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FIGURE 3 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 3. The innermost cortex of fibula SMA 0084 "Rich" with the three visible generations of secondary osteons. The numbers indicate the three overlapping secondary osteons. Image taken under plane-polarized light.

FIGURE 12 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 12. Several histological structures observed in the anterior section of the femur of SMA 0014 "Jacques". A, Large circular structure, which possesses clear circumferentially orientated vascular canals. B, Close-up of the circular structure and the vascular canals. C, D, F, Cycles which show unorganized bone tissue, and varying vascular canal orientations. E, Close-up of unorganized bone tissue cycle. Images taken under plane-polarized light.

FIGURE 11 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 11. Images of all samples taken from SMA 0014 "Jacques". A, femur (r), drilled on the anterior side. B, femur (r), drilled on the posterior side. C, tibia (r). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.

FIGURE 14 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 14. Images of all hindlimb samples taken from SMA 0011 "Max". A, femur (l), drilled on the anterior side. B, femur (l), drilled on the posterior side. C, tibia (l). D, fibula (l). E, SMA M16/12-3 femur (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, EFS: External fundamental system, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.

FIGURE 9 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 9. Images of all samples taken from the isolated bones SMA G47/87-1, G47/87-1 and G50/91-1. A, SMA G46/87-1 humerus (l). B, SMA G50/91-1 humerus (r). C, SMA G47/87-1 femur (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.

FIGURE 6 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte

FIGURE 6. Publications over time that refer specifically to Spence Shale specimens or use quantitative data from the Spence Shale in an analysis.

FIGURE 4 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte

FIGURE 4. Specimens in the KUMIP collections by locality, breaking down number of specimens of biomineralizing and soft-bodied taxa from each locality.

FIGURE 1 in Anthropologically introduced biases in natural history collections, with a case study on the invertebrate paleontology collections from the middle Cambrian Spence Shale Lagerstätte

FIGURE 1. Examples of anthropological actions that create bias in natural history collections and when they occur.

FIGURE 12 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 12. Relative abundance of Paracentrotus lividus spine remains. A, Is Mesas (Pleistocene-Bulk sample). B, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Recent-Surface collection). C, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Bulk sample). N = number of counted specimens.

FIGURE 13 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 13. Biostratinomic signatures (abrasion and encrustation) of spine remains. A, Is Mesas (Pleistocene-Bulk sample). B, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (RecentSurface collection). C, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (RecentBulk sample). N = number of counted specimens

FIGURE 11 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 11. Distribution of ambulacral and interambulacral plates in the two sediment fractions (> 2 mm and 1-2 mm) investigated herein. N = number of counted specimens.

FIGURE 9 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 9. Relative abundance of Paracentrotus lividus test remains. A, Is Mesas (Pleistocene-Bulk sample). B, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Recent-Surface collection). C, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Bulk sample). N = number of counted specimens.

FIGURE 10 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 10. Biostratinomic signatures (fragmentation, abrasion and encrustation) of echinoid test remains. A, Is Mesas (Pleistocene-Bulk sample). B, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Recent-Surface collection). C, Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Recent-Bulk sample). N = number of counted specimens. Numbers (1-11) are explained in Figure 9. Colors: dark grey, light grey and black represent fragmentation, abrasion and encrustation, respectively.

FIGURE 6. A in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 6. A, Panoramic view of Sa Mesa Longa Beach (Central-western Sardinia). B-H, Recent remains of Paracentrotus lividus from Sa Mesa Longa. B, Complete denuded test showing encrustation by serpulids. C, Test fragment made up of several ambulacral and interambulacral plates sutured together, showing inter- and intraplate fragmentation and encrustation by coralline algae and the polychaete Spirorbis. D, Internal view of a large test fragment affected by intraplate fragmentation and encrustation by serpulid worms. E, Two interambulacral plates showing abrasion and encrustation by Spirorbis. F, Single ambulacral plates showing fragmentation (white arrow). G, Epiphysis from the jaw apparatus showing fragmentation and abrasion. H, Madreporite from the apical system affected by fragmentation (white arrow). I, Test fragment of Arbacia lixula showing intraplate fracturing. J, Complete test of Echinocyamus pusillus. B, C, D, I, J Scale bar equals 1 cm. E–H scale bars equal 0.5 cm.

FIGURE 7 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of suture faces in recent Paracentrotus lividus. A, Interradial suture between interambulacral plates showing galleried stereom with galleries running in aboral-oral direction. A1, Detail of the galleried stereom and collagen fibers. B, Adradial suture of interambulacral plates showing galleried stereom. B1, Detail of the parallel galleries and collagen fibers. C, Adapical suture of an interambulacral plates showing knob-like trabecular protrusions and cavities. C1, The close-up shows numerous knob-like protrusions some of which are interconnected to one another in twos, threes or more. D, Adoral suture of ambulacral plates; 1) Radial ridge at the boundary between ambulacral plates (running across perradial sutures) and 2) galleried stereom. A, B, C Scale bars equal 100 µm; A1, B1, C1 Scale bars equal 20 µm. D Scale bar equals 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 8. Size-frequency distribution of the rotulae of the Aristotle's lantern both in Pleistocene deposit and recent setting. Each box-plot represents 25 and 75 percent quartile of all values, Q1 and Q3 respectively. Black line inside the box represents the median. Whiskers are drawn from Q1 and Q3 to the largest values less than 1.5 times the Interquartile range (Q1-Q3). N = number of counted specimens.

FIGURE 4. Associated fauna from levels A and B in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 4. Associated fauna from levels A and B of the Is Mesas deposit (Late Pleistocene). A, Patella caerulea. B, Diodora gibberula. C, Cerithium vulgatum. D, Hexaplex trunculus. E, Melarhaphe neritoides. F, Acanthocardia tuberculata. G, Irus irus. H, Arca noae. I, Cardita calyculata. J, Cladocora caespitosa. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

FIGURE 5 in Tracking biases in the regular echinoid fossil record: The case of Paracentrotus lividus in recent and fossil shallow-water, high-energy environments

FIGURE 5. Scanning electron micrographs of Paracentrotus remains from Is Mesas. A, Details of an ambulacral column affected by abrasion. B, Two ambulacral plates still sutured together. C, Interambulacral plate showing a cavity possibly related to bioerosion. D, Spine fragment showing fine surface details such as the crenulated milled ring and shaft striation. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

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Fig. 1 in Land management and biodiversity maintenance: a case study in grasslands in the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul

Fig. 1. Principal Coordinates Analysis of four grassland with different historical use, described for 21 variables and 80 SU. ● = GSB, ○ = GRC, □ = GR1, ◊ = GR2, Aaff = Axonopus affinis, Ppum = Paspalum pumilum.

FIGURE 2 in Zygoparity in Characidae - the first case of internal fertilization in the teleost cohort Otomorpha

FIGURE 2 | Oocyte and fertilized eggs of Compsura heterura. A. Unfertilized oocyte in ovary (follicle); B. fertilized egg in ovary (ovarian lumen) and C. gonoduct (Od); D. fertilized spawned egg. Yg, yolk granules; Ca, cortical alveoli; asterisk, chorion; Fe, follicular epithelium; N, nucleus; n, nucleoli; Y, yolk; Cc, cortical cytoplasm; Ps, perivitelline space; arrow, micropyle; Vp, vegetative poles; Ap, animal poles; In, intestine; M, muscle tissue.