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Fig. 4. Notopteris macdonaldi AMNH 119455 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 4. Notopteris macdonaldi AMNH 119455 (A) and Melonycteris melanops AMNH 194333 (B), ventral view of the anterior palate and dentition showing the hypothesized loss of the first upper incisor in N. macdonaldi (see text). Abbreviations: C upper canine, I1 first upper incisor, I2 second upper incisor, P1 first upper premolar, P3 third upper premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.

Fig. 2. Cynopterus sphinx BMNH 6.11.6.42 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 2. Cynopterus sphinx BMNH 6.11.6.42, presence of a connate incisor formed by the fusion of the crowns of a normal incisor (I2) and a probably atavistic I3.

Fig. 1. Epomophorus gambianus BMNH 99.6.15.2 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 1. Epomophorus gambianus BMNH 99.6.15.2, view of the palate. An extra, peglike tooth (?) is present on the right side between typical posterior premolars, which are undisputed P3 and P4 of the dental formula of extant eutherians. Abbreviations: C upper canine, M1 first upper molar, P3 third upper premolar, P4 fourth upper premolar. Scale 5 5 mm.

Fig. 3. Eonycteris major AMNH 130319 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 3. Eonycteris major AMNH 130319 (A) and Rousettus (Boneia) bidens (B), ventral view of the anterior palate and dentition showing the hypothesized loss of the first upper incisor in R. bidens (see text). Abbreviations: C upper canine, I1 first upper incisor, I2 second upper incisor, P1 first upper premolar, P3 third upper premolar, P4 fourth upper premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.

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Text-fig. 9. Bats from Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – Myotis sp. 1, right M2, GIN-1143-411; b – Myotis sp. 1, M2, dex, GIN-1143-412; c – Myotis sp. 2, m1 or m2, dex, GIN-1144- 311; e – Myotis sp. 2, M2, dex, GIN-1144-312; d – Eptesicus sp., M1 or M2, sin, GIN-1143-413. a, b, d – Volchaya Balka; c, e – Gaverdovsky. in Late Miocene (Early Turolian) Vertebrate Faunas And Associated Biotic Record Of The Northern Caucasus: Geology, Taxonomy, Palaeoenvironment, Biochronology

Text-fig. 9. Bats from Late Miocene deposits, North Caucasus. a – Myotis sp. 1, right M2, GIN-1143-411; b – Myotis sp. 1, M2, dex, GIN-1143-412; c – Myotis sp. 2, m1 or m2, dex, GIN-1144- 311; e – Myotis sp. 2, M2, dex, GIN-1144-312; d – Eptesicus sp., M1 or M2, sin, GIN-1143-413. a, b, d – Volchaya Balka; c, e – Gaverdovsky.

Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 4. Results of parsimony analyses using the cyt-b gene. Single optimal tree of 1916 steps. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers below branches are jackknife frequencies (cutoff value 5 50%).

Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 3. Results of parsimony analysis using the vWF gene. Strict consensus of two trees of 688 steps. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers below branches are jackknife frequencies (cutoff value 5 50%).

Fig. 5 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 5. Results of the parsimony analyses combining vWF and cyt-b sequences. Strict consensus of two optimal trees of 2507 steps. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers below branches are jackknife frequencies (cutoff value 5 50%).

Fig. 1. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi FMNH 142766 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 1. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi FMNH 142766, view of the upper (A) and lower (B) tooth rows. Abbreviations: c, lower canine; C, upper canine; I2, second upper incisor; m1, first lower molar; M1, first upper molar; m2, second lower molar; M2, second upper molar; m3, third lower molar; p1, first lower premolar; P1, first upper premolar; p3, third lower premolar; P3, third upper premolar; p4, fourth lower premolar; P4, fourth upper premolar. Homology of teeth according to Andersen (1912). Scale 5 5 mm.

Fig. 2. Harpyionycteris celebensis AMNH 196437 in Phylogenetic Relationships of the Enigmatic Harpy Fruit Bat, Harpyionycteris (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)

Fig. 2. Harpyionycteris celebensis AMNH 196437, rostral view of the apex of the skull and mental view of the mandible. Abbreviations: c, lower canine; C, upper canine; i2, lower second incisor; I2, upper second incisor. Homology of teeth according to Andersen (1912). Scale 5 1 mm.

Figure 5 in A New Bat Species from Southwestern Western Australia, Previously Assigned to Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858

Figure 5. Frontal view of AM M.39811, male, paratype of N. holtorum sp. nov. showing enlarged dorsal snout mound posterior to the noseleaf. Scale 5 mm.

Figure 4 in A New Bat Species from Southwestern Western Australia, Previously Assigned to Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858

Figure 4. Relatively greater inflation of the braincase of left, the holotype of N. holtorum sp. nov. (WAM M.64188), compared with N. gouldi (AM M.51228). Both are adult males with equal GSL.

Figure 2 in A New Bat Species from Southwestern Western Australia, Previously Assigned to Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858

Figure 2. Specimen scores on the first two axes of a PCA based on a correlation matrix of nine cranial characters of adult male N. holtorum sp. nov. (squares, n = 6) and N. gouldi sensu stricto (circles, n = 79): (a) PCA scores grouped by species, and (b) same plot with N. gouldi coded by four geographic localities: montane and subcoastal NSW and far southeastern Qld (closed circles); southern and eastern Victorian montane regions (closed diamonds); inland and northern Qld (open circles) and inland NSW and northern Victoria (triangles).

Figure 3 in A New Bat Species from Southwestern Western Australia, Previously Assigned to Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858

Figure 3. Bivariate plots (mm) showing overlap in measurements of adult N. holtorum sp. nov. (squares, polygons) and adult N. gouldi sensu stricto (circles). Solid symbols are females, open symbols male: (a), condylo-basal skull length (CON) vs. least inter-temporal breadth (INT); (b) CON vs. mastoid breadth (MASB); (c), CON vs. braincase height (BRH); (d) forearm length (FA) vs. greatest skull length (GSL), and (e) FA vs. length from canine to upper rear molar (CM3).

Figure 6 in A New Bat Species from Southwestern Western Australia, Previously Assigned to Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858

Figure 6. Distributional records of N. holtorum sp. nov. based on AM and WAM voucher specimens examined (n = 26 localities) and bioregional boundaries of the Interim Biological Regionalization Scheme (IBRS version 7; DSEWPAC, 2012). Regions are: AVW, Avon Wheatbelt; JAF, Jarrah Forests; SWA, Swan Coastal Plain and WAR, Warren.

Figure 1 in A New Bat Species from Southwestern Western Australia, Previously Assigned to Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi Tomes, 1858

Figure 1. Highest maximum likelihood tree of relationships amongst Nyctophilus using: (a) 28 COI haplotypes, and (b) 21 CytB haplotypes. Bootstrap support (%) is shown at branch nodes. All M numbers refer to AM specimens except where indicated.

Fig. 47 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 47. Distribution of relative size of the natalid organ in 10 species of Natalidae. Two groups of species can be distinguished with relation to relative size of the natalid organ: one, containing species with a relatively large natalid organ and a second containing species with a relatively small natalid organ.

Fig. 36 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 36. Geographic distribution of Natalus tumidirostris. Solid circles indicate localities where the species has been collected alive. Open symbols indicate localities represented by bone remains only. Names of localities are listed in appendix 1. Gray shading on land indicates relief, with darknes increasing with altitude.

Fig. 39 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 39. Wing outlines of six species of Natalidae: A, Nyctiellus lepidus (modified from Silva-Taboada, 1979); B, Natalus primus; C, Chilonatalus macer (modified from Silva-Taboada, 1979); D, Natalus major; E, Chilonatalus micropus; F, Natalus lanatus. Nyctiellus lepidus has the narrowest wing of all natalids.

Fig. 32 in Systematics Of Funnel-Eared Bats (Chiroptera: Natalidae)

Fig. 32. Morphological variation among extant and fossil populations of Natalus primus. Populations: A 5 Abaco; B 5 Eleuthera; C 5 Cuba (extant); D 5 Cuba (fossil, topotype of N. primus); E, F 5 Grand Cayman.