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Text-fig. 4. Dorsal view of endocranium of a Devonian osteolepiform (Eusthenopteron foordi). Derivatives of the teniform cartilages blue (cf. fig. 7 in Bjerring 2015). ab: anterolateral bar of otico-occipital (Jarvik 1954) which corresponds to the orbitoparietal commissure of the armadillo; rfsa: endoskeleton above the supra-auditive fossa which corresponds to the parietal lamina of the armadillo; tn: tectum nasi; to: tectum orbitae which corresponds to the orbital cartilage and the orbitonasal commissure of the armadillo. in Cartilago Teniformis And Its Derivatives: Additional Information On The Basic Composition And Evolution Of The Skull

Text-fig. 4. Dorsal view of endocranium of a Devonian osteolepiform (Eusthenopteron foordi). Derivatives of the teniform cartilages blue (cf. fig. 7 in Bjerring 2015). ab: anterolateral bar of otico-occipital (Jarvik 1954) which corresponds to the orbitoparietal commissure of the armadillo; rfsa: endoskeleton above the supra-auditive fossa which corresponds to the parietal lamina of the armadillo; tn: tectum nasi; to: tectum orbitae which corresponds to the orbital cartilage and the orbitonasal commissure of the armadillo.

Text-fig. 5. Dorsal view of endocranium of 93 mm human fetus. Derivatives of the teniform cartilages blue. con: orbitonasal commissure; lp: parietal lamina; oc: orbital cartilage; rco: remnants of orbitoparietal commissure. (Modified from Reinbach 1963; cf. Bersch and Reinbach 1970.) in Cartilago Teniformis And Its Derivatives: Additional Information On The Basic Composition And Evolution Of The Skull

Text-fig. 5. Dorsal view of endocranium of 93 mm human fetus. Derivatives of the teniform cartilages blue. con: orbitonasal commissure; lp: parietal lamina; oc: orbital cartilage; rco: remnants of orbitoparietal commissure. (Modified from Reinbach 1963; cf. Bersch and Reinbach 1970.)

Text-fig. 3. Dorsal view of endocranium of armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus); some dermal allostoses from the right side are included. Derivatives of the teniform cartilage blue. co: orbitoparietal commissure; con: sphenethmoidal (orbitonasal) commissure; ctn: cartilago tecti nasi; lp: parietal lamina; oc: orbital cartilage (ala orbitalis); po: parieto-occipital commissure. (Modified from Reinbach 1952.) in Cartilago Teniformis And Its Derivatives: Additional Information On The Basic Composition And Evolution Of The Skull

Text-fig. 3. Dorsal view of endocranium of armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus); some dermal allostoses from the right side are included. Derivatives of the teniform cartilage blue. co: orbitoparietal commissure; con: sphenethmoidal (orbitonasal) commissure; ctn: cartilago tecti nasi; lp: parietal lamina; oc: orbital cartilage (ala orbitalis); po: parieto-occipital commissure. (Modified from Reinbach 1952.)

Text-fig. 2. Dorsal view of endocranium of a 31 mm sand lizard (Lacerta agilis). Derivatives of the teniform cartilages blue. cp: cartilago parietectalis (cartilago tecti nasi); cs: sphenethmoidal commissure; tm: taenia marginalis. (Modified from Gaupp 1900.) in Cartilago Teniformis And Its Derivatives: Additional Information On The Basic Composition And Evolution Of The Skull

Text-fig. 2. Dorsal view of endocranium of a 31 mm sand lizard (Lacerta agilis). Derivatives of the teniform cartilages blue. cp: cartilago parietectalis (cartilago tecti nasi); cs: sphenethmoidal commissure; tm: taenia marginalis. (Modified from Gaupp 1900.)

Text-fig. 1. Schematic drawing, demonstrating the basic endoskeletal elements of the craniate head. Sclerotomic derivatives red and pharyngoqualar derivatives yellow. b: basal pharyngoqualar segment; c: ceratal pharyngoqualar segment; ct: cartilago teniformis (blue); e: epal pharyngoqualar segment; gr: gill rays; h: hypal pharyngoqualar segment; la: lower arcual element; lt: laterotectal element; mt: mediotectal element; n: notochord (green); s: summital pharyngoqualar segment; t: telical pharyngoqualar segment; ua: upper arcual element. in Cartilago Teniformis And Its Derivatives: Additional Information On The Basic Composition And Evolution Of The Skull

Text-fig. 1. Schematic drawing, demonstrating the basic endoskeletal elements of the craniate head. Sclerotomic derivatives red and pharyngoqualar derivatives yellow. b: basal pharyngoqualar segment; c: ceratal pharyngoqualar segment; ct: cartilago teniformis (blue); e: epal pharyngoqualar segment; gr: gill rays; h: hypal pharyngoqualar segment; la: lower arcual element; lt: laterotectal element; mt: mediotectal element; n: notochord (green); s: summital pharyngoqualar segment; t: telical pharyngoqualar segment; ua: upper arcual element.

Fig. 6 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 6. Systematic variation in maxillary fenestra morphology among coelurosaur theropods. Shanag ashile (IGM 100/1119), top, illustrating a dorsally displaced maxillary fenestra (character 237.1) and a maxillary fenestra recessed within a shallow caudal or caudodorsally open fossa (character 239.1). Dilong paradoxus (IVPP V14243), bottom, illustrating the absence of the above character states (character 237.0 and 239.0).

Fig. 7 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 7. Systematic variation in jugal morphology among dromaeosaurid theropods. Tsaagan mangas (IGM 100/1015), top, illustrating a wide jugal process of the maxilla below the external antorbital fenestra (character 238.1). Velociraptor mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6515), bottom, illustrating a narrow jugal process of the maxilla below the external antorbital fenestra (character 238.0). Images not to scale.

Fig. 13 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 13. Systematic variation in jugal/antorbital fenestra morphology in theropod dinosaurs. Oviraptor philoceratops (AMNH 6517), bottom, illustrating a jugal that does not participate in the antorbital fenestra (character 246.0). Tsaagan mangas (IGM 100/1015), top, illustrating a jugal that does participate in the antorbital fenestra (character 246.1). Images not to scale.

Fig. 10 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 10. Systematic variation in antorbital fossa morphology among coelurosaur theropods. Velociraptor mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6515), top, illustrating a dorsal border of the antorbital fossa formed by the lacrimal and maxilla (character 243.0). Archaeopteryx lithographica (WDC-CSG-100), middle, illustrating a dorsal border of the antorbital fossa formed by the lacrimal and nasal (character 243.1). From Mayr et al. (2005). Reprinted with permission from AAAS. Citipati osmolskae (IGM 100/978), bottom, illustrating a dorsal border of the antorbital fossa formed by the maxilla, premaxilla, and lacrimal (character 243.2). Images not to scale.

Fig. 3 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 3. Detail of posterior tooth morphology in IGM 100/1119. Note serrations on posterior carinae and unconstricted root-crown transition.

Fig. 17 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 17. Systematic variation in first premaxillary tooth size among coelurosaur theropods. Tsaagan mangas (IGM 100/1015), top, illustrating a first premaxillary tooth similar in size to premaxillary teeth 2 and 3 (character 251.0). Velociraptor mongoliensis (IGM 100/982), middle, illustrating a first premaxillary tooth much smaller than premaxillary teeth 2 and 3 (character 251.1). Incisivosaurus gauthieri (IVPP V13326), bottom, illustrating a first premaxillary tooth much larger than premaxillary teeth 2 and 3 (character 251.2). Images not to scale.

Fig. 1 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 1. Map of Mongolia showing geographical relationship of the Öösh locality to other Gobi fossil localities.

Fig. 5 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic placement of IGM 100/1119. A. Strict consensus of 552 most parsimonious reconstructions of coelurosaurian interrelationships found in our phylogenetic analysis of 251 characters and 56 coelurosaurian taxa. The new taxon is indicated in bold. B. Adams consensus topology of nonunenlagiine dromaeosaurids recovered in from this analysis.

Fig. 4 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 4. Detail of the tooth morphology and size variation seen in the dentary of IGM 100/1119. Anatomical labels in appendix 3.

Fig. 12 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 12. Systematic variation in supratemporal fossa morphology among theropod dinosaurs. Mei long (IVPP V12733), top, illustrating a supratemporal fossa with limited extension onto the dorsal surface of the frontal and postorbital (character 245.0). Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR2081), bottom, illustrating a supratemporal fossa with extensive covering of the frontal process of the postorbital and dorsal surface of the frontal (character 245.1). Images not to scale.

Fig. 11 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 11. Systematic variation in maxilla morphology among paravian theropods. Velociraptor mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6515), top, illustrating a large, prominent lateral lamina of the ventral ramus of nasal process of maxilla (character 244.0). Shanag ashile (IGM 100/1119), bottom, illustrating a reduced, small triangular exposure of the lateral lamina of the ventral ramus of nasal process of maxilla (character 244.1). Images not to scale.

Fig. 9 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 9. Systematic variation in internal antorbital fenestra morphology among paravian theropods. Archaeopteryx lithographica (WDC-CSG-100), top, illustrating a dorsal border of the internal antorbital fenestra formed by the lacrimal and maxilla (character 242.0). From Mayr et al. (2005). Reprinted with permission from AAAS. Confuciusornis sanctus (GMV 2131), bottom, illustrating a dorsal border of the internal antorbital fenestra formed by the lacrimal and/or nasal (character 242.1). Images not to scale.

Fig. 16 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 16. Systematic variation in splenial morphology among theropod dinosaurs. Citipati osmolskae (IGM 100/978), top, illustrating a splenial that does not form a notched anterior margin of the internal mandibular fenestra (character 250.0). Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR2081), bottom, illustrating a splenial that forms a notch anterior margin to the internal mandibular fenestra (character 250.1). Images not to scale.

Fig. 15 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 15. Systematic variation in maxillary tooth orientation and height in deinonychosaurian theropods. Saurornithoides mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6516), middle, illustrating maxillary teeth perpendicular to the jaw margin (character 248.0) and isodont teeth with no replacement gaps (character 249.1). Bambiraptor feinbergorum (AMNH FR 30554), bottom, illustrating maxillary teeth strongly inclined posteroventrally (character 248.1). Velociraptor mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6515), top, illustrating maxillary teeth with variable height and tooth replacement gaps (character 249.0). Images not to scale.

Fig. 8 in A Small Derived Theropod from Öösh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia

Fig. 8. Systematic variation in antorbital fenestra morphology among paravian theropods. Diomedea epomophora (AMNH 5311), top, illustrating a reduced dorsal ramus of the nasal process of maxilla (character 240.1) and a ventral ramus of the maxilla with no dorsal projection participating in the anterior margin of the antorbital fenestra (character 241.2). Velociraptor mongoliensis (AMNH FR 6515), bottom, illustrating a prominent dorsal ramus of the nasal process of maxilla that is exposed medially and laterally (character 240.0) and extensive participation of the ventral ramus of the nasal process of the maxilla in the anterior margin of the antorbital fenestra (character 241.0). Images not to scale.