Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2001View details →

Fig. 11 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 11. Tree showing the results of our Analysis 1, which used ordered characters and did not include the fossil Pteronotus pristinus. This tree shows the topology of the single most-parsimonious tree recovered (438 steps; CI = 0.653; CI excluding uninformative characters = 0.619; RI =.750). Decay values are given above each branch; bootstrap values are below (see tables 2 and 3 for associated branch length values and results of jackknife analysis).

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2001View details →

Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 2. Arnold et al.'s (1982) ''composite cladogram'' of relationships among noctilionoid species. This phylogeny was derived from taxonomic-congruence comparisons of trees derived from four data sets: albumin immunology, chromosomes, allozymes, and morphology. Data sets supporting each clade are indicated on the tree. Redrawn from Arnold et al. (1982: fig. 5).

FIGURE 6. Cytochrome-b in A New Species of Nectar-feeding Bat of the Genus Hsunycteris (Phyllostomidae: Lonchophyllinae) from Northeastern Peru

FIGURE 6. Cytochrome-b maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram for the subfamily Lonchophyllinae. Support statistics from ML analysis and Bayesian inference (BI) are indicated at each resolved node. For the ML analysis, gray shading indicates bootstrap frequencies between 50% and 75% and black indicates bootstrap frequencies>75%. For the BA, gray indicates posterior probabilities <0.95, whereas black indicates posterior probabilities>0.95.

FIGURE 5 in A New Species of Nectar-feeding Bat of the Genus Hsunycteris (Phyllostomidae: Lonchophyllinae) from Northeastern Peru

FIGURE 5. Results of principal components analysis, illustrating the dispersion of specimen scores for female Hsunycteris cadenai (open triangles), H. dashe (asterisk), H. pattoni (filled circles), and H. thomasi (open circles). See text for explanation and appendix 3 for factor loadings and other results.

FIGURE 3 in A New Species of Nectar-feeding Bat of the Genus Hsunycteris (Phyllostomidae: Lonchophyllinae) from Northeastern Peru

FIGURE 3. Anterior views of the chins of Hsunycteris dashe (A, AMNH 273165) and H. pattoni (B, MUSM 13205) illustrating taxonomic differences in the arrangement of the dermal papillae. In H. dashe the chin has several small dermal papillae arranged in a V and separated by a wide basal cleft. In H. pattoni, however the dermal papillae on the chin are larger and are not separated by a basal cleft.

FIGURE 4 in A New Species of Nectar-feeding Bat of the Genus Hsunycteris (Phyllostomidae: Lonchophyllinae) from Northeastern Peru

FIGURE 4. Occlusal views of partial upper toothrows in Hsunycteris dashe (A, MUSM 15206), H. pattoni (B, MUSM 13205), and H. thomasi (C, AMNH 16120) illustrating taxonomic differences in the morphology of the premolars and first molar (see text). Abbreviations: p, parastyle of M1; P4, first upper premolar; P5, second upper premolar; M1, first upper molar.

FIGURE 2 in A New Species of Nectar-feeding Bat of the Genus Hsunycteris (Phyllostomidae: Lonchophyllinae) from Northeastern Peru

FIGURE 2. Map showing collecting localities of Hsunycteris species within the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluvial region (boundaries highlighted in gray). See appendix 2 for locality names and geographic coordinates. The arrow indicates the type locality of H. dashe.

Fig. 21 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 21. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of m3 in the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Dotted branches connect nodes with ambiguous final assignments [0/1]. Some internal node assignments are omitted for clarity.

Fig. 19 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 19. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of lower incisors in megabats, using the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Optimization of the absence/presence of i1 absence/presence is represented along the branches, with ambiguous branches dotted. Optimization of the absence/presence of i2 is shown with black arrows representing a 1 + 0 transformation (loss of i2). The dotted arrow indicates the asymmetric loss of one first lower incisor in Myonycteris brachycephala.

Fig. 17 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 17. Myonycteris torquata KMMA/MRAC 80.020-M-0001 (A, B) and M. torquata AMNH 236246 (C, D), ventral view of the palate (A, C) and lateral view of the rostrum (B, D). An extra premolar in the position of P2 is present in the KMMA/MRAC specimen. Abbreviations: P1 first upper premolar, P2 second upper premolar. Scale 5 5 mm.

Fig. 16. Pteropus scapulatus BMNH 86.11.1.1 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 16. Pteropus scapulatus BMNH 86.11.1.1, occlusal view of the mandible. An extra premolar appears in the position of a p2 on the right side. Position and morphology of the other teeth as well as the mandible are typical. Abbreviations: c lower canine, i1 first lower incisor, i2 second lower incisor, m1 first lower molar, m2 second lower molar, m3 third lower molar, p1 first lower premolar, p2 atavistic second lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4, fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 5 mm.

Fig. 12. Thoopterus nigrescens AMNH 222775 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 12. Thoopterus nigrescens AMNH 222775 (A), and Latidens salimalii HZM 3.26435 (B), occlusal view of the tip of the mandible. Scale 5 1 mm.

Fig. 13. Aethalops alecto AMNH 216729 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 13. Aethalops alecto AMNH 216729 (A), Alionycteris paucidentata FMNH 146599 (B), Haplonycteris fischeri AMNH 142748 (C), and Otopteropus cartilagonodus FMNH 573447 (D),

Fig. 22 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 22. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of M2 in the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Dotted branches connect nodes with ambiguous final assignments [0/1]. Some internal node assignments are omitted for clarity.

Fig. 20 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 20. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of upper incisors in megabats, using the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Optimization of the absence/presence of I1 absence/presence is represented along the branches. Optimization of the absence/presence of I2 is shown with black arrows representing a 1 + 0 transformation (loss of I2). Absence/ presence of both I1 and I2 is inapplicable in the outgroup Megaderma lyra as this bat lacks the premaxillary bone that supports the upper incisors when present.

Fig. 8. Chironax melanocephalus AMNH 216739 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 8. Chironax melanocephalus AMNH 216739 (A), Aethalops alecto AMNH 216729 (B), Haplonycteris fischeri AMNH 142748 (C), Otopteropus cartilagonodus FMNH 573447 (D), and Balionycteris maculata AMNH 216755 (E), mental view of the mandible (left column) and occlusal view of the tip of the mandible (right column). Scales 5 1 mm.

Fig. 18. Nyctimene albiventer AMNH 198617 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 18. Nyctimene albiventer AMNH 198617, occlusal view of the mandible, presence of an extra lower molar (m3) in an otherwise typical mandible and dentition. Note the normal pattern of tooth wear in the dentition, which suggests that the extra tooth did not pose functional problems to the individual. Abbreviations: c lower canine, m1 first lower molar, m2 second lower molar, m3 atavistic third lower molar, p1 first lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4 fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.

Fig. 7. Dobsonia magna AMNH 108486 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 7. Dobsonia magna AMNH 108486, occlusal view of the anterior mandible showing pattern of replacement of lower incisors. Abbreviations: c lower canine, dc deciduous lower canine, di1 deciduous first lower incisor, di2 deciduous second lower incisor, dp3 deciduous third lower premolar, i2 second lower incisor, p1 first lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4 fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.

Fig. 6. Dobsonia pannietensis AMNH 159142 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 6. Dobsonia pannietensis AMNH 159142, oblique ventrocaudal view of the anterior palate showing the pattern of replacement of upper incisors. Abbreviations: C upper canine, dC deciduous upper canine, dI1 deciduous first upper incisor, dI2 deciduous second upper incisor, P3 third upper premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.

Fig. 5 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 5. Melonycteris (Nesonycteris) woodfordi AMNH 99950 (A), Notopteris macdonaldi AMNH 119455 (B), and Melonycteris melanops AMNH 194333 (C), occlusal view of the anterior mandible showing the hypothesized loss of the first lower incisor in M. woodfordi and N. macdonaldi (see text). Note that in M. melanops the right first lower incisor is lost and the left i1 is smaller than i2. Abbreviations: c lower canine, i1 first lower incisor, i2 second lower incisor, p1 first lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4 fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.