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10,016 results for “Observation”
A Method for Generating a Quasi-Linear Convective System Suitable for Observing System Simulation Experiments: Dataset
<p>This repository provides data files to quickly run the QLCS observing system simulation experiments. The data file includes assimilated observations prepared for the data assimilation research testbed system (./data/obs/). The file also contains a restart files to initialize the nature run simulation (./data/nature_run/) and the initial prior ensemble at the time of the first data assimilation cycle (./data/initial_fcst_ensemble/).</p>
Figs 19–24 in NEW RECORDS OF CELONITES KOZLOVI KOSTYLEV, 1935 AND C. SIBIRICUS GUSENLEITNER, 2007 (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE: MASARINAE), WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR BEHAVIOR AT FLOWERS
Figs 19–24. SEM micrographs of Celonites spp. structures: 19 – head of C. kozlovi Kostylev; 20 – its frons covered with short setae not suitable for pollen collecting; 21 – the
Variability due to climate and chemistry in observations of oxygenated Earth-analogue exoplanets: Simulations and results
<p>The Great Oxidation Event was a period during which Earth's atmospheric oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) concentrations increased from ~10<sup>−5</sup> times its present atmospheric level (PAL) to near modern levels, marking the start of the Proterozoic geological eon 2.4 billion years ago. Using WACCM6, an Earth System Model, we simulate the atmosphere of Earth-analogue exoplanets with O<sub>2</sub> mixing ratios between 0.1% and 150% PAL. Using these simulations, we calculate the reflection/emission spectra over multiple orbits using the Planetary Spectrum Generator. We highlight how observer angle, albedo, chemistry, and clouds affect the simulated observations. We show that inter-annual climate variations, as well as short-term variations due to clouds, can be observed in our simulated atmospheres with a telescope concept such as LUVOIR or HabEx. Annual variability and seasonal variability can change the planet's reflected flux (including the reflected flux of key spectral features such as O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O) by up to factors of 5 and 20, respectively, for the same planetary phase. This variability is best observed with a high-throughput coronagraph. For example, HabEx (4 m) with a starshade performs up to a factor of two times better than a LUVOIR B (6 m) style telescope. The variability and signal-to-noise ratio of some spectral features depends non-linearly on atmospheric O<sub>2</sub> concentration. This is caused by temperature and chemical column depth variations, as well as generally increased liquid and ice cloud content for atmospheres with O<sub>2</sub> concentrations of <1% PAL.</p>
Figures 5–6 in Observations on regeneration of the pedipalp and legs of scorpions
Figures 5–6: Olivierus caucasicus (Nordmann, 1840). Figure 5. Overview of the living specimen in lateral view showing abnormal right posterior limbs III and IV. Figure 6. Details of the abnormal limbs. In leg III pretarsal claws have regenerated directly at end of the tibia. By contrast, in leg IV they have regenerated at the end of a truncated metatarsus. Abbreviations: mt = metatarsus, pa = patella, pt = pretarsus, ti = tibia
Text-fig. 1. Locality map with the approximate extent of Clarkia Lake during Miocene times in what is today northern Idaho, USA. Black dots mark three of the localities yielding the Miocene Clarkia flora; the fossil leaf of Nymphaea sp. described here comes from locality P-33. Other symbols: Dashed lines for county boundaries; a thin dotted line for Idaho State Hwy 3; a triangle for the local peak of Bechtel Butte; and a star for the town of Clarkia. Inset: Location of the map in northern Idaho. Abbreviations: WA – Washington state, OR – Oregon, ID – Idaho, MT – Montana. Map redrawn from Ladderud et al. (2015). in First Water Lily, A Leaf Of Nymphaea Sp., From The Miocene Clarkia Flora, Northern Idaho, Usa: Occurrence, Taphonomic Observations, Floristic Implications
Text-fig. 1. Locality map with the approximate extent of Clarkia Lake during Miocene times in what is today northern Idaho, USA. Black dots mark three of the localities yielding the Miocene Clarkia flora; the fossil leaf of Nymphaea sp. described here comes from locality P-33. Other symbols: Dashed lines for county boundaries; a thin dotted line for Idaho State Hwy 3; a triangle for the local peak of Bechtel Butte; and a star for the town of Clarkia. Inset: Location of the map in northern Idaho. Abbreviations: WA – Washington state, OR – Oregon, ID – Idaho, MT – Montana. Map redrawn from Ladderud et al. (2015).
Text-fig. 2. Nymphaea sp. from the Miocene Clarkia Lake flora, Locality P-33. a: Photograph of the fossil leaf. b: Sketch of leaf showing the salient features of shape, basal lobes and margin, eccentric insertion point of the abaxial petiole, and primary actinodromous venation. Dashed lines represent torn edge of lamina; dotted line is outline of right basal lobe. Line drawing by P. Martin Sander. Scale bar applies to both photo and drawing. in First Water Lily, A Leaf Of Nymphaea Sp., From The Miocene Clarkia Flora, Northern Idaho, Usa: Occurrence, Taphonomic Observations, Floristic Implications
Text-fig. 2. Nymphaea sp. from the Miocene Clarkia Lake flora, Locality P-33. a: Photograph of the fossil leaf. b: Sketch of leaf showing the salient features of shape, basal lobes and margin, eccentric insertion point of the abaxial petiole, and primary actinodromous venation. Dashed lines represent torn edge of lamina; dotted line is outline of right basal lobe. Line drawing by P. Martin Sander. Scale bar applies to both photo and drawing.
Text-fig. 6. Transmitted light microphotographs of permineralized wood from Govone. a, b: cf. Cupressinoxylon sp., radial section, MGPT-PU141105, a – nodular end of ray parenchyma (arrow), b – thick and pitted horizontal walls of ray parenchyma (arrow). c–f: Pinaceae gen. et sp. indet., MGPT-PU141107, c – abnormal discoloration due to ecological disruptions (radial section), d – rays up to 10 cells high, uniseriate, partly biseriate (black arrow), intercellular spaces observed (white arrows) (tangential section), e – large, thick-walled axial resin canal with more than 9 epithelial cells observed, axial resin canal diameter>60 Μm (transverse section), f – spiral thickenings due to compression (white arrow) (radial section). in Remains Of A Subtropical Humid Forest In A Messinian Evaporitebearing Succession At Govone, Northwestern Italy - Preliminary Results
Text-fig. 6. Transmitted light microphotographs of permineralized wood from Govone. a, b: cf. Cupressinoxylon sp., radial section, MGPT-PU141105, a – nodular end of ray parenchyma (arrow), b – thick and pitted horizontal walls of ray parenchyma (arrow). c–f: Pinaceae gen. et sp. indet., MGPT-PU141107, c – abnormal discoloration due to ecological disruptions (radial section), d – rays up to 10 cells high, uniseriate, partly biseriate (black arrow), intercellular spaces observed (white arrows) (tangential section), e – large, thick-walled axial resin canal with more than 9 epithelial cells observed, axial resin canal diameter>60 Μm (transverse section), f – spiral thickenings due to compression (white arrow) (radial section).
UAV observations of the NDVI, snow depth and melt out date, retreived ar the Izas Experimental Catchment in 2020 and 2021
<p>This dataset includes very high spatial resolution observations at 1 m spatial resolution observations of the snow depth, the NDVI and the melt-out date (DOY of year) acquired with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle at a sub-alpine site in the Pyrenees, the Izas Experimental Catchment. During two snow seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021), 14 NDVI and 17 snow depth distributions were acquired over 48ha. From the snow depth observations the melt-out dates have been derived. Also information on the main topographic variables (elevation, aspect and slope) is included, with same spatial resolution, in this dataset.</p>
The Missing Link Between Black Holes in High-Mass X-ray Binaries and Gravitational-Wave Sources: Observational Selection Effects
<p>Data tables containing the calculated binary parameters used to acquire all results in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.01825v1">arXiv:2210.01825v1</a>. The file "xrb_params_illustris_z0.05_sample.csv" contains data for the z<0.05 sampled population and the file xrb_params_illustris_z20_sample.csv contains data for the z<20 sampled population.</p>
Interseismic and Coseismic Slip Behaviors Along the Tuolaishan-Lenglongling Faults From InSAR, GPS and Optical Observations
<p>This repository contains:</p> <p>(1) The coseismic horizontal displacements measured from Planet-Lab and Landsat-9 optical data in grd format. The matlab script (i.e., grdread2.m) can be used to read the data in grd format.</p> <p>(2) Interseismic fault-parallel and fault-norm veloctiy profiles projected by the east-west and north-south velocity maps, the vertical and InSAR-derived descening (Track 33) LOS velocity profiles perpendicular to the seismogenic fault of the 2022 Menyuan Mw 6.7 earthquake. The data in profile files is formated as longitude, latitude, velocity and fault-perpendicular distance.</p>
Data for Survival probabilities of atmospheric particles: comparison based on theory, cluster population simulations, and observations in Beijing
<p>Data for<em> Survival probabilities of atmospheric particles: comparison based on theory, cluster population simulations, and observations in Beijing </em>(https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-484)</p> <p>Contact Santeri Tuovinen (santeri.tuovinen@helsinki.fi) for more details.</p>
First observation of 229mTh decay
<p>Raw data of the first observation of internal conversion electrons emitted in the decay of 229mTh. Data was taken on 15.10.2014 and consists of 100 CCD camera images (4 s exposure time per image) of an MCP detector combined with a phosphor screen. The detection was performed during soft landing of triply charged 229Th ions on the MCP detector. The 229Th ion beam was generated by thermalization of alpha recoil ions originating from a 233U source. Therefore the isomeric state is populated to about 2%. A Matlab file used for image evaluation is provided in the file folder.</p>
Figure 1. HMM to describe a relation between the states Med. and High with the observations (invisible states) cold and hot.-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
<p>The advantage of using this technique is that MCPRs are very useful in real time<br> applications and can be adapted over time based on the obtained experience of the networking<br> working process. Again Hewahi[6] proposed a mechanism (algorithm) to evolve and select the best<br> suitable HMM for a given problem using GA, this mechanism lacks to the training process that can<br> be of great usefulness in finding the best HMM.<br> Based on the above mentioned research, the importance of using HMM is increasing<br> rapidly.<br> Let us consider the HMM presented in Figure 1.</p>
Figure 1. HMM to describe a relation between the states Med. and High with the observations (invisible states) cold and hot.-Genetic Algorithms Principles Towards Hidden Markov Model
<p>Hewahi [4] presented a modified version of Censored Production Rule (CPR) called<br> Modified Censored Production Rules (MCPR). CPR is proposed by Michalski and Winston [6 ] to<br> capture real time situations. MCPR can fit with hidden Markov model and present a scheme to<br> compute the certainty values of the obtained conclusions out of the induced rules. To compute the<br> certainty values for the rule actions (conclusions), the approach exploited only the probability<br> values associated with the hidden Markov model without using any of the other well known<br> certainty computation approaches. Hewahi [3] also proposed an intelligent networking<br> management system based on the induced MCPRs extracted from a networking structure based on<br> HMM. The advantage of using this technique is that MCPRs are very useful in real time<br> applications and can be adapted over time based on the obtained experience of the networking<br> working process.<br> Let us consider the HMM presented in Figure 1.</p>
Translator observed while working and thinking aloud
<p>Translator Toni Aquilina being observed while revising a literary translation and thinking aloud (for details see Borg 2022).</p>
Dataset for publication "Operando Observation of (Bi)carbonate Precipitation during Electrochemical CO2 Reduction in Strongly Acidic Electrolytes"
<p>Broad topic: electrochemical reduction of CO2 using Ag/Cu-based gas diffusion electrodes in neutral and acid electrolyte, operando characterisation using synchrotron radiation (wide-angle X-ray scattering), (bi)carbonate precipitation.</p> <p>Data is devided in subfolders named after the figure of the paper.</p> <p>Raw data, processed data, and Origin/PowerPoint files are all contained in the subfolders.</p> <p>Synchrotron raw data are linked to the experiment numbers MA5874 and INHC1776 at ESRF</p> <p>A subfolder corresponding to a sample contains: data from a potentiostat, gas chromatograms, recording of flow, pressure and temperature, tables of calculated Faradaic efficiency (FE), png image of the FE vs t, zipped raw files.</p> <p>.json file was created using a yadg scheme (https://dgbowl.github.io/yadg/master/index.html), and data was processed by a dgpost scheme (<a href="https://pypi.org/project/dgpost/">https://dgbowl.github.io/dgpost/master/index.html</a>)</p> <p>Synchrotron data are analysized using this python library https://github.com/EmpaEconversion/Twaxs</p>
Spatial behavior and diet data for discrete-choice analyses: data observed and classified from GPS video camera collars worn by female members of the Fortymile Caribou Herd across Alaska, USA, and Yukon, Canada
<p>Competition for resources and space can drive forage selection of large herbivores from the bite through the landscape scale. Animal behavior and foraging patterns are also influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Fine-scale mechanisms of density-dependent foraging at the bite scale are likely consistent with density-dependent behavioral patterns observed at broader scales, but few studies have directly tested this assertion. Here, we tested if space use intensity, a proxy of spatiotemporal density, affects foraging mechanisms at fine spatial scales similarly to density-dependent effects observed at broader scales in caribou. We specifically assessed how behavioral choices are affected by space use intensity and environmental processes using behavioral state and forage selection data from caribou (<i>Rangifer tarandus granti</i>) observed from GPS video-camera collars using a multivariate discrete-choice modeling framework. We found that the probability of eating shrubs increased with increasing caribou space use intensity and cover of <i>Salix</i> spp. shrubs, whereas the probability of eating lichen decreased. Insects also affected fine-scale foraging behavior by reducing the overall probability of eating. Strong eastward winds mitigated the negative effects of insects and resulted in higher probabilities of eating lichen. Lastly, caribou exhibited foraging functional responses wherein their probability of selecting each food type increased as the availability (% cover) of that food increased. Space use intensity signals of fine-scale foraging were consistent with density-dependent responses observed at larger scales and with recent evidence suggesting declining reproductive rates in the same caribou population. Our results highlight the potential risks of overgrazing on sensitive forage species such as lichen. Remote investigation of the functional responses of foraging behaviors provides exciting future applications where spatial models can identify high-quality habitats for conservation.</p>
Light Curve and Target Data for "M-Dwarf Flare Candidates Simultaneously Observed by K2 and TESS"
<p>This repository contains light curves and data from the study conducted in the research note titled "M-Dwarf Flare Candidates Simultaneously Observed by K2 and TESS".</p> <p>Each file contains a light curve (produced outputs from PyVAN (<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AJ....158..119L/abstract" rel="nofollow">https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AJ....158..119L/abstract</a>, <a href="https://github.com/kdlawson/pyvan">https://github.com/kdlawson/pyvan</a>), modfied to easily distinguish between K2/TESS data) for each target flagged with a flaring event. Files titled #T indicate TESS data and #K indicates K2 data. </p> <p>Overlap plots are included (titled Shape#) for those which were clearly defined by TESS, but not seen by K2.</p> <p>See Table 1 for specific target identification and measurements.</p> <p>Targets 11, 20, 27, and 28 saw K2 detections that we believe to be false positives based on lack of structure and substanstial supporting evidence from TESS.</p> <p>Finally a .csv is included with the information for all targets observed in this study.</p>
SemEval-2024 Task 6: SHROOM, a Shared-task on Hallucinations and Related Observable Overgeneration Mistakes
<p><strong>Task description:</strong> SHROOM participants will need to detect grammatically sound output that contains incorrect semantic information (i.e. unsupported or inconsistent with the source input), with or without having access to the model that produced the output.</p> <p><strong>Overview of the task:</strong> The modern NLG landscape is plagued by two interlinked problems: On the one hand, our current neural models have a propensity to produce inaccurate but fluent outputs; on the other hand, our metrics are most apt at describing fluency, rather than correctness. This leads neural networks to “hallucinate”, i.e., produce fluent but incorrect outputs that we currently struggle to detect automatically. For many NLG applications, the correctness of an output is however mission critical. For instance, producing a plausible-sounding translation that is inconsistent with the source text puts in jeopardy the usefulness of a machine translation pipeline. With our shared task, we hope to foster the growing interest in this topic in the community.</p> <p>With SHROOM we adopt a post hoc setting, where models have already been trained and outputs already produced: participants will be asked to perform binary classification to identify cases of fluent overgeneration hallucinations in two different setups: model-aware and model-agnostic tracks. That is, participants must detect grammatically sound outputs which contain incorrect or unsupported semantic information, inconsistent with the source input, with or without having access to the model that produced the output. To that end, we will provide participants with a collection of checkpoints, inputs, references and outputs of systems covering three different NLG tasks: definition modeling (DM), machine translation (MT) and paraphrase generation (PG), trained with varying degrees of accuracy. The development set will provide binary annotations from at least five different annotators and a majority vote gold label.</p>
Euclid Early Release Observations of Abell 2390 & 2764: NISP-selected photometry and photometric redshift catalogue
<p><strong>Euclid Early Release Observations 'Magnifying Lens' (PI: Atek)</strong><br><strong>Elementary Photometric Catalogues and Photometric Redshifts</strong></p> <p>Version 1.0.0</p> <p>Authors: J. Weaver (UMass), S. Taamoli (UCR), and H. Atek (IAP)<br>Contact: john.weaver.astro@gmail.com</p> <p>If you use this work, please cite:</p> <p>Survey Paper: Atek et al. 2024<br>Processing Paper: Cuillandre et al. 2024<br>Demonstration Paper: Weaver et al. 2024</p> <p>While photometric redshfits are provided, we caution that they are derived from only four optical-NIR bands and are designed for high-z dropout galaxies. Users may encounter issues at lower redshifts.</p> <p>These files are provided 'as is'. We the authors retain the right to modify the files at any time.</p> <p>Please see the dedicated README file for details.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.