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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
Figs 23–26 in Terrestrial mollusc species richness and diversity in Omo Forest Reserve, Ogun State, Nigeria
Figs 23–26. (23–25) Urocyclidae: (23) Thapsia oscitans, H 8.8 mm; (24) Trochozonites talcosus, H 8.3 mm; (25) Trochozonites adansoniae, H 6.3 mm; (26) Aillyidae, Aillya camerunensis, H 4.4 mm. Scale bars = 5 mm (Figs 23–25) and 1 mm (Fig 26).
Figs 13–22 in Terrestrial mollusc species richness and diversity in Omo Forest Reserve, Ogun State, Nigeria
Figs 13–22. Streptaxidae: (13) Gonaxis camerunensis, H 9 mm; (14) Ptychotrema okei, H 9.9 mm; (15) Ptychotrema sp., H 9.8 mm; (16) Ptychotrema shagamuense, H 15.8 mm; (17) Gulella monodon, H 6.48 mm; (18) Gulella reesi, H 5.92 mm; (19) Gulella io, H 3.64 mm; (20) Gulella jongkindi, H 4.08 mm; (21) Gulella cf. opoboensis, H 3.24 mm; (22) Tomostele musaecola, H 3.84 mm. Scale bars = 5 mm (Figs 13–16) and 1 mm (Figs 17–22).
Data and code supporting Thomas & Yelland 2023 "Terrestrial Effects of Nearby Supernovae: Updated Modeling"
<p>Data and code supporting publication Thomas & Yelland 2023 "Terrestrial Effects of Nearby Supernovae: Updated Modeling"</p> <p>Paper citation: Brian C. Thomas and Alexander M. Yelland 2023 ApJ 950 41<br> DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/accf8a</p> <p>Contents of this repository:</p> <p>* Data files (in netCDF format) generated by GSFC 2D atmospheric chemistry-dynamics model, for cases described in referenced paper.</p> <p>* Code "SNCR_Flux_and_Ionization.m" used to calculate supernova cosmic ray proton flux and resulting terrestrial atmospheric ionization rates, for cases described in the referenced paper. Also includes necessary input data files.</p> <p>* Data files (SNCR_flux.zip and SNCR_ionization.zip) generated by "SNCR_Flux_and_Ionization.m" code, as presented, discussed, and used in referenced paper.</p> <p>* Code "SNCR_muon-flux.m" used to calculate terrestrial surface-level cosmic ray secondary muon flux in the cases described in referenced paper, as well as biological damage values due to that flux. Also includes necessary input data files.</p> <p>Code files were created and run in Octave, and should run on Matlab as well.</p> <p> </p>
Accompanying Data for the Manuscript "There's more to life than O2: Simulating the detectability of a range of molecules for ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy of transiting terrestrial exoplanets"
<p>This file contains results for all cases considered in the manuscript titled "There's more to life than O2: Simulating the detectability of a range of molecules for ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy of transiting terrestrial exoplanets"</p>
Microbiome, mixotrophic algae, zooplankton, and fish amino acid and phospholipid fatty acid content in terrestrial and plastic carbon treatments
<p>Data includes amino acid (µg AA mg DW<sup>-1</sup>) and phospholipid fatty acid content (µg FA mg DW<sup>-1</sup>) of the microbiome, mixotrophic algae, zooplankton, and fish<em> </em>from the four-trophic level experiment. The experiment included control (no addition), 13.5% <sup>13</sup>C-labelled beech leaves (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em>), 97% <sup>13</sup>C-labelled lignin-hemicellulose extracted from wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em>, ~80% lignin, 13% hemicellulose), and 99% <sup>13</sup>C-labelled polystyrene (microplastic). Incubation time in humic lake water was 14 days in the control, leaf, and lignin experiment but 56 days for polystyrene, which after mixotrophic algae (<em>Cryptomonas </em>sp.) was introduced to the bottles. In the next step, herbivorous zooplankton (<em>Daphnia magna</em>) consumed microbes, mixotrophic algae, and particles for five days which after they were used as the diet to zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) during a five-day experiment.</p>
Temperature affects the timing and duration of fungal fruiting patterns across major terrestrial biomes
<p><span>The Earth's ecosystems are affected by a complex interplay of biotic and abiotic factors. While global temperatures increase, associated changes in the fruiting behaviour of fungi remain unknown. Here we analyse 6.1 million fungal fruit body (mushroom) records and show that the major terrestrial biomes exhibit similarities and differences in fruiting events. We observed one main fruiting peak for most years in all biomes. However, in boreal and temperate biomes years with a second peak were prevalent indicating spring and autumn fruiting. Distinct fruiting peaks are spatially synchronized in boreal and temperate biomes, but less defined and longer in the humid tropics. The timing and duration of fungal fruiting are significantly related to temperature mean and variability. Temperature-dependent aboveground fungal fruiting behaviour, which is arguably also representative of belowground processes, suggests that the observed biome-specific differences in fungal phenology will change in space and time when global temperatures continue to increase.</span></p>
Figs 39–45 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Figs 39–45. Gulella delgada sp.n., stn 7: (39–43) 1st syntype, 4.0×1.8 mm, five views; (44) 2nd syntype, 3.8×1.8 mm; (45) 3rd syntype, 2.7×1.8 mm.
Figs 15–25 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Figs 15–25. Cerastidae: (15) Gittenedouardia metuloides, 6.0×3.6 mm, subadult, stn 1; (16) Rhachistia catenata, 13.2×7.8 mm, stn 11; (17) Rachis cunctatoris, 19.1×8.6 mm, stn 5; (18) Limicena nyasana, 11.8×9.1 mm, subadult, stn 7. Achatinidae: (19) Achatina immaculata, 11.3×9.3 mm, juvenile, stn 1; (20) A. randabeli, 43.8×23.0 mm, stn 9. Subulinidae: (21) Kempioconcha cf. obtusa, 39.1×17.5 mm, two shells composite subadult, stn 14; (22) K. kirki, 30.2×13.9 mm, stn 6; (23) K. boivini, 17.8×9.1 mm, stn 5; (24) K. cf. subolivacea, 19.6×7.3 mm, stn 19; (25) K. conradti (von Martens, 1895), 15.4×6.4 mm, stn 5.
Figs 46–52 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Figs 46–52. Euconulidae: (46) Microcystina minima, 0.68×1.20 mm, stn 7; (47) Afroguppya rumrutiensis, 1.3×1.9 mm, stn 7; Helicarionidae: (48) "Sitala" jenynsi, 10.5×16.0 mm, stn 12; (49) Trochonanina albopicta, 7.5×11.5 mm, stn 5; (50) T. bloyeti, 5.8×12.0 mm, stn 17; (51) Trochozonites crenulata, 9.3×12.0 mm, subadult, stn 7; (52) Quickia concisa, 6.0×3.9 mm, stn 7. Scale bar 1 mm in Figs 46–47; 5 mm in Figs 48–52.
Fig. 1 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Fig. 1. Map of the sampled area with the plotted stations and the base camp. See Table 1 for additional information.
Figs 56–61 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Figs 56–61. Pomatiidae: (56) Tropidophora ligata, shell 15.5×15.3 mm, stn 7; (57) T. zanguebarica, shell 10.0×9.5 mm, stn 7; Cerastidae: (58) Rhachistia catenata, shell 10.0×6.3 mm, subadult, stn 1; Achatinidae: (59) Achatina immaculata, shell 102×56 mm, stn 1; Subulinidae: (60) Kempioconcha boivini, shell 16.0×8.4 mm, stn 1; (61) K. conradti, shell 13.7×6.2 mm, stn 8.
Figs 30–38 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Figs 30–38. Streptaxidae: (30) Edentulina affinis, 33.4×17.6 mm, stn 5; (31) Tayloria leroyi, 14.4×21.0 mm, stn 5; (32) Gonaxis cf. percivali, 9.4×6.9 mm, stn 1; (33) G. denticulatus, 7.0×4.6 mm, stn 11; (34) Gulella sexdentata var. liederi, 9.4×4.8 mm, stn 1; (35) G. subhyalina, 6.5×2.3 mm, stn 1; (36) G. perissodonta, 3.2×1.5 mm, stn 7; (37) Gulella delgada sp. n., 4.0×1.8 mm, 1st syntype, stn 7; (38) Streptostele herma, 3.8×1.2 mm, stn 7. Scale bar 10 mm in Figs 30–31; 3 mm in Figs 32–34; 1 mm in Figs 35–38.
Figs 3–14 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Figs 3–14. Cyclophoridae: (3) Cyathopoma diegoense, 1.8×2.5 mm, stn 7. Maizaniidae: (4) Maizania wahlbergi, 11.5×15.2 mm, stn 3. Pomatiidae: (5) Tropidophora nyasana, 16.7×17.7 mm, stn 7; (6) T. ligata, 17.5×18.3 mm, stn 17; (7) T. insularis, 17.2×17.0 mm, stn 4; (8) T. zanguebarica, 11.0×10.8 mm, stn 9. Truncatellidae: (9) Truncatella marginata, 6.0×2.5 mm, stn 7. Pupillidae: (10) Pupoides coenopictus, 4.3×2.2 mm, stn 7. Gastrocoptidae: (11) Gastrocopta klunzingeri, 1.8×1.0 mm, stn 7. Vertiginidae (stn 7): (12) Nesopupa peilei, 1.7×1.0 mm; (13) Nesopupa corrugata, 2.0×1.0 mm; (14) Nesopupa bisulcata, 1.3×0.8 mm. Scale bar 1 mm in Figs 3, 10–14; 10 mm in Figs 4–8; 2 mm in Fig. 9.
Figs 62–65 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Figs 62–65. Helicarionidae: (62) "Sitala" jenynsi, shell 7.9×11.0 mm, subadult, stn 8. Urocyclidae: (63) Bukobia uhehensis, length 35 mm, stn 1; (64) Elisolimax flavescens, length 40 mm, stn 8; (65) Urocyclus kirki, length 75 mm, stn 10.
Figs 26–29 in Terrestrial molluscs of Cabo Delgado and adjacent inland areas of north-eastern Mozambique
Figs 26–29. Subulinidae: (26) Curvella nyasana, 10.6×5.7 mm, stn 1; (27) Euonyma tugelensis, 7.2×2.6 mm, subadult, stn 1; (28) Opeas hannense, 5.4×1.8 mm, stn 1; (29) Allopeas? cf. acmella, 4.0×1.2 mm, stn 7.
Fig. 4 in Arboreal herbivory by a semi-terrestrial South African isopod crustacean, Tylos capensis Krauss (Isopoda: Tylidae), on the bietou bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norlindh
Fig. 4. Logistic curves of the survival of the isopod Tylos capensis (expressed as a percentage) as a functIon of tIme for five dIfferent food treatments: (A) no food (NF); (B) lettuce (L); (C) boneseed leaves (Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera) from Jan Marais Nature Reserve (BSM); (D) boneseed leaves (C. monilifera monilifera) from Cape Hangklip (BSH); or (E) bietou bush leaves (Chrysanthemoides monilifera rotundata) from Yzerfontein. The logistic regression lines are plotted through the raw survIval data (shown as unfilled cIrcles) and the estImated mean survIval tImes for 50 and 90 % of each treatment group (LD50 and LD90 respectively) are shown with ± one standard error of the mean.
Figs 1, 2 in Arboreal herbivory by a semi-terrestrial South African isopod crustacean, Tylos capensis Krauss (Isopoda: Tylidae), on the bietou bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norlindh
Figs 1, 2. Photographs at night of senior author D.S. Glazier near rows of bietou bushes Chrysanthemoides monilifera rotundata along walkways near The Promenade of Umhlanga beach, South Africa. These are two of the sites where numerous individuals of the isopod Tylos capensis were observed climbing on bietou bushes. Photographs © E. Kleynhans.
Fig. 3 in Arboreal herbivory by a semi-terrestrial South African isopod crustacean, Tylos capensis Krauss (Isopoda: Tylidae), on the bietou bush, Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norlindh
Fig. 3. Photograph at night of individuals of the isopod Tylos capensis climbing on stems and leaves of the bietou bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera rotundata along a walkway near The Promenade of Umhlanga beach, South Africa. Note the holes and cut-out margins of some of the leaves indicating feeding activity. Photograph © E. Kleynhans.
Behavioral responses of terrestrial mammals to COVID-19 lockdowns
<p>COVID-19 lockdowns in early 2020 reduced human mobility, <span>providing an opportunity to disentangle its effects on animals from those of landscape modifications. Using GPS data, we compared movements and road avoidance of 2300 terrestrial mammals (43 species) during the lockdowns to the same period in 2019. Individual responses were variable, with no change in average movements or road avoidance behavior, likely due to variable lockdown conditions. However, under strict lockdowns, 10-day 95th percentile displacements increased by 73%, suggesting increased landscape permeability. Animals' 1-hour 95th percentile displacements declined by 12%, and animals were 36% closer to roads in areas of high human footprint, indicating reduced avoidance during lockdowns. Overall, lockdowns rapidly altered some spatial behaviors, highlighting variable but substantial impacts of human mobility on wildlife worldwide.</span></p>
History of the terrestrial isopod genus Ligidium in Japan based on phylogeographic analysis
<span>Background</span> <p><span>Phylogeographical approaches explain the genetic diversity of local organisms in the context of their geological and geographic environments. Thus, genetic diversity can be a proxy for geological history. Here we propose a genus of woodland isopod, <em>Ligidium</em>, as a marker of geological history in relation to orogeny and the Quaternary glacial cycle. </span></p> <span>Results</span> <p><span>Mitochondrial analysis of 721 individuals from 97 sites across Japan revealed phylogenetic divergence between the northeastern and southwestern Japan arcs from 7 to 3.5 million years ago. It also showed repeated population expansions in northeastern Japan in response to Quaternary glacial and interglacial cycles. Genome-wide analysis of 83 selected individuals revealed multiple genetic nuclear clusters. The genomic groupings were consistent with the local geographic distribution, indicating that the <em>Ligidium</em> phylogeny reflects its migration history.</span></p> <span>Conclusion</span> <p><em><span>Ligidium</span></em><span> DNA sequence analysis can provide insight into the geological, geographical, and paleoenvironmental history of the studied region.</span></p>
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