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Figure 19 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 19. Discriminant analysis of nummulitid species, where the important discriminators are ranked along the discriminant functions. Orange arrows indicate possible source of morphological changes. A, discriminant analysis within Nummulites striatoreticulatus at localities 98LC-2, 98LC-2 and E-126. B, discriminant analysis within Operculinoides floridensis at localities 98 LC-1, CA-215 and CA-216. C, discriminant analysis within O. soldadensis at localities 98LC-1, CA-125 and NOR-UN.

Figure 7. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 7. A, schematic diagram showing the Eocene depositional environments in sections from western and central Cuba (modified from Cotton 2012). B, schematic diagram showing depth zonation of nummulitid species and larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) present in the Eocene section across the depositional gradient (modified from Beavington-Penney & Racey 2004).

Figure 4 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 4. Discriminant analysis of nummulitid species, where the important discriminators are ranked along the discriminant functions. A, discriminant analysis between Operculinoides and Palaeonummulites species; B, discriminant analysis within Nummulites striatoreticulatus from different localities; C, discriminant analysis within O. floridensis from different localities; D, discriminant analysis within O. soldadensis from different localities.

Figure 9 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 9. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Angelita Quarry section, western Cuba.

Figure 6 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 6. Stratigraphical ranges of the nummulitid species from the Cuban sections and their correlation with the standard planktonic zones. A, Pearson et al. (2006); B, Berggren et al. (1995); C, Martini (1971); D, Agnini et al. (2014).

Figure 5. Ordinations and discriminant analysis. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 5. Ordinations and discriminant analysis. A, two-dimensional ordination of studied specimens; genera are separated by different shapes (squares = Operculinoides; polygons = Palaeonummulites; triangles = Heterostegina). B, three-dimensional ordination of the studied specimens emphasizes the variation in the third component, highlighting the differentiation between Heterostegina sp. indet. and Operculinoides. C, discriminant analysis of Heterostegina species and Operculinoides or Palaeonummulites species; parameters are sorted in order of their importance as discriminators.

Figure 2 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 2. Measurements of characters in equatorial section. A, embryonic apparatus; B, marginal test spiral; C, chamber measurements; D, example individual, Operculinoides floridensis, specimen 98LC-1H-648.

Figure 1. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 1. A, schematic tectonic map of western and central Cuba (after Iturrlade-Vinent 1994), with locations of the stratigraphical sections and samples. B, stratigraphical relations of Eocene units in western and central Cuba, slightly modified from Garćıa-Delgado & Torres-Silva (1997); stratigraphical ranges of the studied sections: A, 98LC-2; B, 98LC-1; C, LM-52; D, NOR-UN; E, 98MT-1; F, E-126; G, CA-215.

Figure 3. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 3. A, two-dimensional ordination of studied specimens; colours accord with the results of the K-means cluster analysis. Numbers indicate the measured type material: 1, Nummulites stritoreticulatus, holotype; 2, N. macgillavry (from Butterlin 1981); 3, Operculinoides trinitatensis, holotype; 4, O. spiralis, holotype; 5. O. kugleri, holotype; 6, N. trinitatensis (from Butterlin 1961); 7, O. willcoxi (from Barker 1939); 8, O. willcoxi (from Cole 1941); 9, O. floridensis (from Frost & Langenheim 1974); 10, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 11, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 12, O. soldadensis (from Vaughan & Cole 1941); 13, O. suteri (from Caudri 1996); 14, N. floridensis (from Butterlin 1961). B, three-dimensional ordination of the studied specimens emphasizes the variation in the third component, highlighting the differentiation between Nummulites from 98LC-2 and Palaeonummulites from 98LC-1. C, discriminant analysis between the interpreted species: Nummulites striatoreticulatus, Palaeonummulites trinitatensis, Operculinoides floridensis and Operculinoides soldadensis; parameters are sorted in order of their importance as discriminators.

Figure 9 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 9. Additional phylogenetic analyses executed in TNT 1.5 for cross-checking results obtained from the main analysis. A, 50% majority rule consensus tree (tree length =148 steps, CI =0.57, RI =0.84) detected by excluding dental characters (59 to 70 of Supplemental material, Appendix A) from the main analysis; B, 50% majority rule consensus tree (tree length = 212 steps, CI = 0.46, RI = 0.76) detected using the New Technology Search analysis; C, 50% majority rule consensus tree (tree length = 212 steps, CI = 0.46, RI =0.76) detected by branch-and-bound method, using the swapping algorithm tree bisection reconnection (TBR) via 1000 replications; D, 50% majority rule consensus tree (tree length = 212, CI = 0.46, RI = 0.76) detected by branch-and-bound method, using the swapping algorithm tree bisection reconnection (TBR) via 100 replications, saving 100 trees per replication.

Figure 3 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 3. Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. from the early Miocene of Upper Austria, holotype, NHMW 2005z0283/0097. A, closeup of the head and pectoral region of the holotype under UV light; B, restoration. Abbreviations: ac, antorbital cartilage; cb, 5th ceratobranchial; fpf, fronto-parietal fontanelle; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel's cartilage; mes, mesopterygium; met, metapterygium; nc, nasal capsule; pa, pectoral arch; pq, palatoquadrate; pro, propterygium; rad, radials; syn, synarcual. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Figure 4 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 4. Anatomical details of some of the living skate representatives used for comparisons. A–D, Amblyraja sp., UNIVIE EMRG-Chond-H1, cleared and stained specimen; E, Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758, UNIVIE EMRG-H2, micro-CT scan of the tail; A, overall view of the specimen in ventral view; B, close-up of the head and pectoral region; C, close-up of the pelvic girdle and fins; D, detail of the propterygial radials near the head region; note their reduced catenated calcification; E, detail of the vertebral column on the tail of UNIVIE EMRG-H2 in ventral view, showing the prismatic calcification of the cartilage forming the haemal arches. Abbreviations: ac, antorbital cartilage; bas, basipterygium; cb, 5th ceratobranchial; cr, compound radial; ha, haemal arches; hyo, hyomandibula; mc, Meckel's cartilage; mes, mesopterygium; met, metapterygium; nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatoquadrate; pro, propterygium; prp, prepelvic process; pub, puboischiadic bar; ro, rostral cartilage; sca, scapulocoracoid; syn, synarcual; th, thorns. Scale bars: A–C = 20 mm; D = 10 mm; E = 5 mm.

Figure 25 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 25. Results of confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) of recently mineralized and ancient fossil annelid tubes (see online edition for colour version). Tubes are imaged in auto-fluorescence mode, where areas of fluorescence likely reflect the presence of organic matter. A, detail of mineralized Escarpia southwardae (Siboglinidae) tube transverse section. B, fossil tube from Upper Waiau River, New Zealand (UWT3-4), detail of transverse section. C, fossil tube from West Fork Satsop River, Washington State, USA (WFSR 1A), detail of transverse section. D, fossil tubes from Bexhaven, New Zealand (BXG), detail of two near-transverse sections. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D = 200 µm.

Figure 24 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 24. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectra of the organic tubes of vent and seep annelids. Spectra are offset on the absorbance axis, and key spectral absorbance peaks are labelled with the types of chemical bonds they represent: -NH, nitrogenhydrogen; -CH, carbon-hydrogen; -OH, oxygen-hydrogen. The regions of the tube analysed are as follows: Tevnia jerichonana (anterior, inner tube wall); Zenkevitchiana longissimi (middle, outer tube wall); Lamellibrachia anaximandri (posterior, outer tube wall); Sclerolinum contortum (anterior, outer tube wall); Alvinella sp. (middle); Spiochaetopterus izuensis (middle, outer tube wall).

Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 23. Strict consensus cladograms constructed using a total of 64 modern and fossil annelid taxa and 48 mostly morphological tube characters. Analyses were performed using implied character weighting, with the concavity constant set as default (k = 3; A), and also set to downweight homoplastic characters less (k = 4; B). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Modern taxa are coloured according to taxonomic groups; fossil taxa are in grey. A, consensus of 271 most parsimonious trees (best score = 15.387, consistency index = 0.195, retention index = 0.264); B, consensus of 60 most parsimonious trees (best score = 13.568, consistency index = 0.232, retention index = 0.569). Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities.

Figure 12. Cyclobatis oligodactylus Egerton, 1844 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 12. Cyclobatis oligodactylus Egerton, 1844 from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Hjoula, Lebanon. A, MNHN F.HDJ505a; B, detail of the pelvic girdle and fins, showing the compound radial articulating with several radials in parallel fashion (arrow); C, detail of the head, showing the articulation of nasal capsules with propterygia (arrow); D, MNHN F.HDJ505b, counterpart, detail of the of the pectoral girdle showing the suprascapulae (arrow). The arrowheads in C and D show the distance between pro-, meso- and metacondyles. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Figure 21 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 21. Principal coordinate analysis plot of modern and fossil annelid tubes, based on the 48 characters scored for this study. Fossils (grey crosses): 1. Yamankasia rifeia; 2, Eoalvinellodes annulatus; 3, 'Sibay tubes'; 4, Tevidestus serriformis; 5, 'Figueroa tubes'; 6, 'Sassenfjorden area tubes'; 7, 'Cold Fork Cottonwood Creek tubes'; 8, 'Prince Patrick tubes'; 9, 'Ellef Ringnes tubes'; 10, 'Troodos attached tubes'; 11, 'Troodos wrinkled tubes'; 12, 'Troodos collared tubes'; 13, 'Okukinenbetsu yellow tubes'; 14, 'Okukinenbetsu brown tubes'; 15, 'Omagari tubes'; 16, 'Canyon River tubes'; 17, 'Murdock Creek tubes'; 18, 'West Fork Satsop River tubes'; 19, Serpulidae sp., 'Bexhaven'; 20, 'Upper Waiau River tubes'; 21, 'Rocky Knob tubes'. Modern tubes: Chaetopteridae (orange dots): 22, Chaetopterus cf. variopedatus; 23, Chaetopteridae id83; 24, Phyllochaetopterus polus; 25, P. gigas; 26, P. claparedii; 27, P. prolifica; 28, P. socialis; 29, Spiochetopterus izuensis; 30, S. sagamiensis; 31, S. costarum; 32, S. typicus; 33, Mesochaetopterus taylori. Siboglinidae, frenulata (dark blue filled triangles): 34, Galathealinum arcticum; 35, Lamellisabella denticulata; 36, Oligobrachia gracilis; 37, Polybrachia canadensis; 38, Siboglinum ekmani; 39, S. lacteum; 40, Siphonobrachia lauensis; 41, Unibrachium colombianum; 42, Zenkevitchiana longissima; 43. Siboglinidae, Sclerolinum (light blue outline triangle): S. contortum; Siboglinidae, vestimentiferans (light purple filled inverted triangles): 44, Alaysia spiralis; 45, Arcovestia ivanovi; 46, Escarpia southwardae; 47, Lamellibrachia anaximandri; 48, Paraescarpia echinospica; 49, Ridgeia piscesae; 50, Riftia pachyptila; 51, Tevnia jerichonana; 52, Seepiophila jonesi; Siboglinidae, vestimentiferan roots (dark purple outline inverted triangles): 53, E. southwardae root; 54, L. anaximandri root; 55, S. jonesi root; 56, P. echinospica root; Alvinellidae (maroon outline diamond): 57, Alvinella sp.; Ampharetidae (fuchsia outline rhombus): 58, Glyphanostomum sp.; Serpulidae (lime filled squares): 59, Serpulidae sp. JCR; 60, Serpula vermicularis; 61, Vermiliopsis infundibulum; Sabellidae (yellow outline squares): 62, Sabella pavonina; 63, Megalomma vesiculosum; Oweniidae (dark green outline dot): 64. Owenia fusiformis.

Figure 8. The 50 in A new Miocene skate from the Central Paratethys (Upper Austria): the first unambiguous skeletal record for the Rajiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batomorphii)

Figure 8. The 50% majority rule consensus tree detected from the analysis of 74 morphological characters coded for 36 taxa showing the hypothetical relationships of Ostarriraja parva gen. et sp. nov. within Rajiformes. The list of synapomorphies on each node (capital letters) is given in Supplemental material, Table S1. Numbers below the nodes indicate the Bremer support.

Figure 19 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 19. Yamankasia rifeia, Silurian, Yaman Kasy, Russia. A, NHMUK VF84, large tube in hand specimen. B, NHMUK VF97, cast of tube exhibiting fold. C, NHMUK VF78, pyritized fibres or filamentous micro-organisms preserved on the outside of a tube. D, NHMUK VF78, fine longitudinal wrinkles preserved on outer tube surface. E, NHMUK OR6468a, tube in transverse section with thick, multi-layered wall. F, NHMUK OR6468b, tube wall in transverse section preserved as several layers. G, UL 61633, detail of tube transverse section showing colloform pyrite interpreted as having grown on the outside of the tube. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 3 mm; E = 1.5 mm; F, G = 500 µm.

Figure 22 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 22. Strict consensus cladogram of the three most parsimonious trees of tubes built by a total of 43 modern annelid taxa (best score = 14.344, consistency index = 0.308, retention index = 0.629). The analysis was based on the 48 mostly morphological tube characters and was performed using implied character weighting (k = 3). Numbers on nodes represent groups present/contradicted support values. Symbols/colours indicate taxonomic affinities.