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Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 1. Smith's (1972) phylogenetic tree of mormoopid species, with the taxonomy changed to reflect modern usage (i.e., P. quadridens = P. fuliginosus, P. gymnonotus = P. suapurensis). This tree, which was developed in a pre-cladistic context using methods of numerical taxonomy, was derived from analysis of 22 skull measurements and 20 qualitative multistate characters of the dentition and external morphology. The horizontal and vertical spacing of various branches was intended to depict degrees of similarity and differences among taxa. Redrawn from Smith (1972: fig. 14).

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 4. Lateral views of the skulls of (A) Mormoops blainvillii (AMNH 45197), (B) Pteronotus davyi (AMNH 204965), (C) Mormoops megalophylla (AMNH 27300), (D) Pteronotus gymnonotus (AMNH 32092), (E) Pteronotus parnellii (AMNH 129749), (F) Pteronotus macleayii (AMNH 60899), (G) Pteronotus personatus (AMNH 32136), and (H) Pteronotus quadridens (AMNH 39357). Note the differences in degree of upturn of the rostrum relative to the braincase, and in the position of the infraorbital foramen and anterior rim of the orbit relative to the toothrow. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 7. Ventral views of the larynx and anterior trachea of (A) Macrotus waterhousii and (B) Pteronotus davyi (redrawn from Griffiths, 1978: figs. 2, 4). Note the expanded tracheal rings and division of m. cricothyroideus into two muscles in P. davyi. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 6. Occlusal views of the left lower toothrow of (A) Mormoops blainvillii (AMNH 45197), (B) Pteronotus quadridens (AMNH 39357), and (C) Pteronotus davyi (AMNH 204965). Note the relative proportions of the premolars (p3 reduced in Pteronotus species) and the morphology of the talonid basin (nyctalodont in Mormoops blainvillii and Pteronotus quadridens, myotodont in Pteronotus davyi).

Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 5. Dorsal views of the skulls of (A) Mormoops blainvillii (AMNH 45197), (B) Mormoops megalophylla (AMNH 27300), (C) Pteronotus davyi (AMNH 204965), (D) Pteronotus gymnonotus (AMNH 32092), (E) Pteronotus parnellii (AMNH 129749), (F) Pteronotus personatus (AMNH 32136), (G) Pteronotus macleayii (AMNH 60899), and (H) Pteronotus quadridens (AMNH 39357). Note the differences in relative proportions of the skull (e.g., breadth of the rostrum, zygomatic arches, and mastoid region compared with skull length). Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 12 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 12. Tree showing the results of our Analysis 2, which used ordered characters and included the fossil Pteronotus pristinus. This tree shows the topology of the single most-parimonious tree recovered (439 steps; CI = 0.652; CI excluding uninformative characters = 0.618; RI =.749). Decay values are given above each branch; bootstrap values are below (see tables 2 and 3 for associated branch length values and results of jackknife analysis). Results of our Analysis 3, which included the same taxa but treated all characters as unordered, produced an identical tree topology; see text for discussion.

Fig. 11 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 11. Tree showing the results of our Analysis 1, which used ordered characters and did not include the fossil Pteronotus pristinus. This tree shows the topology of the single most-parsimonious tree recovered (438 steps; CI = 0.653; CI excluding uninformative characters = 0.619; RI =.750). Decay values are given above each branch; bootstrap values are below (see tables 2 and 3 for associated branch length values and results of jackknife analysis).

Fig. 2 in Phylogenetic Relationships Of Mormoopid Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae) Based On Morphological Data

Fig. 2. Arnold et al.'s (1982) ''composite cladogram'' of relationships among noctilionoid species. This phylogeny was derived from taxonomic-congruence comparisons of trees derived from four data sets: albumin immunology, chromosomes, allozymes, and morphology. Data sets supporting each clade are indicated on the tree. Redrawn from Arnold et al. (1982: fig. 5).

FIG. 45 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 45. — Phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi within Sauropoda. Strict consensus tree of two most parsimonious trees. Node abbreviations: A, B, D, E, H, unnamed clades; C, Vulcanodontidae; F, Omeisauridae; G, Diplodocidea.

FIG. 43 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 43. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, left tibia of a juvenile individual (To1-76): A, B, lateral view; C, D, medial view; E, F, anterior view; G, H, posterior view; I, J, proximal view; K, L, distal view. Abbreviations: aspa, articular surface for the ascending process; cc, cnemial crest; pvp, posteroventral process. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 42 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 42. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, right femur of a juvenile individual (To1-256): A, B, anterior view; C, D, posterior view; E, F, medial view. Abbreviations: fic, fibular condyle; fh, femoral head; ft, fourth trochanter; gt, great trochanter; lt, lesser trochanter; tic, tibial condyle. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 38 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 38. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, dorsal neural arch of a juvenile individual (To1-383): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, posterior view. Abbreviations: acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; di, diapophysis; nc, neural canal; ncs, neurocentral suture; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; podl, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis; sprl, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; tprl, intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 40 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 40. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, left ulna of a juvenile individual (To1-374): A, anterior view; B, posterior view; C, lateral view; D, medial view; E, proximal view; F, distal view. Abbreviations: alp, anterolateral process of the ulna; amp, anteromedial process of the ulna; ol, olecranon area; raf, radial fossa; ras, radial articular surface. Arrow indicates the anterior direction. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 37 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 37. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, ungual phalanges: A, C, E, ungual phalanx IV (To1-14); A, dorsal view; C, lateral view; E, proximal view; B, D, F, ungual phalanx III (To1-114); B, dorsal view; D, lateral view; F, proximal view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 39 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 39. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, left humerus of a juvenile individual (To1-93): A, B, anterior view; C, D, posterior view; E, F, medial view; G, H, lateral view; I, J, proximal view. Abbreviations: dpc, deltopectoral crest, hh, humeral head; rac, radial condyle; ulc, ulnar condyle. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 35 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 35. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, left pedal phalanx (To1-67): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, medial view; D, proximal view; E, distal view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 33 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 33. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, right metatarsal V (Pt-25): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, medial view; D, proximal view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 24 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 24. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, left manus (To2-112): A, metacarpals as found articulated in proximal view; B, metacarpals articulated in a more tubular structure in proximal view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 28 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 28. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, right tibia (To1-380): A, B, medial view; C, D, anterior view; E, F, lateral view; G, H, proximal view; I, J, distal view. Abbreviations: aspa, articular surface for the ascending process; cc, cnemial crest; pvp, posteroventral process. Black arrow is directed anteriorly. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 16 in Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco

FIG. 16. — Tazoudasaurus naimi, anterior caudal vertebra (To1- 100): A, B, right lateral view; C, D, dorsal view. Abbreviations: cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; di, diapophysis; ns, neural spine; poz, postzygapophysis; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prz, prezygapophysis. Scale bars: 5 cm.