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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
Data for: A model of ecological abundance: Terrestrial species inventories
<p>Counts of species in ecological samples are important for two reasons: they tell us about community assembly processes and they form the basis of species diversity estimates. Previous models of count distributions are either complex, widely rejected, not grounded in population dynamics, or not able to predict high unevenness. I present a new one-parameter model assuming that individual counts track the geometric series. The series' governing parameter <em>p</em> is set to vary randomly among species. Communities differ only in the centering of the distribution of <em>p</em>. To find the probability distribution, a vector of evenly-spaced initial values called q is drawn from the range 0 to 1. Values are then scaled by (1) transforming each q into the odds <em>o</em> = <em>q</em>/(<em>1 – q</em>), (2) multiplying each o by a fitted parameter <em>m</em>, and (3) back-computing each <em>p</em> as <em>m o</em>/(<em>m o </em>+ <em>1</em>). This skews the values to match the centering of the actual counts. The distribution is consistent with a population dynamics model in which the number of offspring produced in each interval by each species is distributed geometrically, rising with the number of adults. Large-scale surveys of corals, fishes, butterflies, and trees are consistent with the distribution, as are local-scale inventories of trees and assorted vertebrate and insect groups. Each local survey is used to predict counts within biogeographically and taxonomically matched surveys. When only decisive differences are considered, the model's predictions outperform those of each rival in at least 86% of all pairwise comparisons. The new distribution's estimates haves no substantial sample size bias. Thus, it is preferable to other species diversity estimation methods in the frequent cases where it is a good fit to count data.</p>
Data from: Leveraging a new branch-based taper curve and form factor from terrestrial laser scanning proxies
<p>Modeling branch taper curve and form factor contributes to increasing the efficiency of tree crown reconstruction: the branch taper, defined as the sequential measure of diameters along the course of the branch, is pivotal to accurately estimate key branch variables such as biomass and volume. Branch diameters or volumes have commonly been estimated from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) based on automatized voxelization or cylinder-fitting approaches, given the whole branch length is sufficiently covered by laser reflections. The results are, however, often affected by ample variations in point cloud characteristics caused by varying point density, occlusions, and noise. As these characteristics of TLS have been difficult to be sufficiently controlled or eliminated in automatized-techniques, we proposed a new branch-based taper curve model and form factor (BFF), which can be employed directly from the laser reflections and under variable point cloud characteristics.</p> <p>In this paper, the approach is demonstrated on primary branches using a set of TLS-derived diameter datasets from a sample of 20 trees of 6 species. The result shows an improvement in the accuracy of the diameter estimates and, at best, enabled for predicting encompassing finer branch scales (<10 cm), with R2 of 0.86 and a mean relative absolute error of 1.03 cm (29%) when validated with field-measured diameters. This approach was also capable of retrieving branch diameters for a large percentage of explicitly identified primary branches (>85%) directly from the filtered points when validated with panoramic images acquired concurrently with laser scanning. Frequently used automatized crown reconstructions from the quantitative structural model (QSM), on the other hand, was largely obscured by discrepancies in the point clouds, with the crown-tops and finer branches being the most critical.</p> <p>Furthermore, our approach provides mean BFF of 0.35 and 0.49 with the diameters determined from 5% and 10% of the total branch length, respectively, which may have the potential to produce branch volume information with reasonable accuracy from only knowing the length and respective diameter.</p> <p>Although our model can be regarded as a first approximation to the taper curve and form factor for the primary branches on a relatively small set of samples, the approach can further our understanding of alternative ways to improve the accuracy of the assessment of branch diameter and volume. The approach may also be extended to other branch orders. This could expand the horizon for volumetric calculations and biomass estimates from non-destructive TLS proxies in tree crowns.</p>
Fig. 5 in Feeding strategies and competition between terrestrial Haemadipsa leeches (Euhirudinea: Arhynchobdellida) in Danum Valley rainforest (Borneo, Sabah)
Fig. 5. Typical postures of haemadipsid leeches on the example of Haemadipsa picta Moore, 1929. A – in resting position; B – in at- tack position. Photo ©Ryszard Laskowski, used with permission.
Fig. 4 in Feeding strategies and competition between terrestrial Haemadipsa leeches (Euhirudinea: Arhynchobdellida) in Danum Valley rainforest (Borneo, Sabah)
Fig. 4. The dispersion plot depicting the correlation between the length and preferred altitude of attack of Haemadipsa picta Moore, 1929. The best-fitting logarithmic curve is drawn and the following equation of regression is assigned to this curve: y = 30.682 × log10(x) - 22.7252.
Fig. 3 in Feeding strategies and competition between terrestrial Haemadipsa leeches (Euhirudinea: Arhynchobdellida) in Danum Valley rainforest (Borneo, Sabah)
Fig. 3. An average body length (mm) of Haemadipsa picta Moore, 1929 individuals hunting during morning (M) and afternoon (A). The line segments indicate 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 1. A in Feeding strategies and competition between terrestrial Haemadipsa leeches (Euhirudinea: Arhynchobdellida) in Danum Valley rainforest (Borneo, Sabah)
Fig. 1. A – Location of Danum Valley Conservation Area (DVCA) in Sabah (Malaysia); B – Danum Valley Field Centre (DVFC) vicinity. Grey circles signify sampling sites in the primary (P1–P5) and secondary (S1, S2) rainforest. Modified from Willott et al. (2000).
Fig. 2 in Feeding strategies and competition between terrestrial Haemadipsa leeches (Euhirudinea: Arhynchobdellida) in Danum Valley rainforest (Borneo, Sabah)
Fig. 2. An average number of individuals (found on 100 m2 plot) occurring in the particular type of habitat. A – Haemadipsa picta Moore, 1929; B – H. subagilis (Moore, 1929). The line segments indicate 95% confidence intervals.
Eurasian beaver – A semi-aquatic ecosystem engineer rearranges the assemblage of terrestrial mammals in winter - dataset
<p>Dataset to paper of Fedyń, I., Przepióra, F., Sobociński, W., Wyka, J., & Ciach, M. (2022). Eurasian beaver–A semi-aquatic ecosystem engineer rearranges the assemblage of terrestrial mammals in winter. <em>Science of The Total Environment</em>, <em>831</em>, 154919 (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154919">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154919</a>).</p>
Figure 1 in Perspectives and challenges on isotopic ecology of terrestrial birds in Brazil
Figure 1. Flowchart of potential study themes (in bold) to be developed in isotopic ecology with terrestrial birds in Brazil. Each theme branches into several sub-themes that can be explored (first boxes below the themes) and the methods and approaches that can be employed to develop the studies (within the dashed boxes). Many methods and approaches are interchangeable among themes and subthemes (represented by the horizontal arrow). In addition, the shortcomings of stable isotope ecology that should be considered before or during the development of the studies.
Source height and contact with terrestrial soil drive transplanted epiphyte performance
<ol> <li class="MsoNormal">Epiphytes are characterized by their ability to survive without a root connection to the ground, but many basic life-history traits and ecological trade-offs of this unique aerial growth habit remain largely uncharacterized. Mortality causes are still not well understood, but falling from the host tree has been suggested as a leading cause of epiphyte mortality and community dynamics. Little empirical evidence exists for <em>why</em> epiphytes do not survive when forced to become terrestrial, and few studies exist that transplant epiphytes between high- and low-forest strata to test trade-offs between thriving in canopy environments and survival in the forest understory.</li> <li class="MsoNormal">Here, we experimentally test two hypotheses regarding the drivers of epiphyte mortality in a cloud forest of central Panama. We test whether simple contact with terrestrial soil is deleterious to epiphytes, preliminarily testing the Epiphyte Enemy Escape Hypothesis, and test the Vertical Niche Differentiation Hypothesis, wherein epiphytes are specifically adapted for microsites throughout the vertical forest strata. By monitoring survival, leaf loss, and health status of 270 transplanted epiphytes for a year and a half, we pinpoint the extent to which soil contact and height of origin regulate epiphyte performance. </li> <li class="MsoNormal">We found that contact with terrestrial soil itself was detrimental to epiphytes <em>in situ</em>, providing some of the first empirical data to explain why falling onto the ground, versus falling into the understory, is particularly fatal to epiphytes. However, we also found that mortality rates vary substantially among taxonomic groups and among epiphytes that originally came from different height strata.</li> <li class="MsoNormal"> <strong>Synthesis.</strong> Plants that are adapted for the canopy experience a trade-off with higher mortality when in contact with terrestrial soil. Follow-up studies should explore the role of terrestrial soil microbes and physiological constraints as potential drivers of decreased grounded epiphyte survival. </li> </ol>
Habitat geometry rather than visual acuity limits the visibility of a ground-nesting bird's clutch to terrestrial predators
<p><span>The nests of ground-nesting birds rely heavily on camouflage for their survival, and predation risk, often linked to ecological changes from human activity, is a major source of mortality. </span>Numerous ground-nesting bird populations are in decline, so understanding the effects of camouflage on their nesting behaviour is of relevance to their conservation concern. Habitat three-dimensional (3D) geometry together with predator visual abilities, viewing distance, and viewing angle determine whether a nest is either visible, occluded or too far away to detect. While this link is intuitive, few studies have investigated how fine-scale geometry is likely to help defend nests from different predator guilds. We quantified nest visibility based on 3D occlusion, camouflage, and predator visual modelling in northern lapwing, <em>Vanellus vanellus</em>, on different land management regimes. <span>Lapwings selected local backgrounds that had a higher 3D complexity at a spatial scale greater than their entire clutches compared to local control sites. Importantly, our findings show that habitat geometry – rather than predator visual acuity – restricts nest visibility to terrestrial predators, and that their field habitats perceived by humans as open are functionally closed with respect to a terrestrial predator searching for nests on the ground. </span>Taken together with lapwings' careful nest site selection, our findings highlight the importance of considering habitat geometry for understanding the evolutionary ecology and management of conservation sites for ground-nesting birds.</p>
Fig. 4 in Integrative description of Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), a new limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from the state of West Bengal, India
Fig. 4. Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov., claws. A. Holotype (ZSI-HQ/GNC/T1/1), claws I with small smooth lunulae. B–C. Paratype (ZSI/TAR_IND/WB/024). B. Claws II with small smooth lunulae. C. Claws III with small smooth lunulae. D. Paratype (ZSI-HQ/GNC/T2/1), claws IV with smooth lunulae, (black filled arrow indicates smooth lunuale for A–D). E–F. Claws II and III without any visible granulation the legs (black filled checkered arrow). Figures assembled from several photos. A–D = PCM; E–F = SEM. Scale bars: A–C = 5 μm; D = 10 μm; E–F = 0.4 μm.
Fig. 7 in Integrative description of Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), a new limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from the state of West Bengal, India
Fig. 7. Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov., paratype (ZSI/TAR_IND/WB/E001), egg process details. A–B. An egg process under PCM and SEM with weakly visible reticulum. Black empty arrows indicate the cap like structure on the top of the process, black empty checkered arrows indicate the fine reticulation on the process. Scale bars: A = 10 μm; B = 1 μm.
Fig. 6 in Integrative description of Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), a new limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from the state of West Bengal, India
Fig. 6. Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov., paratype (ZSI/TAR_IND/WB/E001), egg chorion details. A–B. Zoom on egg surface between the processes with clearly visible areolae and cap like structures on processes (SEM), white empty chevron arrows indicate wrinkles inside the areolae. Scale bars: A = 5 μm; B = 2 μm.
Fig. 5 in Integrative description of Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), a new limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from the state of West Bengal, India
Fig. 5. Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov., paratype (ZSI/TAR_IND/WB/E001). A. Entire egg under SEM. B–F. Eggs seen in PCM under 1000 × magnification. B. Midsection. D–F. Surfaces. Scale bars: A = 3 μm; B–F = 10 μm.
Fig. 3 in Integrative description of Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), a new limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from the state of West Bengal, India
Fig. 3. Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov., paratypes. A, D. Specimen ZSI-HQ/GNC/T3/1. B–C. Specimen ZSI/TAR_IND/WB/024. A. Buccal apparatus, dorso-ventral projection with dorsal teeth in focus. B–C. Oral cavity armature (B, ventral teeth; C, dorsal teeth). D. Macroplacoids. White unfilled arrow indicate the second band of teeth, unfilled checkered arrow indicate the first band of teeth, white unfilled chevron arrow indicate the third band of teeth, white filled chevron arrow indicates medioventral teeth, a white filled arrow indicates the subterminal constriction in the third macroplacoid. All PCM. Scale bars: A = 10 μm; B–D = 5 μm.
Fig. 2 in Integrative description of Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), a new limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from the state of West Bengal, India
Fig. 2. Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. A. Holotype (ZSI-HQ/GNC/T1/1), habitus, dorso-ventral projection. B–C. Paratypes (ZSI-HQ/GNC/T2/1). B. Habitus dorsal projection. C. Scanning electron microphotograph of a whole specimen. Scale bars: A, C = 100 μm; B = 200 μm.
Fig. 8 in Integrative description of Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), a new limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from the state of West Bengal, India
Fig. 8. Phylogeny of Paramacrobiotus Guidetti, Schill, Bertolani, Dandekar & Wolf, 2009 based on the nucleotide sequences of two markers (18S rRNA + COI). A. ML tree. B. BI tree. The numbers at nodes represent Bayesian posterior probability and bootstrap support values. The blue coloured clade represents species from the Paramacrobiotus richtersi morphogroup, while the red coloured clade represents species from the Paramacrobiotus areolatus morphogroup. Both trees have a red colour for the new species. The outgroup is denoted by black triangles. The scale bar reflects the number of substitutions per position.
BINV-D-23-00094_Terrestrial_invertebrate_dataset
<p>Datasets associated with paper published in Biological Invasions (manuscript ref: BINV-D-23-00094). Terrestrial soil surface invertebrate dataset describing pitfall trap invertebrate species richness, abundance and biomass and quadrat sampling arthropod biomass with associated environmental data to test the effects of non-native small mammal introductions on farmland hedgerow biodiversity throughout Ireland.</p>
ET-WB: water balance-based estimations of terrestrial evaporation over global land and major global basins
<p>This is the readme file for the ET-WB dataset described in the ESSD paper "ET-WB: water balance-based estimations of terrestrial evaporation over global land and major global basins" from Xiong et al. (2023)<br> ET-WB dataset-The monthly water balance data from May 2002-December 2021 for the 168 river basins and global land from 23 precipitation, 29 runoff, and 7 terrestrial water storage changes datasets.<br> The five dimensions (236*169*23*7*29) of the matrix represent the time, regions, precipitation, terrestrial water storage changes, and runoff datasets used respectively.<br> ET-WB is distributed in three kind of formats: Mat (ET-WB.mat), NetCDF (ET_WB.nc), and Shapefile (ET_WB.shp) (only for the ensemble median value). All the formats share the same definitions of dimensions (as below), except for the ArcGIS shapefile that is provided for individual regions (168 river basins and global land excluding Antarctic and Greenland).<br> File shapefile.rar is the geospatial database of the study area that can be opened in ArcGIS software. </p> <p>Please find more details in the Readme file.</p>
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