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FIGURES 36, 37 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 36, 37. Last larval instars of Mesoxaea nigerrima, lateral view, postdefecating form and predefecating form, respectively.

FIGURES 34, 35 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 34, 35. Last larval instars of Oxaea flavescens, lateral view, postdefecating form and early stage postdefecating form, respectively.

FIGURES 29–32 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 29–32. SEM micrographs of egg of Protoxaea gloriosa. 29. Anterior end showing apical mound of micropyle. 30. Close-up of micropyle. 31. Close-up of pits in micropyle demonstrating texture of chorion. 32. Close-up of partly eclosed egg showing spiculelike structures suggestive of hatching spines (arrows).

FIGURES 20–23 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 20–23. Diagrammatic representations of patterns of simple nests of Protoxaea gloriosa with dimensions and shapes approximated, side view, identified by year of discovery. 20. 1970. With three cells. 21. 1990. With five cells. 22. 1990. With four cells and quarry excavation. 23. 1989. With one cell and quarry excavations; note short blockage of lateral!

FIGURES 2–7 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 2–7. Same area and date as figure 1. 2. Main tunnel of partly excavated nest, approximate side view. White, dry plaster-of-Paris powder marking curved path of open descending tunnel. 3. Excavated nodule containing cluster of four cells (arrows) adhering to one another because of thick walls. 4. Single cell opened perpendicularly to show shape and characteristic shiny, waterproof lining. 5. Cell with upper part removed to view curved egg at center of top surface of provisions, approximate lateral view. 6. Cell with top part removed showing circular wall of cell at midlength with intermediate stage feeding larva on top surface of very moist, orange provisions. 7. More mature larva than in figure 6 with one side of body now submerged while feeding on provisions that have further liquefied.

FIGURE 1 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 1. Nesting site of Protoxaea gloriosa at 1 mile north of Rodeo, New Mexico, August 1970. View of area where numerous nests were discovered and excavated, demonstrating habitat, with K.C. Rozen standing to the left of excavation equipment and the Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona in the background at left.

FIGURE 28 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURE 28. Diagram of nest of Mesoxaea nigerrima. Chamela, Mexico, 1986, with five cells and a possible short quarry excavation, below which is a branch containing a dead adult female, as indicated.

FIGURES 24–27 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 24–27. Diagrammatic representations of more complex nests of Protoxaea gloriosa, side and top views of each nest, both discovered in 1970. 24, 25. Demonstrating complex distribution of immature stages in cells, with sequence of egg deposition indicated by approximate age of immatures: cell 1, unknown; cell 2, one-half grown; cell 3, two-thirds grown; cell 4, unknown; cell 5, four-fifths grown; cell 6, three-fourths grown; cell 7, one-fifth grown; cell 8, full-grown predefecating larva; cell 9, full-grown predefecating larva; cell 10, egg on firm provisions; cell 11, egg on soft provisions (hence, older than egg in cell 10). 26. Side view, demonstrating clusters of cells and varying contents of clusters I-V and contents of individual cells identified as follow: back-filled or containing dead immatures = grey; egg or live larvae = large stipples; live larvae = parallel bars. Upper back-filled lateral lost but possibly leading to back-filled cells (not shown); three descending back-filled tunnels at lowest part of nest presumably leading to unexplored old cells of previous generation(s). 27. Top view of same nest showing approximate distribution of cell clusters from above.

FIGURES 16–19 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 16–19. Diagrams of cells and egg of Protoxaea gloriosa. 16. Demonstrating exact shape of lumen and entrance tunnel as well as approximation of cell and tunnel wall. 17. Cell with provisions showing position of egg on provisions with subsurface bubbles presumably of gas. 18. Cell with postdefecating larval of P. gloriosa with moldy fecal material applied to upper end. 19. Egg, lateral view, anterior end to left.

FIGURES 8–13 in Nesting Biologies and Mature Larvae of Oxaeine Bees (Apoidea: Andrenidae)

FIGURES 8–13. Nest components of Oxaeinae in the American Museum of Natural History, photographed at the time of preparation of this manuscript. 8. Unit of cells of Protoxaea gloriosa collected in 1970 demonstrating hardness of cell and tunnel walls. 9. Close-up of one opened cell with curved tunnel wall attached, showing smooth water-retardant cell inner surface with dried orange provisions on lower surface. 10. Opened curved tunnel of P. gloriosa, approximate top view, showing series of septa resulting from cell closing and position of cell wall attached below. 11. Plaster cast of open cell and connecting tunnel, demonstrating accurate shape of cell of P. gloriosa. 12, 13. Inner surfaces of spiral closures of two cells of P. gloriosa. 14, 15. From nests of Mesoxaea nigerrima, collected from Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico, 1986. 14. Cell, side view, demonstrating smooth lining to inner surface and hard cell wall, lateral view. 15. Cell closure, showing spiral closure.

FIGURE 25 in Larval Anatomies, Eggs, and Developmental Biologies of Centris bicornuta and Epicharis albofasciata (Apoidea: Apidae)

FIGURE 25. Diagrammatic lateral views of heads of instars 2–4 of Centris bicornuta and instars 2 and 4 of Epicharis albofasciata drawn to approximate same size demonstrating changes in shape through developmental stages.

FIGURES 20–23 in Larval Anatomies, Eggs, and Developmental Biologies of Centris bicornuta and Epicharis albofasciata (Apoidea: Apidae)

FIGURES 20–23. Microphotographs of spiracles of postdefecating and predefecating larvae: 20, 21. Centris bicornuta; 22, 23. Epicharis albofasciata, respectively.

FIGURES 12–15 in Larval Anatomies, Eggs, and Developmental Biologies of Centris bicornuta and Epicharis albofasciata (Apoidea: Apidae)

FIGURES 12–15. Microphotographs of right mandibles: 12, 13. Centris bicornuta; 14, 15. Epicharis albofasciata, in maximum dorsal view and inner view, respectively.

FIGURES 4, 5 in Larval Anatomies, Eggs, and Developmental Biologies of Centris bicornuta and Epicharis albofasciata (Apoidea: Apidae)

FIGURES 4, 5. SEM micrographs of cast exuviae of the abdomen of the first instar of Centris bicornuta on which were found fine, sharply pointed spicules extending as a row across body segments just above spiracular line, and rectangular area of figure 4, enlarged to show spicules (arrows) and spiracle, respectively.

FIGURES 16, 17 in Larval Anatomies, Eggs, and Developmental Biologies of Centris bicornuta and Epicharis albofasciata (Apoidea: Apidae)

FIGURES 16, 17. Mature larvae of Epicharis albofasciata, lateral view, to same scale; scale line = 1.0 mm. 16. Postdefecating larva 17. Predefecating larva.

FIGURES 20–22 in Larval Diversity in the Bee Genus Megachile (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 20–22. Diagrams of postdefecating larva of Megachile (Chelostomoides) prosopidis. 20. Entire larva, lateral view. 21, 22. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively.

FIGURES 15, 16 in Larval Diversity in the Bee Genus Megachile (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 15, 16. Diagrams of mature larvae Megachile (Creightonella) atrata, lateral views. 15. Entire postdefecating larva. 16. Posterior part of predefecating larva.

FIGURES 11–14 in Larval Diversity in the Bee Genus Megachile (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 11–14. Diagrams of mature larvae of Megachile (Chalicodoma) nigripes. 11, 12. Post- and predefecating larvae, lateral view, respectively. 13, 14. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively.

FIGURES 1–4 in Larval Diversity in the Bee Genus Megachile (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 1–4. Diagrams of mature larvae of mature larvae of Megachile (Eutricharaea) minutissima. 1, 2. Post- and predefecating larvae, lateral view, respectively. Predefecating larva, lateral view. 3, 4. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively.