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Fig. 3 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 3. The vesicomyid bivalve Isorropodon humptulipsense sp. nov., from middle to upper Eocene strata in western Washington State, USA. A. Rubber cast of the paratype, NRM Mo 204722, Humptulips Formation, CSUN loc. 1583, hinge area, RV (A1), LV (A2). B. Holotype, NRM Mo 204723, Humptulips Formation, CSUN loc. 1583, internal mold, view on LV. C. NRM Mo 204724, Humptulips Formation, LACMIP loc. 12385, articulated specimen, view on anterodorsal margin showing lunular incision. D. Paratype, NRM Mo 204733, Humptulips Formation, near East Fork Bridge site, view on anterodorsal margin and anterior adductor muscle scars. E. Paratype, NRM Mo 204744, Siltstone Unit B along Grays River, specimen with partially preserved shell. F. Paratype, NRM Mo 204743, Siltstone Unit B along Grays River, internal mold showing pallial line with slight indentation on RV. G. Internal mold, USNM 534952, Humptulips Formation, CSUN loc. 1583, view on RV with pallial line curving evenly into posterior adductor muscle scar (re-illustrated from Amano and Kiel 2007).

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Fig. 2 in New taxa, records, and data for vesicomyid bivalves from Cenozoic strata of the North Pacific region

Fig. 2. The small vesicomyid bivalves Vesicomya? sp. 1 and sp. 2, from Oligocene seep deposits in the Lincoln Creek Formation, western Washington State, USA. A. Vesicomya? sp. 1 from the early Oligocene SR2 site, Satsop River. NRM Mo 204811, left side view (A1) and dorsal view on LV and dorsal side of actual specimen (A2); A3, A4, X-ray section through the hinge area, with our interpretations; A5–A7, 3D renderings of the specimen. B, C. Vesicomya? sp. 2 from the late Oligocene SR4 site, Satsop River. B. NRM Mo 204701, disarticulated specimen, view on RV with naticid drill hole on the umbo (B1) and on the LV showing the truncate posterior margin (B2). C. NRM Mo 204702, RV in anterior view, showing inflation and lunular incision (C1) and dorsal view, showing lunular incision (C2).

Fig. 14. A in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 14. A. Hypothesized morphogenetic pathway for derivation of the bivalved stenothecoid scleritome from a multisclerite, tubular, organocalcitic, eccentrothecimorph ancestor via a hypothetical organocalcitic tannuolinid. Eccentrothecimorph slightly modified from Skovsted et al. (2011: text-fig. 17). Tannuolinid modified from Skovsted et al. (2014). B. A possible cladogram that assumes an organocalcitic scleritome is primitive for the Pan-Brachiopoda. In this view, organophosphatic mineralogy evolved independently several times and the Stenothecoida evolved a bivalved scleritome independently of the Brachiopoda + Micrina clade.

Fig. 7 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides cf. elongata, middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Kootenay National Park, Canada, Locality 3. A. ROMIP 66248, articulated shell in right lateral view. B. ROMIP 66249, articulated shell in left lateral (B1) and posterior (B2)

Fig. 5 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 5. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 2 (A, G) and Locality 1 (B–F, H–J). A. TMP 2002.083.0178, dorsal valve in interior (A1), exterior (A2), right lateral (A3), and posterior (A4) views. B. TMP 2008.024.1138, ventral valve in interior view. C. TMP 2008.024.1133, dorsal valve in interior view, arrows show possible bifurcated peripheral ridges. D. TMP 2008.024.1143, dorsal valve in interior (D1) and anterior oblique (D2) views. E. TMP 2008.024.1144, dorsal valve in interior (E1) and anterior (E2) views. F. TMP 2008.024.1134, ventral valve, interior view. G. TMP 2002.083.0177 (same specimen as Fig. 4B), ventral valve in interior (G1, magnified) and oblique (G2) views. H. TMP 2008.024.1135, dorsal valve in interior view. I. TMP 2008.024.1121, ventral valve, anterior view. J. TMP 2008.024.1136, ventral valve in interior view, showing detached apical boss and remnant apical stem and cardinal troughs.

Fig. 4 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 4. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 2 A, B, D) and Locality 1 (C, D). A. TMP 2002.083.0176 (holotype), dorsal valve in exterior (A1) and interior (A2) views. B. TMP 2002.083.0177, ventral valve in exterior view. C. TMP 2008.024.1147, dorsal valve, internal apical area. D. TMP 2008.024.1122, articulated juvenile, dorsal/ventral (uncertain) valve in posterior (D1), lateral (D2), and oblique planar (D3) views; D1 and D3 show posterior median opening, D2 shows slightly sinusoidal commissure.

Fig. 3 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 3. Orientation, measurements, and ridge zones in Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov. A. Ventral valve, exterior, showing orientation for measurements. B. Ventral valve, interior, showing peripheral and axial ridge zones, and approximated body cavity. Abbreviations: ax, auricular axis; az, axial ridge zone; bc, body cavity; L, valve length; ll, left lobe; lx, lobe axis; pz, peripheral ridge zone; rl, right lobe; vx, valve axis; W, valve width.

Fig. 2 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic and geographic distribution of sample localities. A. Stratigraphic position of localities 1–3 indicated with stars. Thicknesses of units at Fossil Ridge/Mount Field from Fletcher and Collins (1998) and Mount Stephen northwest shoulder from Christopher J. Collom and PAJ (unpublished data); stratigraphic units after Collom et al. (2009), Odaray Mountain section from Streng et al. (2016). Helcionellid icons show known silicified assemblages. B. Geographic distribution of localities 1–3 relative to the Cathedral escarpment. C. Known stratigraphic distribution of stenothecoids in British Columbia, Utah, and Nevada. Stratigraphy modified from Johnston et al. (2009a). D. General location of study area in western Canada. Abbreviations: CC, Campsite Cliff Shale Member; Fm., Formation; KH, Kicking Horse Shale Member; Loc, Locality; MF, Monarch Formation; Mt., Mount or Mountain; S., Stenothecoides; WA, Wapta Member; WL, Wash Limestone Member; WQ, Walcott Quarry Shale Member; YR, Yoho River Limestone Member.

Fig. 9 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 9. Bivariate plots of length and width and best fit lines of Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., Burgess Shale Formation, Locality 2 (tectonic strain is evident in some specimens at Locality 1, which are excluded from this plot); Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), Wheeler Formation, Drum Mountains, Utah, USA, Locality 8 of Robison (1964); Stenothecoides cf. elongata, Burgess Shale Formation, Locality 3; Stenothecoides cf. elongata, Mount Whyte Formation, Ross Lake, Mount Stephen, and Mount Field, Yoho National Park, Canada (Rasetti 1954, 1957).

Fig. 13 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 13. Stylized anatomical reconstruction of the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov. A. Dorsal valve, plan view. B. Longitudinal section slightly off the midline of the valves and normal to commissure. Colors: black in A, shell outline; black in B, valves and juxtaposed apical bosses; green, pedicle, inserting on posterior surface of apical boss and in cardinal troughs; red, muscles originating on anterior surface of apical boss and attaching to the anterior body wall; turquoise, visceral mass; orange, lophophore; grey, peripheral and axial furrow zones; short black lines, cilia in grooves between mantle canals; blue arrows, inferred inhalant and exhalant water currents; dotted areas, coelomic fluid; olive green, setae omitted in A). Lophophore modelled after Heliomedusa (Chen et al. 2007).

Fig. 8 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 8. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), middle Cambrian, Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), internal shell features. Dorsal vs. ventral valves uncertain. A, B. TMP 2021.022.0001 (A) and TMP 2021.022.0002 B), valves preserving peripheral furrows; note in A a prominent cardinal sulcus. C. TMP 2021.022.0003, valve interior, showing a cardinal pseudosocket. D. TMP 2021.022.0004, valve interior, preserving a nearly symmetrical apical area and conspicuous posterior median opening. E–G. Variation of apical areas of valve interiors. TMP 2021.022.0005 (E), TMP 2021.022.0006 (F), TMP 2021.022.0007 (G).

Fig. 12 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 12. Microstructure in the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides spp. and co-occurring rhynchonelliformean brachiopods. A–C. Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 1. A. TMP 2008.024.1142, fragmentary valve in interior view (A1), detail showing silica rods imbricated and inclined toward valve margin (A2). B. TMP 2008.024.1150, ventral valve in exterior view (B1), showing silica rods oriented with proximal ends of rods overlapping distal ends of preceding rods in posterior third of valve, but seemingly reversing orientation in posterior third of valve (B2). C. TMP 2008.024.1141 (same specimen and valve area as in Fig. 11C1, inner box) detail showing silica rods. D, E. Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), external shell features. D. TMP 2021.022.0008, ventral(?) valve in exterior view (D1), detail of anterior end (D2), arrows show incompletely silicified radial rods. E. TMP 2021.022.0009, dorsal(?) valve, anterior end showing silicified outer shell surface with fine radial elements extending across growth varices (black arrows) and apparently shorter radial rods in valve sublayers (white arrows). F, G. Rhynchonelliformean brachiopods, silicified microstructure, Burgess Shale Formation, Canada, Locality 1. F. Tomteluva sp., TMP 2008.024.1151, silicified shell in exterior view (F1), posterior end is broken; anterior is to the right; detail showing orientation of silica rods (F2), anterior is to the left. G. Fragmentary nisusiid, TMP 2008.024.1152, silicified shell in interior view (G1), detail showing imbricated silica rods (G2). A, C, F, SEM images and B, D, E, G, light microscope images.

Fig. 6 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 6. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 1 A, D, E, G, H) and Locality 2 (B, C, F). A. TMP 2008.024.1140, ventral valve in exterior view. B. TMP 2002.083.0179, ventral valve in exterior (B1) and interior (B2) views. C. TMP 2002.083.0180, dorsal valve in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views. D. TMP 2008.024.1145, dorsal valve in interior magnified, D) and exterior (D) views. E. TMP 2008.024.1141, ventral valve in interior (E) and exterior (E2) views. F. TMP 2002.083.0181, dorsal 1 2 1 valve in exterior (F1) and interior (F2) views. G. TMP 2008.024.1146, dorsal valve in posterior (G1) and exterior (G2) views. H. TMP 2008.024.1139, ventral valve in interior view.

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Fig. 2 in New data on the distal tarsals in Ornithomimidae

Fig. 2. Reconstruction of left tarsal region of Ornithomimidae indet., RAM 6794 from upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation, Utah, USA. Proximal view within tarsal joint (A1), distal view within tarsal joint (A2), anterior (A3), medial (A4), posterior (A5), and lateral (A6) views. Artwork by Hannah Caisse (2020).

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Fig. 3 in New data on the distal tarsals in Ornithomimidae

Fig. 3. Comparisons of ornithomimosaur metatarsals with distal tarsals 3 and 4 in proximal view. All are left elements as drawn here, with anterior to the top and lateral to the left of the image, respectively. A. Ornithomimidae indet., RAM 6794. B. Archaeornithomimus asiaticus Russell, 1972, AMNH 6565, redrawn (rotated/reversed) from Smith and Galton (1990). C. Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981, GIN 100/13, from Kobayashi and Barsbold (2005b). D. Struthiomimus altus Lambe, 1902, CMN 930 from Brad McFeeters personal photos. E. Gallimimus bullatus Osmólska, Roniewicz, and Barsbold, 1972, ZPAL MgD-I/8, redrawn (reversed) from Osmólska et al. (1972). F. Harpymimus okladnikovi Barsbold and Perle, 1984, IGM 100/29, redrawn (rotated) and relabeled from Kobayashi and Barsbold (2005a). Artwork by Hannah Caisse (2021).

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Fig. 1 in New data on the distal tarsals in Ornithomimidae

Fig. 1. Tarsal region of Ornithomimidae indet., RAM 6794 from upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation, Utah, USA, as preserved in articulation. A. Left tarsus, tibia, proximal tarsal region, and distal tarsals in lateral view (A1); distal tarsals in distal view and tibia, astragalus, and calcaneum in oblique anterior view (A2). B. Right tarsus, metatarsals and distal tarsals in proximal (B1), anterior (B2), medial (B3), lateral (B4), and posterior (B5), views.

Fig. 5 in New data on the anatomy of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Yunnan, China

Fig. 5. Artistic reconstruction of Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu, and Hu, 2007 from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, China. Illustration by Xiaodong Wang (Yunnan Zhishui Corporation, Kunming, China).

Fig. 1 in New data on the anatomy of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Yunnan, China

Fig. 1. Tergal morphology of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu, and Hu in Luo et al., 2007 from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, China. A. YKLP 11564a, a nearly complete specimen in dorsal view, showing three prothoracic tergites, five opisthothoracic tergites and seven abdominal tergites. B. YIGS Kgs-1-36 (paratype), prothoracic tergites in dorsal view. C. YIGS Kgs-1-37 (paratype), isolated opisthothoracic tergite in dorsal view. D. YKLP 11140, last two prothoracic and five opisthothoracic tergites in lateral view, appendages are detached from the body. E. YKLP 11162b, last prothoracic, five opisthothoracic and first two abdominal tergites in lateral view.

Fig. 4 in New data on the anatomy of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Yunnan, China

Fig. 4. Carapace and appendages of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu and Hu, 2007 from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, China. A. YKLP 11201, detached carapace in ventral view and the organization of head appendages (A1); close-up of the head appendages (A2, photograph; A3, explanatory drawing); white arrows, the lateral lobes of the hypostome; black arrow, the possible section in SPA; close-up of the spinose medial margin of the SPA (A4), white arrows indicate the spinose medial margin. B. NIGPAS Kgs-1-137, nearly complete body with well-preserved appendages in lateral view; white arrows, the anterior appendages; black arrows, the appendages belonging to the first and second opisthothoracic segments; white arrowheads, lateral subpentagonal spines of an endopod; black arrowheads, the attachments of the proximal podomeres of appendages. C. YKLP 11202, opisthothoracic appendages in dorsal view; black arrow, the terminal subtriangular podomere; white arrowheads, lateral subpentagonal spines of an endopod; black arrowheads, the attachments of the proximal podomeres of appendages. D. NIGPAS Kgs-6-108 the carapace, antennae and trunk appendages in ventral view (D1), close-up of trunk appendages showing 11 podomeres in the endopod of one biramous appendage (D2), arrowheads point to hollow nodes that indicate the insertions of the spines along the inner margin of the endopod. Images B, C courtesy of Shixue Hu (Chengdu Centre of the Geological Survey of China, Chengdu, China).

Fig. 2 in New data on the anatomy of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Yunnan, China

Fig. 2. Terminal abdominal tergite and associated structures of fuxianhuiid arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu, and Hu, 2007 from the lower Cambrian Guanshan Biota, China. A. YIGS Kgs-1-62 (paratype), incomplete abdomen in lateral view. B. NIGPAS Kgs-1-137, nearly complete specimen in lateral view (B1), close-up (B2). Arrows indicate the position of the posteroventral spine. C. YKLP 11566, complete trunk and telson in lateral view C1), close-up (C2), explanatory drawing (C3), white arrows, outer spines; black arrows, inner spines. Image B courtesy of Shixue Hu (Chengdu Centre of the Geological Survey of China, Chengdu, China).