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FIG. 4 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"
FIG. 4. — Crown-group tetrapod phylogeny according to analyses that support the LH, showing diversity within the LH. All are simplified from their sources (by collapsing suprageneric taxa), and the names are made comparable. Internal topology of Microsauria in B and C not shown. Colored boxes: yellow (), Lissamphibia; pastel green (), Lysorophia; cyan (), Amphibia; olive (), "microsaurs"; violet (), "nectrideans"; blue (), Aïstopoda; dark green (), amniotes and diadectomorphs. A, Vallin & Laurin (2004: fig. 6); B, Pawley (2006: fig. 92), with the taxon sample and cranial characters of Ruta et al. (2003) but Pawley's own set of postcranial characters, and reweighting; C, Germain (2008a: fig. 5.15); D, Marjanović & Laurin (2008b: fig. 6c), Tuditanidae, and Hapsidopareiontidae are OTUs that may not be monophyletic, their composition was not tested, but carried over from McGowan (2002); E, Marjanović & Laurin (2009: supplementary figure); F, Marjanović (2010: chapter 5), unconstrained analysis without added taxa. The majority-rule consensus is shown; internodes absent from the strict consensus are gray.
FIG. 3 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"
FIG. 3. — Reinterpretation of the skull roof of the lysorophian lepospondyl Brachydectes (C, F, I) in comparison to the "microsaurian" lepospondyls Rhynchonkos (A, D, G) and Batropetes (B, E, H); A-C, dorsal view; D-F, right lateral view; G-I, caudal (occipital) view. Where interpretations of Brachydectes differ, those by Sollas (1920), Romer (1966) and Bolt & Wassersug (1975) are in bold, those by Wellstead (1991) are in italics, and ours (Marjanović & Laurin 2008b) are in regular typeface; they are always shown in this order. The colored bones are, in our interpretation, the tabular (yellow/light gray), the postorbital (cyan/middle gray), and the postfrontal (magenta/ dark gray). Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; eoc, exoccipital; f, frontal; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; m, maxilla; n, nasal; oc, fusion of ex- and basioccipital; oot, opisthotic; otoc, fusion of pro- and opisthotic to ex- and basioccipital; p, parietal; pal, palatine; pl, pleurosphenoid; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; pp, postparietal; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; s, stapes; se, sphenethmoid; sm, septomaxilla; soc, suproccipital; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; t, tabular; v, vomer. Scale bar: 1 cm. Modified from Marjanović & Laurin (2008b: fig. 4).
FIG. 1 in The origin(s) of extant amphibians: a review with emphasis on the "lepospondyl hypothesis"
FIG. 1. — Hypotheses on the origin of Lissamphibia in the recent literature (modified from Marjanović & Laurin 2008b: fig. 1). Extant taxa in bold; extant amphibians underlain in yellow () if monophyletic (Lissamphibia) or pastel orange () if polyphyletic, temnospondyls underlain in violet (), lepospondyls in cyan (), the amniote-diadectomorph clade in green (): A, B, Temnospondyl hypothesis (TH) as of the late 1980s and early 1990s; B, simplified from Trueb & Cloutier (1991); C, D, TH, simplified from Ruta & Coates (2007); E, Lepospondyl hypothesis (LH), simplified from Vallin & Laurin (2004); F, Polyphyly hypothesis (PH), simplified from Carroll & Holmes (1980) through Carroll et al. (2004); G, PH simplified from Anderson et al. (2008b); the name Amphibia does not apply to any clade under this topology; H, a version of the PH, simplified from Carroll (2007: fig. 77), where extant amphibians and "lepospondyls" are nested inside the "temnospondyls"; "Anthracosauroidea" is an OTU that includes Embolomeri, Gephyrostegidae and Seymouriamorpha; "basal temnospondyls" is an OTU composed of Dendrerpeton and Balanerpeton; the "Microsauria" OTU consists of all "microsaurs" except Rhynchonkos; I, skull roof of the temnospondyl Iberospondylus schultzei, modified from Laurin & Soler-Gijón (2001). Scale bar: 1 cm. The authors of all taxon names are listed in Appendix 11.
FIG. 6 in The Late Pliocene amphibians and reptiles from "Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna" (Mandriola, Sardinia, Italy)
FIG. 6. — Fossil remains of reptiles from Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna (Sardinia): A-C, Amphisbaenia indet., trunk vertebra (DSTC 6021), dorsal, left lateral and ventral views; D-F, Eryx cf. E. jaculus, trunk vertebra (DST 6022), dorsal, ventral and posterior views; G, caudal vertebra (DSTC 6023), anterior view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 3 in The Late Pliocene amphibians and reptiles from "Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna" (Mandriola, Sardinia, Italy)
FIG. 3. — Fossil remains of amphibians from Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna (Sardinia): A, Discoglossus sp., rigth ilium (DSTC 6005), lateral view; B, cf. Bufo gr. B. viridis, left ilium (DSTC 6006), lateral view; C-G, Hyla gr. H. arborea; C, rigth ilium (DSTC 6007), lateral view; D, rigth ilium (DSTC 6008), lateral view; E, left humerus (DSTC 6009), ventral view; F, left scapula (DSTC 6010), lateral view; G, presacral vertebra (DSTC 6011), dorsal view. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 2 in The Late Pliocene amphibians and reptiles from "Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna" (Mandriola, Sardinia, Italy)
FIG. 2. — Fossil remains of amphibians from Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna (Sardinia): A-I, Salamandrina sp.; A, B, right occipito-otic unit (DSTC 6000), dorsal and ventral views; C-E, middle trunk vertebra (DSTC 6001), dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views; F, trunk vertebra (DSTC 6002), anterior view; G-I, anterior trunk vertebra (DSTC 6003), dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views; J, K, cf. Ichthyosaura sp., trunk vertebra (DSTC 6004), dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 5 in The Late Pliocene amphibians and reptiles from "Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna" (Mandriola, Sardinia, Italy)
FIG. 5. — Fossil remains of reptiles from Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna (Sardinia): Dopasia sp.: A, left pterygoid (DSTC 6015), ventral view; B, right frontal (DSTC 6016), dorsal view; C, D, parietal (DSTC 6017), dorsal and ventral views; E, F, left dentary (DSTC 6018), medial and lateral views; G, osteoderm (DSTC 6019), dorsal view; H-J, trunk vertebra (DSTC 6020), dorsal, ventral, and left lateral views. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 7 in The Late Pliocene amphibians and reptiles from "Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna" (Mandriola, Sardinia, Italy)
FIG. 7. — Fossil remains of reptiles from Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna (Sardinia): A-D, "Colubrines" indet: A, B, trunk vertebra (DSTC 6024), dorsal and posterior views; C, D, right maxilla (DSTC 6025), medial and ventral views; E, F, Vipera sp. trunk vertebra (DSTC 6026), dorsal and right lateral views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 1 in The Late Pliocene amphibians and reptiles from "Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna" (Mandriola, Sardinia, Italy)
FIG. 1. — Location of the main Italian herpetofaunistic assemblages (single findings are not shown) referred to the latest Neogene and earliest Quaternary: 1, Arondelli (Early Pliocene); 2, Cava Sefi (Early Pliocene); 3, Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna (Late Pliocene); 4, Montagnola Senese (formerly Late Pliocene, now Early Pleistocene); 5, Rivoli Veronese (formerly Late Pliocene,now Early Pleistocene); 6, Monte Tuttavista (formerly Plio-Pleistocene, now Early Pleistocene). The star (*) indicates the Early Miocene (MN3) locality of Oschiri.Note that the late Miocene (possibly Early Pliocene) site of Monte Gargano is not listed among the Pliocene localities.
FIG. 4 in The Late Pliocene amphibians and reptiles from "Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna" (Mandriola, Sardinia, Italy)
FIG. 4. — Fossil remains of reptiles from Capo Mannu D1 Local Fauna (Sardinia): A, B, Gekkonidae indet., trunk vertebra (DSTC 6012), dorsal and right lateral views; C, Lacerta gr. L. viridis, right maxilla (DSTC 6013), medial view; D, Lacertidae indet., fragmentary left dentary (DSTC 6014), medial view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 9. Atractus marthae. A, B in Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the Santander highland, Colombia
Figure 9. Atractus marthae. A, B. Black phase (scale bar in B = 8 mm. C. Red phase. D. Preferred habitat under a stone in grassland.
Figure 8. Riama striata. A, B in Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the Santander highland, Colombia
Figure 8. Riama striata. A, B. Females (scale bar in A = 12 mm). C. Ventral coloration of a female. D. Ventral coloration of a male.
Figure 5. Hyloscirtus piceigularis. A in Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the Santander highland, Colombia
Figure 5. Hyloscirtus piceigularis. A. Male individual, scale bar = 14 mm, head length. B. Camouflage in moss.
Figure 2 in Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the Santander highland, Colombia
Figure 2. The four habitats in the study area. A. Large forest fragment. B. Small forest fragment. C. Grassland. D. Blackberry crop.
Figure 3 in Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the Santander highland, Colombia
Figure 3. Behavior of the abundance of amphibian and reptile species in high-mountain habitats in the Santander highland, north of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia.
Figure 1 in Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the Santander highland, Colombia
Figure 1. Study area in the municipality of Sucre, department of Santander, Colombia. The study area is north of the Cordillera Oriental at 2600–2800 m a.s.l.
Fig. 3 in A Biogeographic Synthesis Of The Amphibians And Reptiles Of Indochina
Fig. 3. Subregions of Indochina. A. Northern Coast extends above arrow 1; Central Coast extends between arrows 1 and 2; Southern Coast extends below arrow 2. The Southern Islands include all islands below arrow 2. Note that the enclosed area within Northeast Lowlands is Tam Dao, part of the Northeast Uplands. Refer to table 1 for abbreviations. B. (opposite page) Subregions of Indochina, with elevation levels.
Figure 18. Cladogram 4 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics
Figure 18. Cladogram 4 showing most parsimonious tree with only single representatives of Palaeozoic taxa included (see Appendix 3 for character distributions in each tree).
Figure 17. Cladogram 3 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics
Figure 17. Cladogram 3 showing one of two equally most parsimonious trees with some Palaeozoic taxa removed for clarity (see Appendix 3 for character distributions in each tree).
Figure 16. Cladogram 2 in Albanerpetontid amphibians from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Italy: a description and reconsideration of their systematics
Figure 16. Cladogram 2 showing one of two equally most parsimonious trees with some Palaeozoic taxa removed for clarity (see Appendix 3 for character distributions in each tree).
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