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Supplementary material 2 from: Eisenhauer N, Bonkowski M, Brose U, Buscot F, Durka W, Ebeling A, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Jesch A, Lange M, Meyer S, Roscher C, Scheu S, Schielzeth H, Schloter M, Schulz S, Unsicker S, van Dam NM, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Wolf J, Schmid B (2019) Biotic interactions, community assembly, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of long-term biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e47042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e47042

Brief description of the Field Experiment

Figure 1 from: Eisenhauer N, Bonkowski M, Brose U, Buscot F, Durka W, Ebeling A, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Jesch A, Lange M, Meyer S, Roscher C, Scheu S, Schielzeth H, Schloter M, Schulz S, Unsicker S, van Dam NM, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Wolf J, Schmid B (2019) Biotic interactions, community assembly, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of long-term biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e47042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e47042

Figure 1 A. Conceptual diagram of the mechanistic approach of the planned Research Unit. B. Conceptual scheme of the proposed evolutionary niche shifts in plant monocultures and mixtures. This idea feeds into our understanding of how evolutionary history influences the ecological interactions of species that compete for growth factors, ultimately defining biotope space (gray rectangle; Hutchinson 1978). Graphically depicted, species (ellipses) in mixture will show increasing niche differentiation over time due to competition (niche overlap). Thus, history of selection in diverse communities is expected to result in greater interspecific differences (less overlap of ellipses) and more specialization (smaller ellipses) than a history of isolation (monocultures). In monocultures, species will experience strong selection pressure by accumulating soil-borne pathogens, and species may invest energy in chemical and morphological defense traits (depicted by ellipses shifting towards the same corner of the habitat space). Plants in mixtures together may exploit more available biotope space than single monocultures, causing increasing diversity effects on ecosystem functions over time. However, there is limited support for this assumption for traits related to light (e.g., Lipowsky et al. 2015, Roscher et al. 2015) and resource use (Jesch et al. 2018) so far.

Figure 4 from: Eisenhauer N, Bonkowski M, Brose U, Buscot F, Durka W, Ebeling A, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Jesch A, Lange M, Meyer S, Roscher C, Scheu S, Schielzeth H, Schloter M, Schulz S, Unsicker S, van Dam NM, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Wolf J, Schmid B (2019) Biotic interactions, community assembly, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of long-term biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e47042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e47042

Figure 4 Experimental design and hypotheses of the Ecotron Experiment. Briefly, four treatments will be established based on monoliths from a selection of the 9-year old Trait-Based Experiment (TBE; Ebeling et al. 2014) and from bare ground plots of the Jena Experiment as well as two seed sources: the respective plots and the original seed material that was used for the set-up of the TBE. (1) With plot-specific plant history and with plot-specific soil history; (2) without plot-specific plant history and with plot-specific soil history; (3) with plot-specific plant history and without plot-specific soil history; and (4) without plot-specific plant history and without plot-specific soil history. We expect the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships to differ among the four treatments (see main text for details).

Figure 3 from: Eisenhauer N, Bonkowski M, Brose U, Buscot F, Durka W, Ebeling A, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Jesch A, Lange M, Meyer S, Roscher C, Scheu S, Schielzeth H, Schloter M, Schulz S, Unsicker S, van Dam NM, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Wolf J, Schmid B (2019) Biotic interactions, community assembly, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of long-term biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e47042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e47042

Figure 3 Hypothesized slope of BEF relationships in the different treatments of the Field Experiment (see main text for details). Note that the 'with plant history, with soil history' only serves as a control in the Field Experiment, and effects of plant history can only be tested in the planned Ecotron Experiment. Redrawn after Vogel et al. (2019). '+', with; '-', without.

Supplementary material 4 from: Eisenhauer N, Bonkowski M, Brose U, Buscot F, Durka W, Ebeling A, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Jesch A, Lange M, Meyer S, Roscher C, Scheu S, Schielzeth H, Schloter M, Schulz S, Unsicker S, van Dam NM, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Wolf J, Schmid B (2019) Biotic interactions, community assembly, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of long-term biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e47042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e47042

Detailed design of the Ecotron Experiment

Supplementary material 5 from: Eisenhauer N, Bonkowski M, Brose U, Buscot F, Durka W, Ebeling A, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Jesch A, Lange M, Meyer S, Roscher C, Scheu S, Schielzeth H, Schloter M, Schulz S, Unsicker S, van Dam NM, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Wolf J, Schmid B (2019) Biotic interactions, community assembly, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of long-term biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e47042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e47042

Brief description of the Ecotron Experiment

Figure 2 from: Eisenhauer N, Bonkowski M, Brose U, Buscot F, Durka W, Ebeling A, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Jesch A, Lange M, Meyer S, Roscher C, Scheu S, Schielzeth H, Schloter M, Schulz S, Unsicker S, van Dam NM, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Wolf J, Schmid B (2019) Biotic interactions, community assembly, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of long-term biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e47042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e47042

Figure 2 Structure of the proposed Research Unit. Three complementary experimental approaches are envisaged to study long-term biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) relationships, and how these are influenced by plant history and soil history. BEF patterns are studied in the Field Experiment with long-term plant diversity plots and manipulations of soil-history effects. BEF mechanisms are studied in the Ecotron Experiment and in Microcosm Experiments. In the Ecotron Experiment, plant history and soil history are independently crossed and detailed process measurements are possible. The Microcosm Experiments zoom in on focal interactions. In the Field Experiment and in the Ecotron Experiment, studies are conducted at the community level as well as at the plant individual level (magnifier; see detailed design of studies in the Appendices). Subprojects' (SPs') participation in experiments are illustrated with lines. The SPs of the proposed Research Unit fall into two tightly linked main categories (in gray) with two research areas each that aim at exploring variation in community assembly processes, micro-evolutionary changes, and resulting differences in biotic interactions as determinants of the long-term BEF relationship. Subprojects under "Microbial community assembly" (blue) and "Assembly and functions of animal communities" (red) mostly focus on plant diversity effects on the assembly of communities and their feedback effects on biotic interactions and ecosystem functions, while subprojects under "Mediators of plant-biotic interactions" (orange) and "Intraspecific diversity and micro-evolutionary changes" (green) mostly focus on plant diversity effects on plant trait expression and micro-evolution. PIs with requested personnel are underlined.

Supplementary material 3 from: Eisenhauer N, Bonkowski M, Brose U, Buscot F, Durka W, Ebeling A, Fischer M, Gleixner G, Heintz-Buschart A, Hines J, Jesch A, Lange M, Meyer S, Roscher C, Scheu S, Schielzeth H, Schloter M, Schulz S, Unsicker S, van Dam NM, Weigelt A, Weisser WW, Wirth C, Wolf J, Schmid B (2019) Biotic interactions, community assembly, and eco-evolutionary dynamics as drivers of long-term biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Research Ideas and Outcomes 5: e47042. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.5.e47042

Plant species lists of the Field Experiment and the Ecotron Experiment

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Data for submitted paper "Plume dynamics of a lateral river tributary influenced by river discharge from the estuary head"

Uploaded data include the png-format figures and the original data for all figures.

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Predation test results and dynamics between three species of soil-dwelling predatory mites and early stages of maize pest.

PREDATORY MITES                 The three species used in this experiment were stored in climatic chambers at 25°C +/- 0,5°C and 70% +/- 10 RH% with constant obscurity. A mix of Aleuroglyphus ovatus stages was used as food and extra water was provided three times a week in a 100 mm x 94 mm bugdorm-5002 with 30µm nylon screen port sold by Bugdorm©. Macrocheles robustulus                 Koppert Biological systems provided Macrocheles robustulus. Their product is called Macro-mite©. We maintained them on vermiculite for 2 months with a mix of A. ovatus stages. Gaeolaelaps aculeifer                 Gaeolaelaps aculeifer is produced by EWH Bioproduction, Denmark. The population was maintained during 8 months on a substrate made of 1/3 third blond sphagnum peat and 2/3 of fine vermiculite and fed with a mix of A. ovatus stages. Stratiolaelaps scimitus                 Stratiolaelaps scimitus individuals used in this experiment are produced by Bioline AgroSciences. The product is called Hypoline©. This population has been maintained on blond sphagnum peat and fed with a mix of A. ovatus stages for 2 years. PREYS                 We experimented eggs and first instar larvae for both Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and Agriotes sordidus as potential prey. We also added Aleuroglyphus ovatus eggs as a positive control of predation activity since astigmatid mites are known to be a suitable food source for those species (Rueda-Ramirez et al. 2018). Diabrotica virgifera virgifera eggs                 WCR diapausing eggs were provided by the Centre of Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI), Hungary. They were stored at 7°C +/- 0,5°C below their temperature of development (Meinke et al. 2009). We sieved the eggs from their substrate and selected only turgescent eggs to offer them to the predatory mites. Diabrotica virgifera virgifera first instar larvae                  We placed WCR eggs on the plaster of Paris in a climatic chamber at 25°C +/- 0,5°C and 70% +/- 10 RH%. We added water twice a week to keep the plaster of Paris moist. We checked daily if eggs hatched and introduced the first instar larvae in the predation device. Agriotes sordidus eggs                 Arvalis provided Agriotes sordidus eggs and first instar larvae by sending us a couple of adults ready to lay eggs in Petri dishes filled with a sample of soil where they have been collected. Both eggs and first instar larvae have been extracted from this dirt. Aleuroglyphus ovatus eggs                 A. ovatus eggs are produced by Bioline AgroSciences. Eggs were sterilized before presentation to the predatory mites. Ephestia kuehniella eggs                  E. kuehniella eggs are produced by Bioline Agrosciences. Eggs were sterilized before presentation to the predatory mites.                 PREDATION DEVICE                 Predation tests have been inspired by El Adouzi, Bonato, et Roy 2017; Lovis et al. 2011 and Nordenfors et Hoglund 2000 protocols by isolating each mite individually. However, we chose to carry out the predation tests in 2 mL Eppendorf tubes containing each 1 mL of dried plaster of Paris to maintain a high percentage of humidity necessary to soil-dwelling predatory mites survival (El Adouzi, Bonato, et Roy 2017). Adult mites of both sexes were individually isolated and starved for 7 days in the tubes before the predation tests. In total, 240 predatory mites have been isolated with 1/3 of each species to present them to 4 different types of prey. Twenty predation tests were made by prey/predator couple.                    During the 7-days period of starvation, we added 100µL of water every 3 days to maintain a suitable relative humidity necessary for soil-dwelling predatory mites survival. We also drilled the top of the tube and covered it with a 106 µm mesh width nylon tissue. This size of mesh allowed for water and gas exchange while preventing mites from leaving the tube. These tubes were stored in a climatic chamber at 25°C +/- 0,5°C with 70% +/- 10% RH.  All three species were active after this period of storage and starvation.                 We introduced 20 times one prey in a tube containing a predatory mite and observed predation activity during a maximum of 10 minutes or less if predation happens before that timing. We observed each mite feeding or non-feeding activity through the tube with a binocular. We used an indirect source of light, controlled at 100 lux (measured with the Digital Illuminance meter TES 1335), to minimize natural behavior disruption of these lucifugous species. During each assay, the timing and number of contacts between the predator and the prey before predation were noted. We considered predation activity when mites impaled the prey with their chelicerae. We chose to observe predation on a short duration because some of the prey could be impacted by plaster of Paris abrasive texture if it dries up.

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Figure 2 in First Occurrence and Population Dynamics of Blissus pulchellus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) in Brazil: a new pest of pastures in Roraima

Figure 2 Population dynamics of Blissus pulchellus (A) and climatic data (B) (maximum, mean and minimum temperatures and rainfall) in the municipality of Alto Alegre, Roraima, Brazil, from June 2016 to June 2018.

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Fig. 3 in The population dynamics of three polyphagous owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the influence of meteorological factors and ENSO on them

Fig. 3. Average number of Anicla infecta (continuous line), Elaphria agrotina (dashed line) and Spodoptera frugiperda (dotted line) in four crop seasons. Oceanic Niño Index - ONI; the white bars (left) represents six months before the beginning of the collections (gray bars). Values over 0,5 correspond to El Niño and under to −0.5 correspond to La Niña (NOAA, 2018).

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Fig. 2 in The population dynamics of three polyphagous owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the influence of meteorological factors and ENSO on them

Fig. 2. Average number of moths (a) Anicla infecta, (b) Elaphria agrotina and (c) Spodoptera frugiperda in four crop seasons according to meteorological variables: humidity - dotted line; maximum temperature - long dashed line; minimum temperature - continuous line and precipitation - short dashed line. Left columns have different scales and * [first column of E. agrotina (b)] represents 106.3 moths.

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Fig. 1 in The population dynamics of three polyphagous owlet moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the influence of meteorological factors and ENSO on them

Fig. 1. Annual average abundance of Anicla infecta (black columns), Elaphria agrotina (grey columns) and Spodoptera frugiperda (white columns); cumulative precipitation in cubic millimeters per quadratic meter (black bars) in four Crop Seasons and expected precipitation according to Climatological Normal 1974–2004 (Silva et al., 2014). Moths captured with light traps at Estação Experimental da Embrapa Cerrados, Federal District, Brazil.

Figs. 7–12 in Population dynamics and description of larva and pupa of Cyclocephala tucumana Bréthes, 1904 in West-Central Brazil, and remarks on immatures of other Cyclocephala species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)

Figs. 7–12. Cyclocephala tucumana, third-instar larva; 7, cranium and clypeus, dorsal; 8, labrum, dorsal (epipharyngeal ventral setae omitted); 9–12, left antenna (dorsal, inner, outer, ventral; dorsal side with apex detail; some sensilla numbered to easily the correspondence). Chaetotaxy (italic) on the text. Scale = 0.5 mm (antennal details with magnification four times bigger than antennae).

Figs. 24–42 in Population dynamics and description of larva and pupa of Cyclocephala tucumana Bréthes, 1904 in West-Central Brazil, and remarks on immatures of other Cyclocephala species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)

Figs. 24–42. Cyclocephala tucumana, third-instar larva; 24–26, left legs and pleurites (anterior, medial, posterior); 27–29, right pro-, meso-, and metapretarsus, dorsal; 30, detail of ventral arm of mesothoracic spiracle; 31–32, mesothoracic spiracle; 33–34, abdominal spiracle I; 35–36, abdominal spiracle II and III; 37–38, abdominal spiracle IV; 39–42, abdominal spiracles V–VIII. Scale, Fig. 24 = 0.5 mm; Figs. 27, 30, 31 = 0.1 mm.

Figs. 45–47 in Population dynamics and description of larva and pupa of Cyclocephala tucumana Bréthes, 1904 in West-Central Brazil, and remarks on immatures of other Cyclocephala species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)

Figs. 45–47. Cyclocephala tucumana, pupa; 45–46, female (dorsal, ventral); 47, male, ventral. Scale = 2.5 mm.

Figs. 43–44 in Population dynamics and description of larva and pupa of Cyclocephala tucumana Bréthes, 1904 in West-Central Brazil, and remarks on immatures of other Cyclocephala species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)

Figs. 43–44. Cyclocephala tucumana, third-instar larva; 43, raster, ventral; 44, abdominal segment X, posterior. Scale = 1 mm.

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Figure 2. The effective population size through recent time for 3 in Comparative analyses of past population dynamics between two subterranean zokor species and the response to climate changes

Figure 2. The effective population size through recent time for 3 clades of plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi).