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Fig. 7 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 7. Early Jurassic palaeogeographical distribution of the Zygopleuralike species listed in Table 1. Map simplified from the late Sinemurian map of Dercourt et al. (2000). Abbreviations: 1, Zygopleura vinosimonensis; 2, Melania theodori; 3, Zygopleura subnodosa; 4,Chemnitzia tatia; 5, Chemnitzia polyplecta; 6, Chemnitzia moorei; 7, Chemnitzia veturia; 8, Chemnitzia catacyclus; 9,Chemnitzia appenninica; 10, Chemnitzia paradisi.

Fig. 3 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 3. Zygopleurid? gastropod Ederazyga fanchini gen. et sp. nov.; upper Rhaetian, Villa Edera (Lombardy, northern Italy). A. Holotype MSNVI 042/049, inner mould in apertural (A1), basal (A2), and dorsal (A3) views; external mould in general view (A4), rubber cast of the dorsal view (A5), detail of the apical spire (A6), and detail of the penultimate and last whorls (A7). B. Plaster cast replica of MSNVI 042/049a, inner mould in apertural (B1), basal (B2), and dorsal (B3) views.

Fig. 2 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 2. Comparison between the holotype of zygopleurid? gastropod Cerithium? lateplicatum Klipstein, 1843 and the specimens illustrated by Bandel 1995), here ascribed to a tofanellid Camponaxis bandeli sp. nov.; lower Carnian, eastern Dolomites (Southern Alps, northern Italy). A. Fragmentary type specimen (NHMUK PI OR 35701) of Cerithium? lateplicatum, original illustration from Klipstein (1843: pl. 11: 35). B, C. Camponaxis bandeli sp. nov. B. Holotype, adult shell (RGM 219 039), from Bandel (1995: pl. 14: 5). C. Paratype, juvenile shell (RGM 219 040), from Bandel (1995: pl. 14: 3). Reproduced accordingly to CCBY 4.0 license.

Fig. 5 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 5. Palaeogeographical distribution of Ederazyga during the Late Triassic. Map modified from the late Norian maps of Dercourt et al. (2000) and Barrier and Vrielinck (2008).

Fig. 6 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 6. Original illustrations of the Early Jurassic Zygopleuralike species probably closely related to Ederazyga. A, B. Chemnitzia moorei Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 6: 4, 5), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy). C. Chemnitzia tatia Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 6: 1–3), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy), in apertural view (C1), detail showing the spiral ornament (C2), and dorsal view (C3). D. Chemnitzia polyplecta Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 6: 7, 8), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy), in apertural (D1) and dorsal (D2) views. E. Chemnitzia catacyclus Di Stefano, 1887 (pl. 2: 7b), Sinemurian, Taormina (eastern Sicily, southern Italy). F, G. Specimens figured by Dubar (1948: pl. 7: 11a, 12) as Zygopleura paradisi (Böhm, 1884), lower Pliensbachian (F) and lower Toarcian (G), Djebel BouDahar, (High Atlas, Morocco). H, I. Chemnitzia appenninica Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 9: 1, 2), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy). J. Chemnitzia veturia Gemmellaro, 1878 (pl. 6: 6), Sinemurian, Rocca Busambra (northwestern Sicily, southern Italy). K. Specimen figured by Fucini (1895: pl. 12: 5, 5a) as Zygopleura polyplecta (Gemmellaro, 1878), Sinemurian, Monte Pisano (Tuscany, central Italy). L. Zygopleura subnodosa (d'Orbigny, 1850), holotype figured by Fischer and Weber (1997: pl. 1: 8), upper Pliensbachian, Calvados (northern France), in dorsal (K1) and apertural (K2) views. M, N. Zygopleura vinosimonensis Fischer and Weber, 1997, syntypes figured by Cossmann (1902: pl. 4: 2, 4) as Zygopleura subnodosa, Hettangian, Vendée (western France).

Fig. 4 in A new caenogastropod from the upper Rhaetian of Lombardy: Palaeobiogeographical history and implications for the Early Jurassic gastropod recovery

Fig. 4. Zygopleurid? gastropod Ederazyga lateplicata (Klipstein, 1843); lower Carnian, eastern Dolomites (Southern Alps, northern Italy). A. Holotype NHMUK PI OR 35701, incomplete shell, in apertural (A1), dorsal (A2), and subdorsal (A3) views, detail of the ornament (A4). B. Original labels of the holotype (the label at the top shows an incorrect inventory number). C. Illustration of a specimen classified by Kittl (1894: pl. 4: 28) as Katosira? lateplicata. D. Original illustration of the specimen MRZ3711, ascribed by Zardini (1978: pl. 28: 8a, b) to Katosira seelandica var. alta, incomplete shell, in apertural (D1) and dorsal (D2) views, reproduced with permission Tipografia Ghedina Snc.

Fig. 7 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of buccal and lingual enamel from distinct regions of the dental axis in upper (dP4, A–D) and lower (dp4, E, F) deciduous premolars of Toxodon sp. Symbols represent different percentages of enamel zones from the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) up to theouter enamel surface. Microstructural features are obtained from longitudinal (A, B) and transversal sections (C–E). Illustration based on Lindenau (2005).

Fig. 2 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Enamel microstructure in upper molar of Toxodon sp. from the upper Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (southern Coastal Plain, Santa Vitória Formation). Scanning electron micrographs of transversal sections of the ectoloph (A1) and paracone, including the anterior fold (A2–A4). MCN-PV 30077.PHIS-055, M3, general view of enamel exhibiting Schmelzmuster with three enamel types (A1), Hunter-Schreger bands in the enamel of loop from anterior fold on the protocone and modified radial enamel below the dashed line (A2), enamel of outermost loop from anterior fold on the metacone, in opposite position to that observed in A2 (A3, A4). Arrows indicate difference in depth between Hunter-Schreger bands. Dashed line in A1 indicates the morphology of enamel-dentine junction.

Fig. 6 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 6. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of enamel in upper permanent molar (A, B) and lower permanent premolar (C) and molar (D–K) of Toxodon sp. A, B. M3. C. p4. D–K. m1–2. Symbols represent different percentages of enamel zones from the enamel-dentine junction EDJ) up to the outer enamel surface. A. Ectoloph (mesial distal). B. Anterior fold (distal). C. Buccal enamel. D. Hypoconulid. E. Meta-entoconid fold mesial loop close to internal portion of fold). F. Meta-entoconid fold (distal loop close to internal portion of fold). G. Ento-hypoconulid fold (mesial loop). Illustration based on Lindenau (2005). H. Ento-hypoconulid fold (distal loop). I. Meta-entoconid fold (distal loop). J. Meta-entoconid fold (innermost area of the distal loop). K. Meta-entoconid fold (internal portion).

Fig. 5 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 5. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of buccal enamel in upper (A, B) and lower (C–E) incisors of Toxodon sp. A. I1. B. I2. C, D. i1. E. i3. Areas close to mesial (C) and distal (D) portions of the dental axis. Illustration based on Lindenau (2005). Abbreviation: EDJ, enamel-dentine junction.

Fig. 6 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications

Fig. 6. Box and jitter plots of L/H ratios of different categories of Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. specimens. Categories as defined in text and Table 1. Boxes represent 25–75 per cent quartiles and horizontal lines inside the boxes indicate median values. Abbreviations: ♀, female; ♂, male; O, other with indeterminate sex.

Fig. 2 in A new species of the "condylarth" Hyopsodus from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 2. Temporal distributions of species of Hyopsodus and Asiohyopsodus from North America and Eurasia based on Archibald (1998) and Tong and Wang (2006). The left column shows the correlation between NALMAs and ALMAs modified from Speijer et al. (2020) and Wang et al. (2019b). The numbers below the vertical bars indicate the range or the mean value for lower molar m2 length in millimeters. Numbers with an asterisk mean that the measurement is taken from a single specimen. The traditional Wasatchian, Bridgerian, and Uintan species of Hyopsodus are discriminated by different grey shading. Abbreviations: A., Asiohyopsodus; ALMA, Asian Land Mammal Age; Clarkfork., Clarkforkian; H., Hyopsodus; NALMA, North American Land Mammal Age.

Fig. 5 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications

Fig. 5. Ostreid bivalve Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. from Mangrol open pit mine, Surat, western India, Ypresian Cambay Basin. A. PG/CB/Os 5, paratype, right valve, external view (A1); detail showing 3 attached spat, all more or less rounded (A2, rotated 180° with respect to A1 to make the spat upright). B. PG/ CB/Os 41a, paratype, juvenile, left valve, attached on a small right valve (not shown), internal view. C. PG/CB/Os 39, right valve, juvenile, external view showing rounded and convex nature. D. PG/CB/Os 34, right valve of a specimen at mid-ontogeny, external (D1) and internal (D2) views; close-up of dorsal area showing rounded form in early ontogeny (D3); close-up of hinge area (D4) with arrow pointing to chomata. E. PG/CB/Os 36, paratype, juvenile, left valve, internal (E1) and external (E2) views. F. PG/CB/Os 12, juvenile, left valve, external view showing rounded and rotated early growth stage.

Fig. 2 in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphic section of the lower part of the Mangrol open pit mine. The type and relative proportion of fossils in different levels are indicated. The star demarcates the level from which the Ostrea jibananandai sp. nov. specimens were collected.

Fig. 1. A in Facultative monogamy in an early Eocene brooding oyster and its evolutionary implications

Fig. 1. A. Geographic location of the studied area. B. Geological map of a part of the Cambay Basin with locations of the Mangrol and the Vastan (now abandoned) open pit mines (modified after Sahni et al. 2006).

Fig. 1 in A new species of the "condylarth" Hyopsodus from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 1. The middle Eocene "condylarth" mammal Hyopsodus arshantensis sp. nov. (A) and Hyopsodus sp. (B) from the Arshanto Formation of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V 28282 from Chaganboerhe, m1–m2 in occlusal (A1), buccal (A2), and lingual (A3) views; mandible in buccal view (A4). B. IVPP V 28283 from Huheboerhe, mandible in buccal view (B1); m2 and m3 root in occlusal (B2), buccal (B3), and lingual (B4) views.

Fig. 4 in A new species of the "condylarth" Hyopsodus from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 4. Mandible fragments and teeth for several species of "condylarth" mammal Hyopsodus previously reported from China utilizing µ-CT scanning A, B) and SEM images (C). A. Hyopsodus turpanensis Zhai, 1978 (IVPP V 4355) from the early Eocene Shisanjianfang Formation, Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China. The left mandible with p2–p3 root, p4 talonid and m1–m3 in occlusal (A1, A2), lingual (A3), and buccal (A4) views, horizontal (A5) and longitudinal (A6) sections. B. Hyopsodus fangxianensis Huang, 1985 (IVPP V 12005) from the early Eocene Youping Formation, Fangxian, Hubei, China. The right mandible with m1–m3 in occlusal (B1), buccal (B2), and lingual (B3) views; cross section at the level of m2 trigonid (B4). C. Hyopsodus huashigouensis Tong, 1989 (IVPP V 7921) from the middle Eocene Üqbulak Formation, Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China. The right m2 in occlusal (C1), lingual (C2), and buccal (C3) views.

Fig. 3 in A new species of the "condylarth" Hyopsodus from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 3. Scatter plots of lower molar m1–m2 width (W) versus length (L), and size proportions of Hyopsodus and Asiohyopsodus. m1 (A) and m2 (B) width versus length, and regression lines for width as a function of length in species of Hyopsodus and Asiohyopsodus. Size proportions of m2 versus m1 (C) and m3 versus m2 (D), and regression lines for tooth size as a function of its preceding tooth size in species of Hyopsodus and Asiohyopsodus. Black symbols and lines, Wasatchian, blue symbols and lines, Bridgerian, red symbols represents the middle Eocene Hyopsodus from China, and the green symbols represent the Uintan Hyopsodus from North America. Abbreviation: H., Hyopsodus. (Raw data: SOM, the Supplementary Online Material available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app66-Bai_etal_SOM.pdf).

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Fig. 3. Microdrile oligochaete PIN 5640 in A probable oligochaete from an Early Triassic Lagerstätte of the southern Cis-Urals and its evolutionary implications

Fig. 3. Microdrile oligochaete PIN 5640/212 (A) from the Petropavlovka Formation, Olenekian (Lower Triassic), Petropavlovka III section, Russia and extant Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774) (B) from the Khripan' River, Moscow region, Russia, SEM. A. Anterior part with possible prostomium (arrowed) A1). Posterior part of specimen with W-shaped depression (arrowed) and possible genital region (A2). B. Anterior part showing prostomium (arrowed) and arrangement of chaetae (B1). Genital region depicting male pores (arrowed) (B2).