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FIGURE 6. Crocuta spelaea forelimb remains from Los Aprendices. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 6. Crocuta spelaea forelimb remains from Los Aprendices. 1, left scapula in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/584). 2, left humerus in cranial view (MPZ 2014/672). 3, right radius in palmar view (MPZ 2014/611). 4, left ulna in medial view (MPZ 2014/610). 5, right ulna in medial view (MPZ 2014/676). 6, right Mtc V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/618). 7, right Mtc IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/617). 8, right Mtc III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/616), 9, right Mtc II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/615). 9, left Mtc II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/685). 10, left Mtc III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/684). 11, left Mtc IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/ 581). 12, left Mtc V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/575). 13, right scapholunate in proximal view (MPZ 2014/613). 14, right pisiform in proximal view (MPZ 2014/614). 15, trapezoid (MPZ 2014/619). 16, right cuneiform in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/659). 17, unciform (MPZ 2014/678) 18-26, first phalanx in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/576, 577, 578, 583, 621, 622, 626, 631). 27-34, second phalanx in lateral view (MPZ 2014/594, 599, 600, 601, 627, 639, 654, 655). 35-37, third phalanx in dorsal vier (MPZ 2014/590, 603, 680).

FIGURE 16 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 16. Graph representing total length of femur versus total length of third metatarsal in the same individual of extant Crocuta crocuta and the three unique complete skeletons of Crocuta spelaea from three sites Koněprusy Cave (Diedrich, 2012a); Gargas (Cardoso, 1993) and Los Aprendices this work. Comparative measurements (in mm) have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; and J.M.-M personal commun., 2015. Confidence ellipse with confidence interval (0.95) is figured.

FIGURE 9 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 9. Graph representing total length versus total width of P4 of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements have been extracted from, Reynolds, 1902; Bonifay, 1971; Ballésio, 1979; Clot, 1980; Argant, 1991; Cardoso, 1993; Blasco and Montes, 1997; Fosse, 1997; Castaños, 1987; Baryshnikov, 1999; Altuna and Mariezkurrena, 2000; García, 2003; Testu, 2006; Fourvel, 2012; and J.M.-M personal commun., 2015. Abbreviations: ATA, Atapuerca; Ag, Aguilón P-7; Ap, Los Aprendices; Mo, Mollet; Ol, Olopte B; L'Or Cova de l'Or; SI, Sima I. Confidence ellipses with confidence interval (0.95) are figured.

FIGURE 8 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 8. Bivariate graph representing the width of the condyles in relation to the total length of the cranium. Abbreviations:Ba, Badel Cave; BW, Bad Wildungen; Do, Döbritzer Cave; Ja, Jaurens; Ke, Ketsch; Pe, Perick Caves; Ro, Rösenbecker Cave; Th, Thiede; Oa, Oase Cave; Sr, Srbsko Cave; Vy, Výpustek Cave (Diedrich, 2011a); Sl, Sloup Cave (Diedrich, 2012b); Ga, Gargas (Cardoso, 1993); Lu, Lunel Viel (Bonifay, 1971). The measurements of the crania of extant C. crocuta specimens were taken by J.M.-M of the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) of Belgium.

FIGURE 3. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 3. 1, Elevation view of Los Aprendices Cave. 2, Plan view of Los Aprendices Cave. 3, Detailed elevation view of the hyena gallery showing the excavation grid. 4, Detailed plan view of the hyena gallery showing the excavation grid as well as how the squares that were excavated were coloured. 5, Sediment cone that blocks off the former entrance to the hyena gallery. Within it one can see the hyena level, from which the skeleton of Crocuta spelaea was recovered.

FIGURE 7. Crocuta spelaea hind limb remains from Los Aprendices. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 7. Crocuta spelaea hind limb remains from Los Aprendices. 1, right femur in caudal view (MPZ 2014/587). 2, left tibia in cranial view (MPZ 2014/681). 3, right tibia in cranial view (MPZ 2014/671). 4, left calcaneus in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/677). 5, right calcaneus in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/632). 6, left astragalus in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/682). 7, left navicular in lateral view (MPZ 2014/625). 8, right cuboid in proximal view (MPZ 2014/ 623). 9, left cuboid in proximal view (MPZ 2014/ 629). 10, left first cuneiform in proximal view (MPZ 2014/62). 11-14, first phalanx in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/579, 580, 620, 624). 15, right Mtt V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/636). 16, right Mtt IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/635). 17, right Mtt III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/634). 18, right Mtt II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/633). 19, left Mtt II in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/642). 20, left Mtt III in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/643). 21, left Mtt IV in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/ 644). 22, left Mtt V in dorsal view (MPZ 2014/645).

FIGURE 2. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 2. 1, Geographical situation of Los Aprendices Cave. 2, Panoramic view of the western slopes of the Peñas del Cabo. 3, Mouth of Los Aprendices Cave. 4, Main gallery of the cave.

FIGURE 12. 1 in Pleistocene cave hyenas in the Iberian Peninsula: New insights from Los Aprendices cave (Moncayo, Zaragoza

FIGURE 12. 1, Graph representing total length of femur versus distal width of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; Altuna and Mariezkurrena, 2000; Diedrich, 2011e. 2, Total length of tibia versus distal width of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements have been extracted from Reynolds, 1902; Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; Diedrich, 2011e; Fourvel, 2012. 3, Total length of third metatarsus versus smallest breadth (SD) of the diaphysis of extant and cave hyaena from several sites. The comparative measurements have been extracted from Ehrenberg, 1940; Cardoso, 1993; García, 2003; Fourvel, 2012. Confidence ellipses with confidence interval (0.95) are figured.

FIGURE 14 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 14. Scatter diagram showing the ratio of total length to proximal epiphysis breadth in late pleistocene-holocene Capreolus capreolus phalanx II. Middle Pleistocene locality: Kozi Grzbiet and Miesenheim 1. Late middle and late Pleistocene locality: Weimar Ehringsdorf, Biśnik Cave, Chlupáč Cave and Deszczowa Cave. Postglacial and Holocene locality: Biśnik Cave (uppermost layers), Jasna Strzegowska Cave and Poland in general. Data from Stefaniak (2015) and references therein.

FIGURE 13 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 13. Scatter diagram showing the ratio of lower carnassial (m1) length (Lm1) and breadth (B m1) in late Pleistocene and Recent Mustela nivalis from Poland. The Solna Jama Cave specimen displays a moderately large size, with the length of m1 less than 4 mm, typical of the late Pleistocene and postglacial period.

FIGURE 12 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 12. Scatter diagram showing the ratio of total calvarium length to zygomatic breadth in extant Mustela nivalis from Poland, compared with the fossil specimen from Solna Jama Cave.

FIGURE 11 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 11. Skulls of Mustela nivalis from Poland: recent specimens (1-3) and the fossil from Solna Jama Cave (4). 1, robust, adult male; 2, adult female; 3, young, adult female; and 4, adult female. Note fully developed sagittal crest in individual from Solna Jama Cave, indicating fully mature age. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 7. Scatter diagram showing the ratio of m1 trigonid breadth (B tri) to m1 talonid breadth (B tal) in the forms of Gulo: G. schlosseri and G. gulo. Data from Döppes (2001): late Pleistocene G. gulo and recent G. gulo; data from Marciszak (2012): G. schlosseri and late Pleistocene G. gulo (part).

FIGURE 4 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 4. Gulo gulo cranium from Solna Jama Cave (JSJ/Gg/1-1) in dorsal view (left) compared with a cranium from a large modern male from Scandinavia (right) from collection of Natural History Museum University of Wrocław (coll. no. M/500328). Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 10. Scatter diagram showing the ratio of mandiblar height (measured after m1) to m1 length in fossil and extant Mustela eversmanii and Mu. putorius. Data from Marciszak (2012) and references therein.

FIGURE 6 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 6. Metacarpals (mtcp) and metatarsals (mtts) of Gulo gulo from Solna Jama Cave. From left to right: right mtcp III (JSJ/Gg/1-29), left mtcp V (JSJ/GG/1-31), left mtts II (JSJ/Gg/1-33), left mtts III (JSJ/Gg/1-34), left mtts IV (JSJ/Gg/1-35) and right mtts V (JSJ/Gg/1-36). Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 9. Right mandible of Mustela eversmanii (JSJ/Mev/1) from Solna Jama Cave. Note relatively short and robust body mandible and massiveness of the symphysal area. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 5. Gulo gulo cranium from Solna Jama Cave (JSJ/Gg/1-1) in ventral view (left) compared with a cranium from a large modern male from Scandinavia (right) from collection of Natural History Museum University of Wrocław (coll. no. M/500328). Note particularly powerful dentition of the individual from Solna Jama Cave in comparison with recent G. gulo. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 8. Occurrence of members of the genus Gulo in the late Quaternary of Poland (after Marciszak, 2012 and references therein). Red dot: Gulo schlosseri; black dot: G. gulo from late middle Pleistocene (3-5) and late Pleistocene-Holocene (3-12). Localities: 1, Żabia Cave; 2, Kozi Grzbiet; 3, Biśnik Cave; 4, Cave no. 4 on the Birów Hill; 5, Deszczowa Cave; 6, Nietoperzowa Cave, Ciemna Cave; 7, Mamutowa Cave; 8, Borsuka Cave; 9, Cave in Czarkowa; 10, Niedźwiedzia Cave; 11, Północna Duża Cave, Naciekowa Cave; and 12, Solna Jama Cave.

FIGURE 2 in Large mammals (carnivores, artiodactyls) from Solna Jama Cave (Bystrzyckie Mts, Southwestern Poland) in the context of faunal changes in the postglacial period of Central Europe

FIGURE 2. Environs of Solna Jama Cave entrance (1), showing the fissured crystalline limestones, in which the cave developed. The "Wolverine Niche" (2) and the corrosion, phreatic features of the cave passage (3). The "Wolverine Niche" is the place in the cave, where partially preserved skeleton of particularly large Gulo gulo was found (Photo by K. Stefaniak).