In contrast, corals exposed to thermal stress without fish experienced photophysiological impairment, a more than 50% decline in endosymbiont density, and a 36% decrease in tissue protein content. By the end of the experiment, thermal stress caused average calcification rates to decrease by over 80% when damselfish were absent but increase nearly 25% when damselfish were present. Our study indicates that damselfish-derived nutrients can increase coral thermal tolerance and are consistent with the Stress Gradient Hypothesis, which predicts that positive interactions become increasingly important for structuring communities as environmental stress increases. Because warming of just a few degrees can exceed corals' temperature tolerance to trigger bleaching and mortality, positive interactions could play a critical role in maintaining some coral species in warming regions until climate change is aggressively addressed.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Physiological thermal niches, elevational ranges and thermal stress in dendrobatid frogs: an integrated approach

Aim: We investigated the relationship between thermal physiology, elevational distribution, and thermal stress among nine closely related dendrobatid frogs during their aquatic stage by employing an integrated approach, combining thermal physiology, environmental temperature modelling, and predictive assessments of current and future exposure to thermal variation. Location: Ecuador Taxon: Amphibians; Anura, Dendrobatidae, Epipedobates, Hyloxalus Methods: We determined the Thermal Performance Curves of larval growth (TPCs) for each species and modelled the thermal variation in contrasting aquatic larval environments for both present and future times. This allowed us to estimate the expected elevational distributions and forecast periods of exposure to stressful temperatures that inhibit larval growth due to elevation and global warming. Results: We found significant correlations between optimum temperature (Topt), 50 % maximum performance temperature (maxB50), 50% minimum performance temperature (minB50), and cold resistance (survival at 9 ºC) with the current elevational distributions. However, thermal physiology predicted lower than observed distributions for high-elevation dendrobatids and higher than observed maximum elevations for lowland species. Nonetheless, our models predicted that low thermal variability habitats (i.e. streams and deep permanent ponds) can buffer the future increase in temperatures for all taxa, even when considering the most extreme scenario. In contrast, all species within high thermal variation habitats (open forest temporary ponds) are expected to experience stressful temperatures under present conditions. Main Conclusions: The findings indicate that thermal physiology may not be a limiting factor for dendrobatid frog species' ranges in this equatorial mountain gradient. Highland species may need to adapt to suboptimal performance, while some lowland species could occupy higher elevations. This study emphasizes the importance of habitat buffering to mitigate thermal stress in the face of climate change for amphibians in tropical mountains.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Transcriptomes of Rotaria rotatoria under thermal stress

<div> Global warming has raised concerns regarding the potential impact on aquatic biosafety and health. To illuminate the adaptive mechanisms of bdelloid rotifers in response to global warming, the ecological and transcriptomic characteristics of two strains (HX and ZJ) of Rotaria rotatoria were investigated at 25°C and 35°C. Our results showed an obvious genetic divergence between the two geographic populations. Thermal stress significantly reduced the average lifespan of R. rotatoria in both strains, but increased the offspring production in the ZJ strain. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes Hsp70 were significantly upregulated in the HX strain, while GSTo1 and Cu/Zn‐SOD were on the contrary. In the ZJ strain, the expression levels of genes Hsp70, CAT2, and GSTo1 were upregulated under thermal stress. Conversely, a significant decrease in the expression level of the Mn‐SOD gene was observed in the ZJ strain under thermal stress. Transcriptomic profiling analysis revealed a total of 105 and 5288 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the HX and ZJ strains under thermal stress, respectively. The PCA results showed clear differences in gene expression pattern between HX and ZJ strains under thermal stress. Interestingly, compared to the HX strain, numerous downregulated DEGs in the ZJ strain were enriched into pathways related to metabolism under thermal stress, suggesting that rotifers from the ZJ strain prioritize resource allocation to reproduction by suppressing costly metabolic processes. This finding is consistent with the life table results. This study provides new insights into the adaptive evolution of aquatic animals in the context of global climate change. </div>

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Elevated perceived stress in university students due to COVID-19 pandemic: Potential contributing factors in a propensity-score matched sample

Open Data and Open Materials of: Elevated perceived stress in university students due to COVID-19 pandemic: Potential contributing factors in a propensity-score matched sample.  Scandinavian Journal Of Psychology. Abstract Objective: Onset of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID)-pandemic has increased students’ perceived burdens. The current study aimed to examine COVID-related changes and to identify potential factors that contribute to students’ stress. Method: Adopting a cross-sectional cohort-study design, we examined perceived stress, depressive and anxiety symptoms with a specific focus on the role of study-related variables such as perceived study-related demands, study-related resources, academic procrastination, and stress enhancing beliefs. Two cohorts (Npre-COVID=2175;NCOVID=959) were recruited at the same university and matched with regard to their propensity score (age, gender, semester). Results: Compared to the pre-COVID cohort, university students in the COVID-cohort reported more perceived stress, more depressive and anxiety symptoms, more academic procrastination due to fear of failure, more stress-enhancing beliefs, more distress due to the housing situation, and more perceived study-related challenges (Cohen’s d=.15–.45). A stepwise regression analysis identified depressive symptoms, procrastination due to fear of failure, general self-efficacy, increased study demands, perceived difficulties with to self-organised learning, distress due to housing, and stress enhancing beliefs as predictors of perceived stress in the COVID-cohort. Discussion: Findings suggest that the switch to online-only education increased the study-related burden for students, primarily due to exams being replaced by a greater amount of regular coursework and imposing demands on self-organised learning. Possibly, stress enhancing beliefs and procrastination due to fear of failure might have been elevated due to less opportunity for social referencing and lack of felt social support by peer students. Conclusion: Experienced increased burden in students during the COVID pandemic was mostly accounted for by the lack of perceived individual resources rather than by the increase in objective study-related demands.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Data for: Microbiome and metabolic dynamics shape coral post-stress recovery

This is the data underlying the analysis for the coral experiment described in the article: "Microbiome and metabolic dynamics shape coral post-stress recovery" It contains: <ul> <li>The endosymbiotic symbiodiniaceae density calculated to surface area per sample and analytical replicate 4-6.</li> <li>Bactiral taxa identfied and the number of sequence reads assign to that ID (ASV) for each sample.</li> <li>Meta data for the samples collected, linking the sample number to experimental treatments and replicates.</li> <li>Lipid data including the concentration of fatty acids in each sample collected.</li> <li>Protein concentrations in each sample including sample (coral nubin) surface area </li> </ul>

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

Elevated sleep quota in a stress-resilient Drosophila species

Sleep is broadly conserved across the animal kingdom but can vary widely between species. It is currently unclear which selective pressures and regulatory mechanisms influence differences in sleep between species. The fruit fly Drosophilamelanogaster has become a successful model system for examining sleep regulation and function, but little is known about the sleep patterns in many related fly species. Here, we find that fly species with adaptations to extreme desert environments, including D. mojavensis, exhibit strong increases in baseline sleep compared to D. melanogaster. Long-sleeping D. mojavensis show intact homeostasis, indicating that desert flies carry an elevated drive for sleep. In addition, D. mojavensis exhibit altered abundance or distribution of several sleep/wake related neuromodulators and neuropeptides that are consistent with their reduced locomotor activity and increased sleep. Finally, we find that in a nutrient-deprived environment, the sleep patterns of individual D. mojavensis are strongly correlated with their survival time and that disrupting sleep via constant light stimulation renders D. mojavensis more sensitive to starvation. Our results demonstrate that D. mojavensis is a novel model for studying organisms with high sleep drive, and for exploring sleep strategies that provide resilience in extreme environments.