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Figures 45–52 in Taxonomy on crane flies from Mountain Huang, China, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Figures 45–52. Tipula (Pterelachisus) pseudobiaciculifera sp. nov. 45. Habitus of male adult, lateral view. 46. Hypopygium, lateral view. 47. Hypopygium, dorsal view. 48. Hypopygium, ventral view. 49. Outer gonostylus and inner gonostylus, lateral view. 50. Outer gonostylus and inner gonostylus, mesal view. 51. Semen pump, lateral view. 52. Semen pump, dorsal view.

Figures 37–44 in Taxonomy on crane flies from Mountain Huang, China, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Figures 37–44. Nephrotoma huangshanensis sp. nov. 37. Habitus of male adult, lateral view. 38. Hypopygium, lateral view. 39. Tergite nine, ventral view. 40. Outer gonostylus, lateral view. 41. Inner gonostylus, lateral view. 42. Inner gonostylus, dorsal view. 43. Semen pump, dorsal view. 44. Semen pump, lateral view.

Figures 30–36. Tipulodina xyris. 30 in Taxonomy on crane flies from Mountain Huang, China, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Figures 30–36. Tipulodina xyris. 30. Habitus of male adult, lateral view. 31. Hypopygium, dorsal view. 32. Hypopygium, lateral view. 33. Hypopygium, ventral view. 34. Outer gonostylus and inner gonostylus. 35. Semen pump, dorsal view. 36. Semen pump, lateral view.

Figures 7–14. Pselliophora xanthopimplina. 7 in Taxonomy on crane flies from Mountain Huang, China, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Figures 7–14. Pselliophora xanthopimplina. 7. Habitus of male adult, lateral view. 8. Hypopygium, caudal view. 9. Hypopygium, lateral view. 10. Caudal surface of tergite nine. 11. Outer gonostylus. 12. Inner gonostylus. 13. Semen pump, dorsal view. 14. Semen pump, lateral view.

Figures 1–6. Thorax. 1. Pselliophora xanthopimplina. 2. Tanyptera hubeiensis. 3. Tipulodina xyris. 4. Tipula coxitalis. 5 in Taxonomy on crane flies from Mountain Huang, China, with descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Figures 1–6. Thorax. 1. Pselliophora xanthopimplina. 2. Tanyptera hubeiensis. 3. Tipulodina xyris. 4. Tipula coxitalis. 5. Nephrotoma huangshanensis sp. nov. 6. Tipula (Pterelachisus) pseudobiaciculifera sp. nov.

Fig. 5 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 5. Left lateral view of head of: (A) Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, adult male, 183.4 mm SL; (B) Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805, adult male, 173.4 mm SL. Arrow indicates nuchal spine.

Fig. 6 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 6. Comparative radiographs of similarly sized (A) Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, adult male, 183.4 mm SL, and (B) Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805, adult male, 173.4 mm SL.

Fig. 8. A in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 8. A. Scomber equula Forsskål, lectotype, ZMUC P48219, dry skin, 131 mm SL, Yemen: Red Sea: Luhaiya. B. Scomber edentulus Bloch, holotype, ZMB 8756, dry left skin, India: Tranquebar.

Fig. 1 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 1. Comparison of light organs (circled) and associated features of the LOS in male leiognathids exhibiting both sexually dimorphic and nondimorphic states. Leiognathus elongatus, extreme sexual dimorphism: (A) external anatomy illustrating expansive transparent lateral flank patch characteristic of males, which is located just external to the clear gasbladder wall and enlarged dorsal lobes of the male light organ; (B) internal anatomy illustrating lateral clearing of the silvery gasbladder lining (arrow) and hypertrophied dorsal lobes of the light organ, which lie internal to the gasbladder lining (removed). Leiognathus aureus, moderate to extreme sexual dimorphism: (C) external anatomy illustrating transparent pectoralaxil patch characteristic of males, which lies just exterior to the hypertrophied dorsolateral lightorgan lobes; (D) internal anatomy illustrating enlarged dorsolateral lightorgan lobes that abut lateral clearing of the integument just internal to the pectoralfin axil. Leiognathus equulus, nondimorphic: (E) external anatomy; (F) internal anatomy. In members of the L. equulus species complex the light organ is not enlarged in males and there is no corresponding lateral clearing of the silvery gasbladder lining (arrow indicates posterior clear region common to all leiognathids) or integument proximal to the light organ.

Fig. 2 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 2. Single optimal tree of leiognathid relationships recovered by combined analysis of mitochondrial (16S and COI) nucleotide characters. L. = Leiognathus; G. = Gazza; S. = Secutor. Numbers above branches represent Bremer support and numbers below branches represent Jackknife resampling percentages (>50%). Letters at nodes correspond to clades discussed in text: clade A = Leiognathidae; clade B = leiognathids with nonsexually dimorphic LOS; clade C = leiognathids bearing sexually dimorphic LOS. LOS features characteristic of members of recovered clades (Sparks and Dunlap, in review) are indicated on the topology.

Fig. 3 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species

Fig. 3. Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, 183.4 mm SL, adult male; Singapore. A. External anatomy, illustrating general pigmentation pattern, and absence of transparent flank or opercular

Fig. 12 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 12. Landscape at Misión Tukuko (locality 97; Estado Zulia). Heteromys anomalus was frequently trapped in the disturbed forests in the background (as well as in regenerating thickets and small patches of vegetation along streams), but never in the open anthropogenic pastures in the foreground. Photographed in July 1986 by Robert S. Voss.

Fig. 11 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 11. Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of the principal components analysis (PCA) of type series of Heteromys oasicus and H. anomalus and its synonyms. Adults in age classes 4–6 were used here. PC1type represents a size factor and was multiplied by —1 so that smaller specimens appear to the left and larger ones to the right (table 4). Axes are scaled relative to their eigenvalues (proportion of variation among specimens explained), and specimens are marked by the first letter of the following respective series: a, anomalus; b, brachialis; h, hershkovitzi; j, jesupi; o, oasicus; t, Trinidad (Caura, used as an additional sample of the nominotypical anomalus). Note the small size of specimens of H. oasicus, especially in contrast to the holotype of H. anomalus.

Fig. 10 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 10. Plot of rostral length (RL) versus age class for specimens of Heteromys oasicus from the Península de Paraguana´, Venezuela (A) and of H. anomalus from Latal, Venezuela (•). Rostral length was chosen to represent overall size here, because it correlated highly with growth in the group (Anderson, unpubl.) and was available for most specimens from Paraguana´. Age classes do not represent a continuous variable (such as age in days), but rather categories roughly corresponding to relative age (see text and Voss et al., 1990). Note the extremely small size of specimens of H. oasicus, with the adult in age class 5 smaller than individuals of age class 2 in the Latal sample of H. anomalus.

Fig. 9 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 9. Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of the canonical variates analysis (CVA) of geographic variation performed on specimens of Heteromys in age class 4 from the 13 geographic samples. Axes are scaled relative to their eigenvalues (proportion of variation among centroids of geographic samples explained). Specimens of H. oasicus are marked by solid triangles, and individuals of H. anomalus are denoted by circles (solid circles for the South American mainland and open circles for the island of Trinidad). The first canonical axis can be interpreted as a measure of size (table 3), with large specimens having positive scores.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 8. Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of the principal components analysis (PCA) of geographic variation performed on 174 specimens of Heteromys in age class 4 without regard to geographic sample. PC1geo represents a size factor and was here multiplied by —1 so that smaller specimens appear to the left and larger ones to the right (table 1). Axes are scaled relative to their eigenvalues (proportion of variation among specimens explained). Specimens of H. oasicus are marked by solid triangles, and individuals of H. anomalus are denoted by circles (solid circles for the South American mainland and open circles for the island of Trinidad). Note the strikingly small size of specimens of H. oasicus.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 7. Dorsal views of skulls of Heteromys anomalus from Tukuko (Zulia, Venezuela), Valera (Trujillo, Venezuela), and Caura (Trinidad) and of H. oasicus from the Península de Paraguaná (Falcón, Venezuela). All specimens are males in age class 4.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 4. Landscape at Cerro Santa Ana (localities 101 and 102; Estado Falcón), showing vertical stratification of vegetation types on its slopes. Upper: View of Cerro Santa Ana from the WNW. Note

Fig. 3 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the holotype of Heteromys oasicus (USNM 456325), a male in age class 4.

Fig. 6 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 6. Map of the Península de Paraguaná showing the location of major geographic features and collection localities of Heteromys oasicus (Δ; see appendix 1 for complete provenience and museum catalog numbers). Gray shading indicates regions above 200 m; the small area above ca. 550 m on Cerro Santa Ana that supports evergreen cloud forest is largely overprinted by the symbol for locality 102.