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Fig. 1 A in Independent acquisition of sulfide tolerance in a population of tubificine worms: a habitat extension for the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri complex

Fig. 1 A The layout of the springs and their effluents. Spring numbering (red circles) is based on Fuller (1905). Springs 1, 2, 3, and 6 produce sulfidic water. The larger stream to the northeast (broad, dark blue line) is non-sulfidic as is the effluent from spring 4. Remnants of the old rock wall are shown as a dotted brown line. This map represents the position of the streams in mid-summer, 2022. The dark blue dashed line shows the position of a now dry alternate route of the stream in the summer of 2017. "Lh" indicates where populations of the Blount Springs L. hoffmeisteri were abundant in late summer. Arrows indicated the direction of water flow. The locations of worm colonies of specimens used for morphological and molecular analysis are indicated by green circles. Specimens 213, 215, and 216 were from C21; specimens 273, 274, and 276 were from C27; specimens 362, 364, 365, and 366 were from C36; specimens 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, and 376 were from C37; specimen BSP1 was from C1, while all others used for morphology were from C1 or just downstream of that colony. B Dark substrate material in the gut just below the dorsal blood vessel in a live worm. C A cluster of tubificine worms found at Blount Springs with their heads buried in the black, fluffy substrate

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Fig. 5 in Independent acquisition of sulfide tolerance in a population of tubificine worms: a habitat extension for the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri complex

Fig. 5 Left: Maximum likelihood gene tree estimated from the taxonomically rich 16S rDNA sequence alignment of L. hoffmeisteri and related species. Of seven gene trees used infer the evolution relationship of the Blount Springs specimen, only this gene contained enough phylogenetically informative signal to resolve deep nodes of the tree. Resolution of these nodes shows that the 10-species complex of L. hoffmeisteri may not be monophyletic. This is consistent with the

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Fig. 3 in Independent acquisition of sulfide tolerance in a population of tubificine worms: a habitat extension for the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri complex

Fig. 3 Drawings of chaetae and reproductive structures, from a mature Blount Springs L. hoffmeisteri. A Ventral chaetal bundle, segment IV. B Penis sheath. C Male reproductive organs, showing (from

Figure 6 in Diversity and biogeography of scale worms in the subfamily Lepidonotopodinae (Annelida: Polynoidae) from Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents with descriptions of four new species

Figure 6. Phylogenetic reconstruction from the combined analysis using six genes (COI, 16S, 18S, 28S, Cytb, and H3). Numbers next to nodes are ML bootstrap percent/ Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probability. Abbreviations: * indicates 95% ultrafast bootstrap or greater and 0.95 posterior probability or greater; ~ indicates nodes not found; red marks the Indian Ocean, CIR = Central Indian Ridge, CR = Carlsberg Ridge, SWIR = South-West Indian Ridge.

Figure 3 in Diversity and biogeography of scale worms in the subfamily Lepidonotopodinae (Annelida: Polynoidae) from Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents with descriptions of four new species

Figure 3. Levensteiniella longqiensis sp. nov. Holotype RSIO35287 in dorsal (A) and ventral views (B); head and anterior segments of paratype RSIO35289 in dorsal (C) and ventral views (D); E, anterior view of segment 9 on paratype RSIO35289; F, posterior view of segment 13 on holotype RSIO35287; G, notochaetae on segment 9 on paratype RSIO35289; H, neurochaetae of segment 13 on holotype RSIO35287. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm, C = 0.25 mm, D = 0.2 mm, E = 0.5 mm, F = 250 μm, H = 25 μm.

Figure 1 in Diversity and biogeography of scale worms in the subfamily Lepidonotopodinae (Annelida: Polynoidae) from Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents with descriptions of four new species

Figure 1. Map showing the locations of relevant deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean. The map was generated by Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) (Wessel et al. 2019), CIR = Central Indian Ridge, CR = Carlsberg Ridge, SWIR = Southwest Indian Ridge.

Figure 5 in Diversity and biogeography of scale worms in the subfamily Lepidonotopodinae (Annelida: Polynoidae) from Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents with descriptions of four new species

Figure 5. Branchinotogluma jiaolongae sp. nov. Holotype (RSIO35218, female) in dorsal (A) and ventral views (B); C, right elytron from segment 5 of paratype RSIO35215 in dorsal view; branchiae and segments 1 and 14 in dorsal (D) view of holotype RSIO35218; head and anterior segment of paratype RSIO38118 in dorsal view (E) and ventral view (F). G, anterior view and dorsal view of pharynx with papillae indicated by white arrows on paratype RSIO38128; posterior segments on paratype RSIO35215 in dorsal view (H) and ventral view (J). I, ventral papillae on segments 12–15 of paratype RSIO35215.Posterior view (upper position) and anterior view (lower position) of right parapodia on segments 3 (K) and 9 (L) of holotype RSIO35218. M, left parapodia on segment 20 of paratype RSIO35215 in anterior view (upper position) and posterior view (lower position). N–R, holotype RSIO35218. N, posterior view of right parapodia on segment 9; O, notochaetae on segment 3 of holotype; P, tips of supracicular neurochaetae of segment 9 of holotype; Q, tips of subacicular neurochaetae on segment 9 with details of tips of supraacicular neurochaetae of holotype; R, upper subacicular neurochaetae on segment 3 of holotype. Scale bars: A, B = 2mm, C, D, F, H = 1mm, K, L = 0.5mm, E, G, M = 0.2mm, I, J = 0.5mm, N = 0.6mm, O = 20 μm, P = 25 μm, Q = 10 μm, 2μm in small window, R = 4 μm.

Figure 4 in Diversity and biogeography of scale worms in the subfamily Lepidonotopodinae (Annelida: Polynoidae) from Indian Ocean hydrothermal vents with descriptions of four new species

Figure 4. Branchinotogluma kaireiensis sp. nov. Holotype (NSMT-Pol_1624, female) in dorsal (A) and ventral views (B); right elytron from segment 7 of holotype (NSMT-Pol_1624, female) in dorsal (C) view; branchiae and segments 18 and 19 in dorsal (D) view of holotype NSMT-Pol_1624; head and tentacular segment of paratype (NSMT-Pol_1623, male) in dorsal (E) view; head and anterior segment of holotype NSMT-Pol_1624 in ventral (F) view; anterior view (G) of dissected pharynx with papillae marked by red arrows of paratype NSMT-Pol_1623; dorsal view (H) of posterior segments on holotype NSMT-Pol_1624; posterior segments on paratype NSMT-Pol_1623 in ventral view (I); ventral papillae on segment 13–16 of paratype NSMT-Pol_1623 in ventral (J) view. Posterior view (upper position) and anterior view (lower position) of right parapodia on segments 2 (K) and 5 (L) of holotype NSMT-Pol_1624; M, left parapodia from segment 16 of holotype NSMT-Pol_1624 in anterior view (upper position) and in posterior view (lower position); posterior view (upper position) and anterior view (lower position) of right parapodia on segment 21(N) of paratype NSMTPol_1623. O–Q, holotype NSMT-Pol_1624. O, notochaetae of segment 16 on the left; P, supraacicular neurochaetae of segment 5 on the right; Q, upper subacicular neurochaetae of segment 16 on the left. R, lower subacicular neurochaetae of segment 21 on the right of paratype NSMT-Pol_1623. Scale bars: A, B = 1cm, C, D, G, H, I = 1mm, E = 0.5mm, F = 2mm, J = 1.5mm; K, L, M = 1.5 mm, N = 1.0 mm, O = 100 μm, P, Q, R = 10 μm.

Fig. 6 Enchytraeus albidus s. str. a Male apparatus viewed dorsally. b in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 6 Enchytraeus albidus s. str. a Male apparatus viewed dorsally. b Schematic illustration of the male apparatus in cross section. ag accessory glands, pb penial bulb, vd vas deferens. Scale bar 100 μm

Fig. 4 Enchytraeus albidus s in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 4 Enchytraeus albidus s. str., live specimen, from the same locality as CE20518 (see Table 1). Photo: C. Erséus

Fig. 7 Enchytraeus albidus s. str. a–d in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 7 Enchytraeus albidus s. str. a–d Spermathecae. ed ectal duct, eg ectal gland, sa spermathecal ampulla, sd spermathecal diverticulum, sm sperm. Scale bars 100 μm

Fig. 9 Enchytraeus moebii a male copulatory apparatus. b–c in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 9 Enchytraeus moebii a male copulatory apparatus. b–c Spermathecae. ag accessory glands, ed ectal duct, eg ectal gland, mu musculature, pb penial bulb, sa spermathecal ampulla, sm sperm, vd vas deferens. Scale bar 100 μm

Fig. 2 Species tree for the E in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 2 Species tree for the E. albidus species complex (shaded), estimated using the multi-locus coalescent model. The number of included speci- mens for each species is given after the species name. Values above branches are posterior probability (PP) support values, values under terminal branches are mean PP from species delim- itation analyses in BPP, written as: mean analysis A/mean analysis B/ mean analysis C. Scale measures the branch lengths in proportion to total tree length

Fig. 12 in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 12 Enchytraeus cf. krumbachi a vas deferens, showing the transition between the thin- and thick-walled portions; note the lack of cilia inside the thick-walled part. b Male copulatory apparatus. c Spermatheca. ag accessory gland, ed ectal duct, eg ectal gland, pb penial bulb, sa spermathecal ampulla, sm sperm, vd vas deferens. Scale bars 100 μm

Fig. 3 in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 3 Gene trees for the Enchytraeus albidus species complex (shaded), estimated by using Bayesian Inference. a COI. b H3 (specimens marked with B-1^ or B-2^ after the species name are heterozygous and the

Fig. 11 in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 11 Enchytraeus albellus Klinth, Erséus and Rota, sp. nov., holotype. a Sperm funnel. b Transverse section comparing thin- and thick-walled portions of vas deferens. c Longitudinal sec- tion comparing thin- and thick- walled portions of vas deferens. d Male apparatus. e Spermatheca. ag accessory glands, ed ectal duct, eg ectal gland, mu musculature, pb penial bulb, sa spermathecal ampulla, sf sperm funnel, sm sperm, vd vas deferens. Scale bars 100 μm

Fig. 8 Enchytraeus pellucidus Friend, 1899 in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 8 Enchytraeus pellucidus Friend, 1899, sensu Stirrup (1913), section through two specimens during copulation (reproduced from Stirrup 1913, pl. XLIX, fig. 19)

Fig. 10 Enchytraeus moebii 3 male apparatus and 7 in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 10 Enchytraeus moebii 3 male apparatus and 7 spermatheca; from Michaelsen (1886; pl. II figs. 3., 7.)

Fig. 1 in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 1 Collecting localities and species found in each area. For the sake of clarity, several close localities along the Norwegian and Swedish coasts have been merged; see Table 1 for a detailed description on each locality

Fig. 5 Enchytraeus albidus s. str. a in The popular model annelid Enchytraeus albidus is only one species in a complex of seashore white worms (Clitellata, Enchytraeidae)

Fig. 5 Enchytraeus albidus s. str. a Internal morphology of segments I– VI and IX–XIV viewed from dorsal side. b Brain. c Bundle of chaetae. d Nephridium. ag accessory glands, as anteseptale, br brain, cl clitellum, nd nephridial efferent duct, ov ovary, pb penial bulb, pg pharyngeal glands (only ventral lobes illustrated), ph pharyngeal pad, ps postseptale, s spermatheca, sf sperm funnel, t testis, vd vas deferens. Scale bars 100 μm