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Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Huong Son district, Ha Tinh Province, NC Vietnam, at elevations of 920-1240 m; it likely occurs at higher elevations throughout the N Annamite Range and may be expected on bordering Laos. in Soricidae

Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Huong Son district, Ha Tinh Province, NC Vietnam, at elevations of 920-1240 m; it likely occurs at higher elevations throughout the N Annamite Range and may be expected on bordering Laos.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality near Lake Rana Mese (altitude c.1200 m) on the W part of Flores I, Indonesia. in Soricidae

Distribution. Known only from the type locality near Lake Rana Mese (altitude c.1200 m) on the W part of Flores I, Indonesia.

Distribution. Highlands of S India; in Tamil Nadu it has been recorded from several localities in the Nilgiri Hills and there is an historical record from the Palni (= Palani) Hills; in Kerala it is recorded from the historical type locality of Thrissur and also the Erivakulam National Park. in Soricidae

Distribution. Highlands of S India; in Tamil Nadu it has been recorded from several localities in the Nilgiri Hills and there is an historical record from the Palni (= Palani) Hills; in Kerala it is recorded from the historical type locality of Thrissur and also the Erivakulam National Park.

Distribution. Recorded from the type locality and two other localities in Sabaragamuwa Province, in Central Province, and an unconfirmed record from Western Province, Sri Lanka. in Soricidae

Distribution. Recorded from the type locality and two other localities in Sabaragamuwa Province, in Central Province, and an unconfirmed record from Western Province, Sri Lanka.

Subspecies and Distribution. C.p.parcaG.M.Allen,1923—SWChina(Yunnan),NE&EMyanmar,andNThailand,WoftheMekongRiver. C. p. lower Osgood, 1932 — known only from the type locality in Chapa (= Sa Pa), Lao Cai Province, NW Vietnam. in Soricidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C.p.parcaG.M.Allen,1923—SWChina(Yunnan),NE&EMyanmar,andNThailand,WoftheMekongRiver. C. p. lower Osgood, 1932 — known only from the type locality in Chapa (= Sa Pa), Lao Cai Province, NW Vietnam.

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Distribution. India, the species' range extends 1900 km W to E, and includes all populations with the northern-type tail carriage between the Tapti River in Gujarat State and Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh State to the foothills of the Himalaya. Introduced into SW Bangladesh, where the population may have arisen from descendents of a pair introduced by Hindu pilgrims on the banks of the Jalangi River. in Cercopithecidae

Distribution. India, the species' range extends 1900 km W to E, and includes all populations with the northern-type tail carriage between the Tapti River in Gujarat State and Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh State to the foothills of the Himalaya. Introduced into SW Bangladesh, where the population may have arisen from descendents of a pair introduced by Hindu pilgrims on the banks of the Jalangi River.

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Distribution. NW Borneo, W Sabah State (along W coast N to Mt Kinabalu), NE Brunei, and N Sarawak State (from its type locality Niah and the lower Baram River, E inland to 2° 40' N, and the border with N Kalimantan). in Cercopithecidae

Distribution. NW Borneo, W Sabah State (along W coast N to Mt Kinabalu), NE Brunei, and N Sarawak State (from its type locality Niah and the lower Baram River, E inland to 2° 40' N, and the border with N Kalimantan).

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Distribution. Uganda, along the N & NW shores of Lake Victoria, including Mabira Forest (most likely the type locality), Bujuko and Bukasa Forests, and along the E side of the Albertine Rift, especially in Kibale Forest National Park and the Bukoma area; it is also found in Sango Bay Forest and in Minziro Forest, NW Tanzania, both parts of the Minziro-Sango Bay Transboundary Site. in Cercopithecidae

Distribution. Uganda, along the N & NW shores of Lake Victoria, including Mabira Forest (most likely the type locality), Bujuko and Bukasa Forests, and along the E side of the Albertine Rift, especially in Kibale Forest National Park and the Bukoma area; it is also found in Sango Bay Forest and in Minziro Forest, NW Tanzania, both parts of the Minziro-Sango Bay Transboundary Site.

FIGURES 9–14. Stauroneis lacuspowaiensis Wadmare & B in Revisiting two Stauroneis Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from H. P. Gandhi's Diatom collection: Notes on Ultrastructure, Types and Nomenclature

FIGURES 9–14. Stauroneis lacuspowaiensis Wadmare & B.Karthick nom. nov., stat. nov., SEM, external valve views. 9, 10. External views of an entire valve. 11, 13. Terminal raphe fissures continuing on mantle. 12. Stauros with straight central raphe ends. 14. Irregularly placed areolae (double arrowheads). Scale bars = 4 µm (Figs 9, 10, 12); 1 µm (Figs 11, 13, 14).

FIGURES 32–36. Stauroneis dharwarensis Wadmare & B in Revisiting two Stauroneis Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from H. P. Gandhi's Diatom collection: Notes on Ultrastructure, Types and Nomenclature

FIGURES 32–36. Stauroneis dharwarensis Wadmare & B.Karthick nom. nov., stat. nov., SEM, external valve views. 32, 36. External views of an entire valve. 33. Stauros with tear-drop central raphe ends. 34, 35. Deflected terminal raphe fissures. Scale bars = 4 µm (Figs 32–36).

FIGURES 1–8. Stauroneis lacuspowaiensis Wadmare & B in Revisiting two Stauroneis Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from H. P. Gandhi's Diatom collection: Notes on Ultrastructure, Types and Nomenclature

FIGURES 1–8. Stauroneis lacuspowaiensis Wadmare & B.Karthick nom. nov., stat. nov., 1. Original illustration of Gonzalves & Gandhi (1953: 256, fig. 92). 2–8. Light micrographs (DIC) from the type material (AHMA Sr 5), Fig. 4. represent the lectotype. 4. Irregularly punctate areolae (double arrowheads). 5. Valve with slight undulate sides (arrow). 7. Terminal raphe fissures with bifurcation (arrowhead). Scale bar = 10 µm.

FIGURES 19–31. Stauroneis dharwarensis Wadmare & B in Revisiting two Stauroneis Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from H. P. Gandhi's Diatom collection: Notes on Ultrastructure, Types and Nomenclature

FIGURES 19–31. Stauroneis dharwarensis Wadmare & B.Karthick nom. nov., stat. nov., 19. Original illustration of Gandhi (1959a: 104, 105, Fig. 25). 20–31. Light micrographs (DIC) from the type material (AHMA Sr 48), Fig. 24 represents the lectotype. Scale bar = 10 µm.

FIGURES 15–18. Stauroneis lacuspowaiensis Wadmare & B in Revisiting two Stauroneis Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyta) from H. P. Gandhi's Diatom collection: Notes on Ultrastructure, Types and Nomenclature

FIGURES 15–18. Stauroneis lacuspowaiensis Wadmare & B.Karthick nom. nov., stat. nov., SEM, internal valve views. 15. Internal view of an entire valve. 15, 17. Elevated stauros possessing tunnel gap (arrowheads). 17. Areolae irregular covered with hymen structures (double arrowheads). 16, 18. Terminal raphe fissures with helictoglossae. Scale bars = 4 µm (Figs 15–18).

FIGURE 1 in On the nomenclatural type of Triticum durum (Poaceae: Triticeae)

FIGURE 1. Lectotype of Triticum durum Desf., Herb. P (2-D code P00662178). Image courtesy of the herbarium P, reproduced with permission.

Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008). in Muridae

Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008).

Distribution. Known only from type locality in the upper Strickland River catchment and from N flanks of Mt Karimui, E New Guinea. in Muridae

Distribution. Known only from type locality in the upper Strickland River catchment and from N flanks of Mt Karimui, E New Guinea.

Distribution. Known only from type locality on S coast of Seram I, Indonesia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 123 mm, tail 128 mm, ear 14-6 mm, hindfoot 26-2 mm; weight 65 g (all mensural data are from holotype). Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat is very small-bodied, with dorsal pelage soft and brightly colored rufescent reddish brown, hairs with graybases, and venter contrastingly pure white; tail is slightly longer than head-body length, all black in color, tail scales raised, one hair per scale, scale hairs very short. Upper surfaces of feet are dark gray; hindfeet broad, with first digit long. Cranium is relatively narrow, with nasal profile flat; teeth very small. Single known specimen (the holotype), a pregnant female, has four mammae. in Muridae

Distribution. Known only from type locality on S coast of Seram I, Indonesia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 123 mm, tail 128 mm, ear 14-6 mm, hindfoot 26-2 mm; weight 65 g (all mensural data are from holotype). Pavel's Seram Mosaic-tailed Rat is very small-bodied, with dorsal pelage soft and brightly colored rufescent reddish brown, hairs with graybases, and venter contrastingly pure white; tail is slightly longer than head-body length, all black in color, tail scales raised, one hair per scale, scale hairs very short. Upper surfaces of feet are dark gray; hindfeet broad, with first digit long. Cranium is relatively narrow, with nasal profile flat; teeth very small. Single known specimen (the holotype), a pregnant female, has four mammae.

Subspecies and Distribution. D.f.ferrugineusThomas,1888—LowerCongo. D. f. christyi Thomas, 1915 — known only from the type locality in Poko, Uelle River, N DR Congo. Also present in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Uganda, Rwanda,Burundi, and NW Tanzania, but subspecies involved not known. in Muridae

Subspecies and Distribution. D.f.ferrugineusThomas,1888—LowerCongo. D. f. christyi Thomas, 1915 — known only from the type locality in Poko, Uelle River, N DR Congo. Also present in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Uganda, Rwanda,Burundi, and NW Tanzania, but subspecies involved not known.

Lophuromys margarettae was initially de- scribed as a subspecies of L. aquilus and later synonymized under L. flavopunctatus. It was elevated to a distinct species based on analyses of external and skull measurements and mtDNA of specimens from the type locality. Monotypic. Distribution. Highlands of W Uganda and Kenya. in Muridae

Lophuromys margarettae was initially de- scribed as a subspecies of L. aquilus and later synonymized under L. flavopunctatus. It was elevated to a distinct species based on analyses of external and skull measurements and mtDNA of specimens from the type locality. Monotypic. Distribution. Highlands of W Uganda and Kenya.